Bahá’í World/Volume 9/Bahá’í Calendar and Festivals
BAHÁ’Í CALENDAR AND FESTIVALS[edit]
FOREWORD[edit]
BY DR. J. E. ESSLEMONT
From Bahá’u’lláh and the New Era
AMONG different peoples and at different times many different methods have been adopted for the measurement of time and fixing of dates, and several different calendars are still in daily use, e.g., the Gregorian in Western Europe, the Julian in many countries of Eastern Europe, the Hebrew among the Jews, and the Muhammadan in Muslim countries.
The Báb signalized the importance of the dispensation which He came to herald, by inaugurating a new calendar. In this, as in the Gregorian Calendar, the lunar month is abandoned and the solar year is adopted.
The Bahá’í year consists of 19 months of 19 days each (i.e., 361 days), with the addition of certain “intercalary days” (four in ordinary and five in leap years) between the eighteenth and nineteenth months in order to adjust the calendar to the solar year. The Báb named the months after the attributes of God. The Bahá’í New Year, like the ancient Persian New Year, is astronomically fixed, commencing at the March equinox (March 21), and the Bahá’í era commences with the year of the Báb’s declaration (i.e., 1844 A.D., 1260 A.H.).
In the not far distant future it will be necessary that all peoples in the world agree on a common calendar.
It seems, therefore, fitting that the new age of unity should have a new calendar free from the objections and associations which make each of the older calendars unacceptable to large sections of the world’s population, and it is difficult to see how any other arrangement could exceed in simplicity and convenience that proposed by the Báb.
BAHÁ’Í FEASTS, ANNIVERSARIES, AND DAYS OF FASTING[edit]
Feast of Ridván (Declaration of Bahá’u’lláh), April 21-May 2, 1863.
Feast of Naw-Rúz (New Year), March 21.
Declaration of the Báb, May 23, 1844.
The Day of the Covenant, November 26.
Birth of Bahá’u’lláh, November 12, 1817.
Birth of the Báb, October 20, 1819.
Birth of ‘Abdu’l-Bahá, May 23, 1844.
Ascension of Bahá’u’lláh, May 29, 1892.
Martyrdom of the Báb, July 9, 1850.
Ascension of ‘Abdu’l-Bahá, November 28, 1921.
Fasting season lasts 19 days beginning with the first day of the month of ‘Alá’, March 2—the feast of Naw-Rúz follows immediately after.
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BAHÁ’Í HOLY DAYS ON WHICH WORK SHOULD BE SUSPENDED[edit]
The first day of Riḍván,
The ninth day of Riḍván,
The twelfth day of Riḍván,
The anniversary of the declaration of the Báb,
The anniversary of the birth of Bahá’u’lláh,
The anniversary of the birth of the Báb,
The anniversary of the ascension of Bahá’u’lláh,
The anniversary of the martyrdom of the Báb,
The Feast of Naw-Rúz.
Note: ‘Abdu’l-Bahá, in one of His Tablets addressed to a believer of Nayríz, Írán, has written the following: “Nine days in the year have been appointed on which work is forbidden. Some of these days have been specifically mentioned in the Book. The rest follows as corollaries to the Text. . . . Work on the Day of the Covenant (Fête Day of ‘Abdu’l-Bahá), however, is not prohibited. Celebration of that day is left to the discretion of the friends. Its observation is not obligatory. The days pertaining to the Abhá Beauty (Bahá’u’lláh) and the Primal Point (the Báb), that is to say these nine days, are the only ones on which work connected with trade, commerce, industry and agriculture is not allowed. In like manner, work connected with any form of employment, whether governmental or otherwise, should be suspended.”
As a corollary of this Tablet it follows that the anniversaries of the birth and ascension of ‘Abdu’l-Bahá are not to be regarded as days on which work is prohibited. The celebration of these two days, however, is obligatory.
Bahá’ís in East and West, holding administrative positions, whether public or private, should exert the utmost effort to obtain special leave from their superiors to enable them to observe these nine holy days.
