World Unity/Volume 10/Issue 1/Text

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WORLD UNITY

INTERPRETING ZTHE SPIRIT OF THE AGE

JouN THERMAN RANDALL, Editos Horace Honitry, Managing Ed:tor

CONTENTS

Vol. X APRIL, 1932 No. 1 “Abdu l-Baha Frontispiece America Assumes Moral Leadership Editorial Policies of the Powers in the Far East Harley Farnsworth MacNair The Message of the World's Teachers = Hugh McCurdy Woodward Orient and Occident: The Cultural Problem Hans Kol:n The Epoch of Aggressive Individualism Paul Hinner The World's Y.W.C.A. at Work Evelyn W. Mocre The Novel of the War Years—VI Evelyn Newman This Praying World—India John William Kitching The Promulgation of Universal Peace Horace Holley The Thought of God in American History Edwin D. Mead On the Humanity of Scientists John Herman Randall, Jr. The American Peace Movement Russell M. Cooper

Round Table

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�[Page 3]AMERICA ASSUMES MORAL LEADERSHIP

Fs EDITORIAL .

§ we go to press, the outlook in the Far East seems to promise the cessation of hostilities between Japan and China and the speedy withdrawal of Japanese troops from the Shanghai district if not from Manchuria. This by no means settles the complex problems involved, but at least it will open the way for negotiations and the League Commission, on which the United States is represented, is now on the ground.

That the situation has presented the gravest international crisis since the World War has been apparent to all. It has been critical not only for the tuture of China and Japan, but still more it has presented the most serious test that the League of Nations and its peace machinery, have vet been called upon to face. If the Peace Treaties are worthless in the Far East, they are worthless in the rest of the world. If Japan can tear up these Treaties with the consent of the Powers today, any other nation can disregard them tomorrow.

In this emergency the European Powers have been acting al- most as if no Treaties existed. Thev have been silent, or when they have spoken, their words have been so weak that Japan has been encouraged to continue her madness. That this policy has slowed down the peace processes of the League of Nations has been self- evident. It is now clear that one of the reasons for the early timidity of the United States in facing this crisis was the knowledge that powerful forces in Great Britain and France were backing Japanese militarism.

But at last America has assumed moral leadership in world attairs. The letter of Secretary of State Stimson to Senator Borah is a declaration of policy in defense ot the Peace Treaties violated �[Page 4]4 WORLD UNITY MAGAZINE

by Japan that reveals high statesmanship. It throws the weight of the United States not only against the Japanese militarists, but against the militarists and imperialists of all countries. But the Stimson declaration is more than a solemn warning to Japan that the United States will never recognize any settlement imposed by force and in violation of the Treaties, It is more than a similar warning to other nations who may think that treaties can be broken with impunity. It is at the same time a challenge to Great Britain and France to come to the aid of those treaties or else share with Japan the responsibility for the world chaos that may result.

The reports trom Geneva today indicate that these other na- tions have adopted as their own the principles laid down in the Stimson-Borah letter. It can almost be said that this means the sus- pension of the Covenant of the League, while the nations have recon- stituted themselves as an association of nations acting under the Kellogg Pact. For the American principle is in its implications the Most pacifist principle imaginable, Instead of a superstate maintain: ing peace by force if necessary” the nations are to ignore and ostra- cize the consequences of law: breaking.

Certainly if the present League program is carried out it will mean something profoundly new in international attairs. Here is the victorious Japanese army, standing in a strong position, won after heavy fighting. It has cost Japan considerable blood and no little money to accomplish this end. By all the historical rules Japan should collect som wthing tor her victory. “To the victor belong the spoils.” Now, it Japan goes home without any more than she had before, as the result of the mobilization of the world’s conscience through the League and the adoption of the American principle, there will be introduced into world relations a new pro- cedure which can only be interpreted as meaning that today noth- ing is to be gained from military incursions into foreign fields.

Instead of “driving a bayonet into the heart ot the League,” as one Chicago editor put it, it may yet turn out that Japan's invasion of China has only served to enhance the prestige of the League and strengthen the world’s machinery for peace.

