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II
The Role of Education in the Development of Women
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Extracts from the Writings and Utterances
of Baha’u’llah:
36. It is the bounden duty of parents to rear their children to be
staunch in faith,. . . for every praiseworthy deed is born out of the
light of religion, and lacking this supreme bestowal the child will not
turn away from any evil, nor will he draw nigh unto any good. (Baha ’t Education, A Compilation, 1976 World Centre edition, p. 6)
Extracts from the Writings and Utterances of ‘Abdu’l-Baha:
37. Praised be God, the women believers have organized meetings where they will learn how to teach the Faith, will spread the sweet savours of the Teachings and make plans for training the children.
...those present should concern themselves with every means of training the girl children; with teaching the various branches of knowledge, good behaviour, a proper way of life, the cultivation of a good character, chastity and constancy, perseverance, strength, determination, firmness of purpose; with household management, the education of children, and whatever especially applieth to the needs of girls—to the end that these girls, reared in the stronghold of all perfections, and with the protection of a goodly character, will, when they themselves become mothers, bring up their children from earliest infancy to have a good character and conduct themselves well.
Let them also study whatever will nurture the health of the body and its physical soundness, and how to guard their children from disease.
(Selections from the Writings of ‘Abdu’l-Baha, 1978 World Centre edition, pp. 123-124)
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38. Work ye for the guidance of the women in that land, teach the
young girls and the children, so that the mothers may educate their
little ones from their earliest days, thoroughly train them, rear them
to have a goodly character and good morals, guide them to all the virtues of humankind, prevent the development of any behaviour that
would be worthy of blame, and foster them in the embrace of Baha’i
education. Thus shall these tender infants be nurtured at the breast of
the knowledge of God and His love. Thus shall they grow and
flourish, and be taught righteousness and the dignity of humankind,
resolution and the will to strive and to endure. Thus shall they learn
perseverance in all things, the will to advance, high mindedness and
high resolve, chastity and purity of life. Thus shall they be enabled
to carry to a successful conclusion whatsoever they undertake.
Let the mothers consider that whatever concerneth the education of children is of the first importance. Let them put forth every effort in this regard, for when the bough is green and tender it will grow in whatever way ye train it. Therefore it is incumbent upon the mothers to rear their little ones even as a gardener tendeth his young plants. Let them strive by day and by night to establish within their children faith and certitude, the fear of God, the love of the Beloved of the worlds, and all good qualities and traits. Whensoever a mother seeth that her child hath done well, let her praise and applaud him and cheer his heart; and if the slightest undesirable trait should manifest itself, let her counsel the child and punish him, and use means based on reason, even a slight verbal chastisement should this be necessary. It is not, however, permissible to strike a child, or vilify him, for the child’s character will be totally perverted if he be subjected to blows or verbal abuse.
(Selections from the Writings of ‘Abdu’l-Bahd, 1978 World Centre edition, pp. 124-125)
39. ...it is incumbent upon the father and mother to train their children both in good conduct and the study of books; study, that is, to the degree required, so that no child, whether girl or boy, will remain illiterate. (Selections from the Writings of ‘Abdu’l-Bahd, 1978 World Centre edition, p. 127)
40. ‘Abdu’l-Baha’s supreme joy is in observing that a number of
leaves from among the handmaidens of the Blessed Beauty have been
educated, that they are the essence of detachment, and are well
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informed of the mysteries of the world of being; that they raise such
acall in their glorification and praise of the Greatest Name as to cause
the inmates of the Fanes of the Kingdom to become attracted and
overjoyed, and that they recite prayers in prose and poetry, and
melodiously chant the divine verses. I cherish the hope that thou wilt
be one of them, wilt cast forth pearls, wilt be constantly engaged in
singing His praise and wilt intone celestial strains in glorification of
His attributes.
(Extract from previously untranslated Tablet)
41. O esteemed handmaid! ...Thou hast written about the girls’ school. What was previously written still holdeth true. There can be no improvement unless the girls are brought up in schools and centres of learning, unless they are taught the sciences and other branches of knowledge, and unless they acquire the manifold arts, as necessary, and are divinely trained. For the day will come when these girls will become mothers. Mothers are the first educators of children, who establish virtues in the child’s inner nature. They encourage the child to acquire perfections and goodly manners, warn him against unbecoming qualities, and encourage him to show forth resolve, firmness, and endurance under hardship, and to advance on the highroad to progress. Due regard for the education of girls is, therefore, necessary. This is a very important subject, and it should be administered and organized under the aegis of the Spiritual Assembly. (Extract from previously untranslated Tablet)
42. ...itis incumbent upon the girls of this glorious era to be fully versed in the various branches of knowledge, in sciences and the arts and all the wonders of this pre-eminent time, that they may then educate their children and train them from their earliest days in the ways of perfection.
(Extract from previously untranslated Tablet)
43. Furthermore, the education of woman is more necessary and important than that of man, for woman is the trainer of the child from its infancy. If she be defective and imperfect herself, the child will necessarily be deficient; therefore, imperfection of woman implies a condition of imperfection in all mankind, for it is the mother who rears, nurtures and guides the growth of the child. This is not the function of the father. If the educator be incompetent, the educated
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will be correspondingly lacking. This is evident and incontrovertible. Could the student be brilliant and accomplished if the teacher is
illiterate and ignorant? The mothers are the first educators of
mankind; if they be imperfect, alas for the condition and future of the
race....