ADDITIONAL MATERIAL GLEANED FROM NABÍL’S NARRATIVE (VOL. II), REGARDING THE BAHÁ’Í CALENDAR[edit]
The Badí‘ Calendar (Bahá’í Calendar) has been taken by me from the Kitáb-i-Asmá’, one of the works written by the Báb. As I have observed in these days that certain believers are inclined to regard the year in which Bahá’u’lláh departed from Baghdád to Constantinople as marking the beginning of the Badí‘ Calendar, I have requested Mírzá Áqá Ján, the amanuensis of Bahá’u’lláh, to ascertain His will and desire concerning this matter. Bahá’u’lláh answered and said: “The year sixty A.H. (1844 A.D.), the year of the Declaration of the Báb, must be regarded as the beginning of the Badí‘ Calendar.’ The Declaration of the Báb took place on the evening preceding the fifth day of Jamádíyu’l-Avval, of the year 1260 A.H. It has been ordained that the solar calendar be followed, and that the vernal Equinox, the day of Naw-Rúz, be regarded as the New Year’s Day of the Badí‘ Calendar. The year sixty, in which the fifth day of Jamádíyu’l-Avval coincided with the sixty-fifth day after Naw-Rúz, has accordingly been regarded as the first year of the Badí‘ Calendar. As in that year, the day of Naw-Rúz,
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the vernal Equinox, preceded by sixty-six days the date of the Declaration of the Báb, I have therefore, throughout my history, regarded the Naw-Rúz of the year sixty-one A.H. (the Naw-Rúz immediately following the Declaration of the Báb) as the first Naw-Rúz of the Badí‘ Calendar. I have accordingly considered the Naw-Rúz of this present year, the year 1306 A.H., which is the 47th solar year after the Declaration of the Báb, as the 46th Naw-Rúz of the Badí‘ Calendar.
Soon after Bahá’u’lláh had left the fortress of ‘Akká and was dwelling in the house of Malik, in that city, He commanded me to transcribe the text of the Badí‘ Calendar and to instruct the believers in its details. On the very day in which I received His command, I composed, in verse and prose, an exposition of the main features of that Calendar and presented it to Him. The versified copy, being now unavailable, I am herein transcribing the version in prose. The days of the week are named as follows:
| Days | Arabic Name | English Name | Translation |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1st | Jalāl | Saturday | Glory |
| 2nd | Jamál | Sunday | Beauty |
| 3rd | Kamál | Monday | Perfection |
| 4th | Fiḍál | Tuesday | Grace |
| 5th | ‘Idál | Wednesday | Justice |
| 6th | Istijlál | Thursday | Majesty |
| 7th | Istiqlál | Friday | Independence |
The names of the months, which are the same as the days of each month, are as follows:
| Month | Arabic Name | Translation | First Days |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1st | Bahá | Splendor | March 21 |
| 2nd | Jalāl | Glory | April 9 |
| 3rd | Jamál | Beauty | April 28 |
| 4th | ‘Aẓamat | Grandeur | May 17 |
| 5th | Núr | Light | June 5 |
| 6th | Raḥmat | Mercy | June 24 |
| 7th | Kalimát | Words | July 13 |
| 8th | Kamál | Perfection | August 1 |
| 9th | Asmá’ | Names | August 20 |
| 10th | ‘Izzat | Might | September 8 |
| 11th | Mashīyyat | Will | September 27 |
| 12th | ‘Ilm | Knowledge | October 16 |
| 13th | Qudrat | Power | November 4 |
| 14th | Qawl | Speech | November 23 |
| 15th | Masā’il | Questions | December 12 |
| 16th | Sharaf | Honor | December 31 |
| 17th | Sulṭān | Sovereignty | January 19 |
| 18th | Mulk | Dominion | February 7 |
| 19th | ‘Alā’ | Loftiness | March 2 |
Ayyám-i-Há (Intercalary Days) February 26 to March 1 inclusive—four in ordinary and five in leap years.
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The first day of each month is thus the day of Bahá, and the last day of each month the day of ‘Alá’.
The Báb has regarded the solar year, of 365 days, 5 hours, and fifty odd minutes, as consisting of 19 months of 19 days each, with the addition of certain intercalary days. He has named the New Year's Day, which is the Day of Naw-Rúz, the day of Bahá, of the month of Bahá. He has ordained the month of ‘Alá’ to be the month of fasting, and has decreed that the day of Naw-Rúz should mark the termination of that period.