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THE POLICIES OF THE POWERS IN THE FAR EAST SENCE THE WASHINGTON CONFERENCE

MARLEY FARNSWORTH MPACNAIR

ROADLY speaking the aim of the nations with reference to the Pacific as well as the Far East has during the past de- cade, been to maintain the sAitzs g#v in so far as possible. This means the maintenance of the position and the rights of cach inthe castern hemisphere. In China, as a concession to the nsing spirit of nationalism, there have been countenanced several changes but these have not indicated an actual change in policy. The n.ethod of carrving out the Washington plan of action by the signatories of the treaties there negoti. ted has officially been one ot cooperation, With occasional exceptions, this method has been acted upon. In keeping with this object Great Britain, the United States, Japan, France and Italy, on the invitation of the British govern- ment, held a naval conterence in London trom January 21, to April 22,1930. This tollowed the failure of an attempt made at Geneva in 1927 by the three powers first-named to extend the application of certain of the provisions of the five-power naval treaty of Wash- ington, It followed also, ironically enough, the signing of the Kellogg-Briand pact tor the renunciation of war. The object of the London Naval Conference was a double one: to reconsider the provisions of 1922 concerning battleships and aircratt carriers, and to apply the agreement of limitation to all tvpes of cratt tor naval combat. Betore the conference convened it had been made clear that Great Britain was willing to agree to naval parity with the United States. Japan made known her desire to have a tleet seventy

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per cent the strength of the American. This she argued would be adequate for defense but not for aggression. The ditterc4ces of France and Italy at the conference prevented their representatives from joining fully in the five-power pact.

The conterence ended with the signing of a treaty which is to remain in force through the year 1038. By it the five powers agreed not to construct new battleships during the lite of the treaty. Great Britain, the United States and Japan agreed to dispose of nine of their battleships within two and half vears, but France and Italy were allowed to “build the replacement tonnage (>0.000 tons for cach) which they were entitled to lay down in ty27 and to20" by the Washington treaty. An attempt to abolish submarines tailed. but a humanitarian agreement was reached which apples to them, without time limit, the rules of international law concerning the treatment of merchant vessels by surtace vessels. Sceretary Stimson submitted to the Foreign Relations Committee ot the American senate tables of strength of the tleets of the three powers “iS agreed Upon boy the treaty; these showed the ratios of the tleets of the United States. Great Britain, and Japan to be 1o:10.2 (ofr io.t it the United States exercises an option provided by Article XVIIP of the treaty) 26.3. Parity in principle was agreed upon by Great Britain and the United States. Whether the American gov- ernment will resort to the expense of putting parity into eftect is problematical, but its right is recognized and naval rivalry between the three powers until 1036 1s apparently precluded.

Noone of che leading powers obtained exactly what is desired: especially was this the case with Japan, but the agreements reached indicated a considerable degree of mutual contidence and the probability that the relations of these powers tn the Pacific and Far Eastern areas, as well as those clsewhere. will, for the duration of the treaty, at least. be peaceable in nature.

The leading power in the western pacitic is Japan whose phe- nomenal rise to power in the twentieth century is to be ascribed to the ability of her people and their leaders, to the rivalries of the western powers and the aid given by the United States, and to the revolutionary confusion which has prevailed in China particularly �[Page 7]POLICIES OF THE POWERS IN THB FAR EAST 7

since 1900. To hold what she has and to strengthen further her position summarizes Japan's aim as it does that of most nations. Looke@gupon in perspective there is little to indicate any funda: mental change in Japanese policy since the davs of Lord Hotta and and Viscount Tani in the middle vears of the nineteenth century. It may be doubed whether Japanese expansion territorially is com- plete in the Pacitic or on the continent of Asia. Since the with- drawal from Siberia her expansion has followed economic rather than territorial channels. With the possible exception of the period of Baron Tanaka's premiership (April, ro27- July, ro20) Japanese method with relation to China has changed from one ot force — arrogance to conciliation and friendship. That country is the pri- mary object of Japan's attention; the raw materials and the markets of that vast area are necessary if Japan is to maintain domestic pros- perity and position as a great power. Japanese sensitiveness to Chinese boycotts and the attention paid to taritt arrangements with China otter evidence of this. Cultural kinship with the Chinese has been stressed and groups of Chinese have been encouraged to visit Japan. Plans have been discussed also tor the use of Boxer indemnity funds by Japan tor cultural and educational purposes in China. When Japanese nationals and property have been attacked In recent vears restitution has been demanded but settlements have generally been made in a suave manner: this was especial ly notice: able in connection with the Shanghar mill troubles in ross. and the

Nanking outrage of 1927. To the waning intlucnce ot \ estcrners inthe East Japan herself has contributed no fittie in Norea and Manchuria, and has watched attacks on the position of Western- ers in China without apparent disapproval. Lf the revolutionary changes in that country do not result in its rise to the position of a world power, and if Western influence continues to decline in the Past. the position ot Japan will be strengthened.