It has been objected by some that woman is not equally capable with man and that she is deficient by creation. This is pure imagination. The difference in capability between man and woman is due entirely to opportunity and education. Heretofore woman has been denied the right and privilege of equal development. If equal opportunity be granted her, there is no doubt she would be the peer of man. History will evidence this. In past ages noted women have arisen in the affairs of nations and surpassed men in their accomplishments... .
The purpose, in brief, is this: that if woman be fully educated and granted her rights, she will attain the capacity for wonderful accomplishments and prove herself the equal of man. She is the coadjutor of man, his complement and helpmeet. Both are human; both are endowed with potentialities of intelligence and embody the virtues of humanity. In all human powers and functions they are partners and coequals. At present in spheres of human activity woman does not manifest her natal prerogatives, owing to lack of education and opportunity. Without doubt education will establish her equality with men.
(The Promulgation of Universal Peace, 1982 U.S. edition, pp. 133-137)
44. In proclaiming the oneness of mankind He taught that men and women are equal in the sight of God and that there is no distinction to be made between them. The only difference between them now is due to lack of education and training. If woman is given equal opportunity of education, distinction and estimate of inferiority will disappear. ...
He promulgated the adoption of the same course of education for man and woman. Daughters and sons must follow the same curriculum of study, thereby promoting unity of the sexes. When all mankind shall receive the same opportunity of education and the equality of men and women be realized, the foundations of war will be utterly destroyed.
(The Promulgation of Universal Peace, 1982 U.S. edition, pp. 174-175)
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45. Why should a woman be left mentally undeveloped? Science is
praiseworthy—whether investigated by the intellect of man or
woman. So, little by little, woman advanced, giving increasing
evidence of equal capabilities with man—whether in scientific
research, political ability or any other sphere of human activity. The
conclusion is evident that woman has been outdistanced through lack
of education and intellectual facilities. If given the same educational
opportunities or course of study, she would develop the same capacity and abilities.
(The Promulgation of Universal Peace, 1982 U.S.
edition, pp. 280-281)
46. Baha’u’llah has announced that inasmuch as ignorance and lack of education are barriers of separation among mankind, all must receive training and instruction. Through this provision the lack of mutual understanding will be remedied and the unity of mankind furthered and advanced. Universal education is a universal law. It is, therefore, incumbent upon every father to teach and instruct his children according to his possibilities. If he is unable to educate them, the body politic, the representative of the people, must provide the means for their education... .
The sex distinction which exists in the human world 1s due to the lack of education for woman, who has been denied equal opportunity for development and advancement. Equality of the sexes will be established in proportion to the increased opportunities afforded woman in this age, for man and woman are equally the recipients of powers and endowments from God, the Creator. God has not ordained distinction between them in His consummate purpose.
(The Promulgation of Universal Peace, 1982 U.S. edition, p. 300)
47. The education of each child is compulsory. . . . In addition to this widespread education each child must be taught a profession, art, or trade, so that every member of the community will be enabled to earn his own livelihood. Work done in the spirit of service is the highest form of worship.
(Divine Philosophy, 1917 edition, p. 78)
48. Devote ye particular attention to the school for girls, for the greatness of this wondrous Age will be manifested as a result of pro gress in the world of women. This is why ye observe that in every
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land the world of women is on the march, and this is due to the impact
of the Most Great Manifestation, and the power of the teachings of
God.
(Baha'i Education, a compilation, 1976 World
Centre edition, p. 37)
49. Ohandmaid of the Most High! Our hearts rejoiced at thy letter concerning a school for girls.* Praised be God that there is now a school of this type in Tihran where young maidens can, through His bounty, receive an education and with all vigour acquire the accomplishments of humankind. Ere long will women in every field keep pace with the men.
Until now, in Persia, the means for women’s advancement were non-existent. But now, God be thanked, ever since the dawning of the Morn of Salvation, they have been going forward day by day. The hope is that they will take the lead in virtues and attainments, in closeness to the Court of Almighty God, in faith and certitude—and that the women of the East will become the envy of the women of the West.
(Baha ’it Education, a compilation, 1976 World Centre edition, p. 48)
Extract from a Letter Written by the Universal House of Justice:
50. The cause of universal education, which has already enlisted in its service an army of dedicated people from every faith and nation, deserves the utmost support that the governments of the world can lend it. For ignorance is indisputably the principal reason for the decline and fall of peoples and the perpetuation of prejudice. No nation can achieve success unless education is accorded all its citizens. Lack of resources limits the ability of many nations to fulfil this necessity, imposing a certain ordering of priorities. The decision 5. The Tarbiyat School, Tihran, Persia.
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making agencies involved would do well to consider giving first
priority to the education of women and girls, since it is through
educated mothers that the benefits of knowledge can be most effectively and rapidly diffused throughout society. In keeping with the requirements of the times, consideration should also be given to
teaching the concept of world citizenship as part of the standard
education of every child.
(October 1985)
Extracts from Letters Written on Behalf of the Universal House of Justice:
51. A very important element in the attainment of such equality is Baha’u’lldh’s provision that boys and girls must follow essentially the same curriculum in schools. (28 December 1980 to a National Spiritual Assembly)
52. The House of Justice regards the need to educate and guide women in their primary responsibility as mothers as an excellent opportunity for organizing women’s activities. Your efforts should focus on helping them in their function as educators of the rising generation. Women should also be encouraged to attract their husbands and male members of their families to the Faith so that the Baha’{ community will be representative of the society of which it forms a part. Gradually the spirit of unity and fellowship, as set forth in our teachings, will be reflected in the life of Baha’i families.
(29 February 1984 to a National Spiritual
Assembly)