As the Báb did not specifically define the place for the four days and the fraction of a day in the Badi’ Calendar, the people of the Bayán were at a loss as to how they should regard them. The revelation of the Kitáb-i-Aqdas in the city of ‘Akká resolved this problem and settled the issue. Bahá’u’lláh designated those days as the "Ayyam-i-Há" and ordained that they should immediately precede the month of ‘Alá’, which is the month of fasting. He enjoined upon His followers to devote these days to feasting, rejoicing, and charity. Immediately upon the termination of these intercalary days, Bahá’u’lláh ordained the month of fasting to begin. I have heard it stated that some of the people of the Bayán, the followers of Mirza Yaḥyá, have regarded these intercalary days as coming immediately after the month of ‘Alá’, thus terminating their fast five days before the day of Naw-Rúz. This, notwithstanding the explicit text of the Bayán which states that the day of Naw-Rúz must needs be the first day of the month of Bahá, and must follow immediately after the last day of the month of ‘Alá’. Others, aware of this contradiction, have started their fasting on the fifth day of the month of ‘Alá’, and included the intercalary days within the period of fasting.
Every fourth year the number of the intercalary days is raised from four to five. The day of Naw-Rúz falls on the 21st of March only if the vernal Equinox precedes the setting of the sun on that day. Should the vernal Equinox take place after sunset, Naw-Rúz will have to be celebrated on the following day.
The Báb has, moreover, in His writings, revealed in the Arabic tongue, divided the years following the date of His Revelation, into cycles of nineteen years each. The names of the years in each cycle are as follows:
1. Alif — A. 2. Bá — B. 3. Ab — Father. 4. Dál — D. 5. Báb — Gate. 6. Váv — V. 7. Abad — Eternity. 8. Jád — Generosity. 9. Bahá — Splendor. 10. Hubb — Love. 11. Bahháj — Delightful. 12. Javáb — Answer. 13. Aḥad — Single. 14. Vahháb — Bountiful. 15. Vidád — Affection. 16. Badí — Beginning. 17. Bahí — Luminous. 18. Abhá — Most Luminous. 19. Váhíd — Unity.
Each cycle of nineteen years is called Váhíd. Nineteen cycles constitute a period called Kull-i-Shay’. The numerical value of the word "Váhíd" is nineteen, that of "Kull-i-Shay’" is 361. "Váhíd" signifies unity, and is symbolic of the unity of God.
The Báb has, moreover, stated that this system of His is dependent upon the acceptance and good-pleasure of "Him Whom God shall make manifest." One word from Him would suffice either to establish it for all time, or to annul it forever.
For instance, the date of the 21st of April, 1930, which is the first day of Ridván, and which according to the Kitáb-i-Aqdas must coincide with the "thirteenth day of the second Bahá’í month," and which fell this year (1930) on Monday, would, according to the system of the Badí’ Calendar, be described as follows:
"The day of Kamál, the day of Qudrat, of the month of Jalál, of the year Bahháj, of the fifth Váhíd, of the first Kull-i-Shay’."