The contemporary China-policy of Japan is summarized in the Manifesto of the Japanese cabinet of July o, tg29: “Our Govern- ment not only rejects a policy of agateccion in any part of China but 1s prepared to render friendly aid to China tor the attainment of the national aspirations of China, but it, of course, is the re- �[Page 8]s WORLD UNITY MAGAZINE

sponsibility of the Government to protect aad preserve the legit- imate rights and intersst that are indispensable to Japan’s existence and prosperity. The Government believes that the Chinese people understand this point fully.” As to what constitutes “legitimacy” in these rights and interests there is considerabie divergence of opimen between the Chinese and the Japanese. This was made clear at Paris. and at Washington, and has many times since been demonstrated.

At the opening of the imperial dict on January 22, 1931, Baron Shidchara, acting-premier and Minister tor Foreign Aftairs, re- viewed the international situation as it affected Japan, with special reference to China, Russia, and the United States. He reiterated the determingtion of his government to cooperate with China in a trend!y and constructive manner for the solution of the latters problems which would ultimately result in the relinquishment by the powers of their special rights and privileges. At the same time he issued a veiled warning to China not to attempt “to reduce the South Manchuria railway to ruin.” As regarded Russo-Japanese roations, he reterred to the growing volume of trade between the two countries and stated his belict that a suitable adjustment of the fisheries question would be reached. The relations of Japan to the European powers and the United States he described as “en- tirely satistactory,” but with reterence to Ameriain immigration policy he added, “there is no longer any doubt that our position 1s new fully understood and appreciated by the large majority of the American people” and that the Japanese would “watch the tu ther development of the question with unimpassioncd but keen interest.

With the important exception of the introduction of Com- raunist ideology and aim into the Far East it is difficult to see that way change has been made in the policy of Russia since 1860. Her determination to rank as a Pacihc and Far kastern power is to be traced earlier still. In blocking this policy in part, Japan has plaved a vital réle; China, on the other hand, to the close of 1627 was generally blandly complacent. Friendship—at a price—has been the method gencraliv used by Russia in China. Considered histori- �[Page 9]POLICILS OF THE POWERS IN TH! FAP BAST y

cally China has suftered much more at the hands of Russie thon at those of any other power, but her losses to the Russians hive been less clearly understood by herself and by others than have the less vital but better advertised encroachments upon her digaity by the Western European powers and Japan. The successes oi the Sovict leaders have been even more spectacular than were those of the czars as contemporary developments in Mongolia and Man- churia clearly show. In addition to the age-old czarist policy of pushing to warm waters and annexing the intervening territorics. Moscow aims to indoctrinate the Orient with Communist theory. China for a time, almost unconsciously, lent herself to Soviet schemes, and to a considerable degree is still doing so. The result in the period 1025-27 was a concentrated attack upon British in- terests followed by the establishment ot a atiesnalist Po on a Soviet framework. Had there been unity of aim and method in Moscow China might conceivably have become an advance base tor the world revolution of the proletari: it despite the - oppositios of the Western powers and Japan. Such may still be the case,uniess General Chiang Kaishek’s government succeeds in crusinag the communist-bandits of south-central China. The break between China and the Soviets in 1927 and ro2o constituted a setback the seriousness of which is dependent upon the success with wiich Communist propaganda continues to spread not alone in China bat in Manchuria, Japan, Korea, and French Indo-China. Of the Western powers the British Empire has by far the ifgest interests at st. ike in the Ortent and five Pacific. Vinose in ( Coie: consisting of concessions, investments of hundreds of mil- ions of dollars, and the leadership in trade, are closely connected with the British position in Malaysia.’ Australasia, and India. A setback in one has immediate rep sercussions clsewhere. Owing largelv to the fact that Great Britain firse feit the ctects of the Industrial Revolution, the leadership in the opening of

Hin Inly % 1920, the Fiest Lord of the Adnuratty, Me. AL Vo Alexar �[Page 10]Ix WORLD UNITY MAGAZINB

China to the world was taken by the English. After more than two

centuries of relatively peaceful trade and diplomatic relations with China, England tought two wars in the middle vears of the nine- teenth century to de velop and maintain on a firm foundation her

relations with China. The policy of Lord Palmerston was a fitm but. on the whole, just one. The British government demanded no rights or privil leces for its citizens which it was not will ling for the nationals of other powers to enjov. Having to bow to the de- mands of Pngland. China joined the latter in agreeing that others should have the same nights. Accordingly other nations protitted by the polices and deeds of the English without arousing as much indignation on the part of the Chinese as did the latter. This ac- counts in large Measure for the willingness ot sections ot the Chinese be iblic to join with the Russians in. concentrating upon attack on the British position above mentioned. Nevertheless, it is to be observed that the arrogant attitude taken by manv British subrects in China towards the Chinese socially, the otttimes critical, unsvmp athetic and reactionary tone of influential sections of the British press in the East, and the generally conservative attitude of the English government towards China down to 1025, plaved an Important part in the growth of anti-British sentiment in China. The British sense of decency, order, and discipline has been shocked in recent vears by the indecencies, disorders, and lack of discipline to be observed in considerable areas of China. The dewnrightness ot British character has led to plain and truthtul speaking at times which has wounded the cars of intellectuals attuned to the siren songs oft Soviet dgents.