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HISTORICAL DATA GLEANED FROM NABÍL’S NARRATIVE (VOL. II) REGARDING BAHÁ’U’LLÁH[edit]
| Works Revealed During This Period | Houses Occupied During This Period | |
|---|---|---|
| A. BAGHDÁD | ||
| arrival latter part Jamádíyu’th-Thání, 1269 A.H. March 12–April 10, 1853 A.D. |
Qullu’t-Ta’ám | House of Hájí ‘Alí-Madad (in old Baghdád) |
| departure for Sulaymáníyyih on Wednesday, April 10, 1854 A.D.–Rajab 12, 1270 A.H. | House of Sulaymán-i-Ghannám | |
| B. SULAYMÁNÍYYIH | Prayers | |
| Before reaching Sulaymáníyyih, He lived for a time on the Sar-Galú mountain. | Qaṣídiy-i-Varqá’iyyih | |
| During His absence from Baghdád, His family transferred their residence from House of Hájí ‘Alí-Madad to that of Sulaymán-i-Ghannám. | Saqíyas-Ghayb-i-Baqá | |
| Nabíl arrived at Baghdád 6 months after Bahá’u’lláh’s departure for Sulaymáníyyih. | ||
| C. BAGHDÁD | Tafsír-i-Ḥurúfát-i-Muqaṭṭa’ih | |
| arrived from Sulaymáníyyih on Wednesday, March 19, 1856 A.D.–Rajab 12, 1272 A.H. | Ṣaḥífiy-i-Shaṭṭíyyih Haft-Vádí (Seven Valleys) Tafsír-i-Hú Lawḥ-i-Ḥúríyyih Kitáb-i-Íqán Kalimát-i-Maknúnih (Hidden Words) Subḥána-Rabbíya’l-‘Alá Shikkar-Shikan-Shavand Ḥúr-i-‘Ujáb Halih-Halih-Yá Bishárat Ghulámu’l-Khuld Az-Bágh-i-Iláhí |
|
| departure from Mazra‘iy-i-Vashshásh: Thursday, March 26, 1863 A.D.–Shavvál 5, 1279 A.H. | ||
| Tablet of the Holy Mariner revealed while in the Mazra‘iy-i-Vashshásh. |
| C. BAGHDÁD—continued | Works Revealed During This Period | Houses Occupied During This Period |
|---|---|---|
| departure from Baghdád for Constantinople, Wednesday afternoon (first day of Riḍván), April 22, 1863 A.D.–Dhi’l-Qa‘dih 3, 1279 A.H. | Bázávu-Bidih-Jámí | |
| Súriy-i-Ṣabr revealed on first day of Riḍván. | Malláḥu’l-Quds (Holy Mariner) | |
| arrival at Garden of Najíbíyyih (Garden of Riḍván), April 22, 1863 A.D.–Dhi’l-Qa‘dih 3, 1279 A.H. | ||
| arrival of Bahá’u’lláh’s Family at Garden of Riḍván on eighth day after first of Riḍván. | Súriy-i-Ṣabr | |
| departure from Garden of Riḍván for Constantinople last day of Riḍván, at noon on Sunday, May 3, 1863 A.D.–Dhi’l-Qa‘dih 14, 1279 A.H. | ||
| length of overland journey from Garden of Riḍván to Samsún on Black Sea: 110 days. |
| Firayját (arrival early afternoon—stayed seven days), arrived on Sunday, May 3, 1863 A.D.–Dhi’l-Qa‘dih 14, 1279 A.H. (Firayját is about 3 miles distant from Baghdád) | Márdín, |
| Judaydih, | Díyár-Bakr, |
| Dilí-‘Abbás, | Ma‘dan-Mis, |
| Qarih-Tapih, | Khárpút (stayed 2 or 3 days), |
| Saláḥíyyih (stayed two nights), | Ma‘dan-Nuqrih, |
| Dúst-Khurmátú, | Dilík-Tásh, |
| Táwuq, | Sívás, |
| Karkúk (stayed two nights), | Ṭúqát, |
| Irbil, | Amasia, (stayed 2 days) |
| Záb River, | Iláhíyyih (while approaching Sámsún, “Lawḥ-i-Hawdaj” was revealed), (last day of overland journey), |
| Barṭallih, | Sámsún (stayed 7 days), Black Sea port. Sailed in a Turkish steamer about sunset for Constantinople |
| Mosul (stayed 3 days), | Sinope (arrived next day about noon), Black Sea port; stayed few hours, |
| Zákhú, | Anyábulí (arrived next day). |
| Jazírih, | |
| Niṣíbín, | |
| Ḥasan-Áqá, |
| D. CONSTANTINOPLE | Works Revealed During This Period | Houses Occupied During This Period | Duration |
|---|---|---|---|
| arrival at noon on Sunday, August 16, 1863 A.D. Rabí‘u’l-Avval 1, 1280 A.H. | Subḥánika-Yá-Hú Lawḥ-i-‘Abdu’l-‘Azíz Va-Vukalá |
House of Shamsí Big (2-story, near Khir-gih Sharaf Mosque) | 1 month |
| Length of sea voyage from Sámsún to Constantinople 3 days. | House of Vísí Páshá (3-story, near Sulṭán Muḥammad Mosque) | 3 months | |
| Length of journey from Constantinople to Adrianople 12 days. |
1. Kúchik-Chakmachih (3 hours from Constantinople—spent one night) 2. Buyúk-Chakmachih (arrived about noon) 3. Salvarí 4. Birkás 5. Bábá-iskí
| E. ADRIANOPLE | Works Revealed During This Period | Houses Occupied During This Period | Duration |
|---|---|---|---|
| arrival on Saturday, December 12, 1863 A.D.—Rajab I, 1280 A.H. | Súriy-i-Aṣḥáb Lawḥ-i-Ḥajj I |
1. Khán-i-‘Aráb (caravanserai, two-story, near house of ‘Izzat-Áqá) | 3 nights |
| Length of stay: 4 years, 8 months, 22 days. | “ “ “ II | ||
| Length of overland journey from Constantinople to Adrianople: 12 days. | Kitáb-i-Badí‘ Súriy-i-Mulúk (Tablet of the Kings) |
2. House in Murádíyyih quarter, near Takyiy-i-Mawlaví | 1 week |
| Departure from Adrianople on Wednesday, August 12, 1868 A.D.—Rabí‘u’th-Thání 22, 1285 A.H. | Súriy-i-Amr Súriy-i-Damm Alváḥ-i-Laylatu’l-Quds Munájátháy-i-Ṣiyám (Prayers for Fasting) Lawḥ-i-Sayyáh |
3. House in Murádíyyih quarter, near house 2 4. Khániy-i-Amru’lláh (several stories, near Sulṭán-Salím Mosque) 5. House of Riḍá Big |
6 months 1 year |
| Works Revealed During This Period | Houses Occupied During This Period | Duration | |
|---|---|---|---|
| E. Adrianople—continued | Lawḥ-i-Nápulyún I (First Tablet to Napoleon III) | 6. House of Amru’lláh (3-story. North of Sulṭán-Salím Mosque) | 3 months? |
| Lawḥ-i-Sulṭán (Tablet to the Sháh of Persia) Lawḥ-i-Nuqṭih |
7. House of ‘Izzat-Áqá | 11 months |
1. Uzún-Kuprí 2. Kashánih (arrived about noon. Lawḥ-i-Ra’ís (Tablet of Ra’ís) was revealed in this place) 3. Gallipoli (length of journey from Adrianople to Gallipoli about 4 days) (after a few days’ stay sailed before noon in Austrian steamer for Alexandria, Egypt) 4. Madellí (arrived about sunset—left at night) 5. Smyrna (stayed 2 days, left at night) 6. Alexandria (arrived in the morning, transshipped and left at night for Haifa) 7. Port Said (arrived morning, left the same day at night) 8. Jaffa (left at midnight) 9. Haifa (arrived in the morning, landed and after a few hours left on a sailing vessel for ‘Akká)
| F. ‘Akká | Works Revealed During This Period | Houses Occupied During This Period | Duration |
|---|---|---|---|
| arrival on Monday, August 31, A.D. 1868 – Jamádíyu’l-Avval 12, 1285 A.H. | Kitáb-i-Aqdas Lawḥ-i-Nápulyún II (Second Tablet to Napoleon III) Lawḥ-i-Malikih (Tablet to Queen Victoria) Lawḥ-i-Malik-i-Rús (Tablet to the Czar) Súriy-i-Haykal Lawḥ-i-Burhán Lawḥ-i-Ru’yá Lawḥ-i-Ibn-i-Dhi’b (Epistle to Son of the Wolf) Lawḥ-i-Páp (Tablet to the Pope) |
1. Barracks | 2 years, 2 months, 5 days |
| 2. House of Malik 3. House of Rábi‘ih |
3 months | ||
| Purest Branch died on Thursday, June 23, 1870 A.D. – Rabí‘-u’l-Avval 23, 1287 A.H. | 4. House of Manṣúr | 2 or 3 months | |
| 5. House of ‘Abbúd (where Kitáb-i-Aqdas was revealed) 6. Mazra‘ih |
|||
| Passed away May 29, 1892 A.D. | 7. Qaṣr (Mansion, where He passed away) |