A reorientation of England’s policy in China was indicated by the British note to the Washington-treaty powers in] December, 1926. In the following January in a speech at Birmingham, Sir Austen Chamberlain declared: “Over a year ago, in a speech pre: ceding the departure of our delegation to the Taritt Conterence at Pehing. 1] outlined the Policy of the British Government towards China in these words: ‘Our only wish is for a strong, united, inde- pendent. orderly, and prosperous China. We, on our side, will contribute all we can; we are ready to meet China halfway. We are �[Page 11]POLICIES OF THE POWERS IN THE FAR EAST If

ready to relinquish special rights just in proportion as the Chinese Government can assure to our nationals the due enjoyment of the ordinary rights of foreigners in their country.” This has been and is the policy of his Majesty's Government. .. In the Far East, above all, we are a nation of shopkeepers. All we want is to keep our shops open and be on good terms with our countrymen.” The sin- cerity of this conciliatory policy was doubted by many Chinese who felt that it was a matter of expedicacy and that it had arrived late in the day; it did not bring favorable results until the govern- ment at Nanking was established and Soviet influence was ofiicially weakened by Nanking’s break with Russia. The Chamberlain enunciation of Britain's policy received added strength from the fact that it was followed by the government of Premier Mac- Donald. The renditing of British concessions at Hankow, Kiu- Kiang, Chinkiang and Amoy, and the restoration of Weihaiwei during the years 1927-30 constituted ample proof of the sincerity and practicability of Gicat Britain's contemporary policy towards China.

With respect to German policy in the Far East little need be said. Germany lost her privileges and possessions in the East as a result of the Great War and ceased fer the nonce to rank as a great power. Her post-war policy has been circumscribed by the treaty of Versailles. She has pertorce met China as an equal and has pur- sued a friendly policy having for its main object the restoration of her trade position in that country. Chinese friendliness for Ger- many was shown by Nanking’s choice of the latter as protector of Chinese interests in Russia during the break of 1929.

France has pursued a policy of saying and doing little in re- lation to China where her interests are not comparable to those of Japan, Great Britain, Russia, and the United States. Her actions have been independent about as often as they have been coopera- tive; this is witnessed by the establishment of the French “conces- sion” in Shanghai in 1849, the seizure of additional territory tor her concession in Tientsin in 1916, and the gold-franc dispute which for a considerable time prevented the implementing ot the treaties of Washington. Her position with respect to extraterri- �[Page 12]12 WORLD UNITY MAGAZINE

torialitv and the concessions is that of maintaining the statws gio as long as practicable. Since the appointment ot Monsignor Con- stantini as Apostolic Delegate to all China in 1922, only the rem- nants of the former pow erful position of France as protector ot Roman Catholic missions in China remain. In Indo-China her position remains strong. Her program calls for the consolidation of the relations of that area with her possessions in the Pacitic.

It has been said at times that America has a policy in the Far East but no program. This is no more true of the United States than it is of other powers: a policy is a matter of aims; a program is one of method. As conditions change so must the method by which a policy ts to be carried into effect. The policy of the United States of encouraging the maintenance of the independence of the nations of castern Asia, of helping them to strengthen their posi- tion, and of demanding from them all opportunities tor trade and residence tor American nationals enjoved in them by other foreign nationals has worked with a high degree of success in Japan, Sim, and China. In the case of Korea the fundamental policy of the United States was secriticed with the me ae of that country by the development ot conditions over which Americans had no contro! and for which they were but indirectly responsible.

The Amercan government has been taced in the East by three poss sibilities, to wit, ae cration with the PUN aes or W ithdrawal from the scene altogether, or ae ment of its own policy with readiness ultim. itel\ to defend | carry out mn MS f) OhiCy by csort to diplomacy and toree. During recent years it has in general chosen COOPEeracion, It took the lead in OPQ ai7iye the new international consortium in China; also i demanding a settlement c* the Lin- chet We dal wir. as a result of which it preirticrp ra ited in the discussion of dl la for policing Chinese railways. It pacticip ated also in the prevention by the powers of Dr. Sun Yet-Sen’s proposed seizure of the customs funds at Canton, and in the Taku ultimatum. Finaily, it joined with the governments of Great Britain, France, Italy. and Japan in the sending ot identic notes after the Nanking outrage of March 24. 1927. But by us to yon with the powers in the use of force in the interior tor the backing of these demands it pre- �[Page 13]POLICIES OF THE POWERS IN THE FAR EAST 13

vented cooperative action. By independently negotiating the tariff treaty with China in 1928, and granting recognition to the Nanking government it set a precedent which other powers followed. It is evident, therefore, that the choice between cooperation and inde: pendent action is based on the exigencies of the occasion.

For being at once too active and not active enough, the Amer- icin government has been criticized at home and abroad. If Amer- icin business interests nave inclined to coolness as regards svm- pathy for China’s nationalist aspirations, and have tended to de- mand and support drastic action to torce China to meet her inter- national obligations, considerable numbers of American mission- aries have contributed to the development of a national spirit in China and have aided the movement tor rights recovery in every legitimate way. Of the great powers whom the Chinese nationalists énd their Russian advisers denounced as “imperialistic” in the years 1925-27, America alone has no territories which have been con- quered of leased trom China, and enjoys no spheres of interest of influence. Extraterritorialitv, however, the United States still cn joss in company with several other states—a_ sufficient answer, when considered in the light of consistent demands for most- Pavored-nation treatment of her nationals, to the charge sometimes mide the i American policy is mainly based on altruism and senti- ment. The notable ditrerences between the American policy in the Fast and those ot the other Powers have been based primarily o the tect that American interests and policies have generally ae consonant with those of Eastern nations while those of Europe- and, in later times, Japan—have not.

The role played in China by the American government has not generally been an easy one. The divergencies of aim between the United States and the other powers have made it desirable that the United States should receive the support of the nations of the East to the extent at least that they should set whole-heartedly to work CO Suave themselves anc 1 not e send mainly on outside aid. in the cases of Japan aad Siam such action was forthcoming to vindicate the American policy. In Korea it was not; and in China from 1842 to ro28 there was comparatively little selt-aid on the part of the �[Page 14]I4 WORLD UNITY MAGAZINE

Chinese to warrant the belief that China would follow the road trod by Japan and Siam rather than that taken by Korea. Fer many vears hefore and after 1900 all that saved China was the inability of powers -other than the United States—to agree upon a division of the spoils that, and the steady hold of the American government, at times cordially supported by Great Britain, to its policy of ter- ritorial and administrative integrity for China.

It America were to consult her own interests she could scarcely have tollowed any other policy than the one she has. American economic interests in China are not vital to her prosperity as is the case with Japan and Great Britain. Nevertheless they are by no means small. It has been estimated that the property interests of American missions in China are around $78,000,000 gold, while American business interests total $68,000.000 - $70,000,000. The United States ranks third in China’s toreign trade furnishing about one-tifth of China's imports and taking about one-fourth of her exports. Omitting trom consideration the broad cultural and polit ical implications of the relations of the two countries, it is at once apparent that it is to the interests of the United States that the Chinese people should organize a state capable of caring for its own interests. Their tailure to do so prior to 1928, at least, forced the United States to enact a generally conservative role consistent in spirit with, but different in appearance from that plaved by her in Japan a generation carlier. The United States aided Japan in freeing herself from foreign limitations upon her sovereignty in proportion as Japan gave proot of her ability to play a responsible part in international relations. The negotion of the tariff treaty of July, 1928, coincidental with the retusal to give up extraterritori- ality indicate that the earlier American policy with reference to Japan and the contemporary policy with reference to China are one and the same. That this is the case is made clear by the note of Secretary Kellogg to Minister C. T. Wang just prior to the signing of the tariff treaty: “The good will of the United States toward China is proverbial, and the American Government and people welcome every advance made by the Chinese in the direction of unity, peace and progress. We do not believe in interference in �[Page 15]POLICIFS OF THE POWERS IN THE FAR’ EAST Is

ther internal affairs. We ask of them only that which we look for trom) every nation with which we maintain fricndly intercourse— spectheally, proper and adequate protection of American citizens, tlicit property and their lewvicrl rights, and, ia general, treatment corded to the interests or nationals of any other country.” ncarrving out her China policy, in the years since the Russo- Japanese war, coolness—-1f not sttcined relations—has on occasion devcioped between the governments of Washington and Tokyo. [fis constituted one of the reasons for the convening of the Wash- a in Conterence. In recent years a good deal of mutual suspicion has been hud as was shown in connection with the London Naval Conterence. On leaving Japan, shortly atter the close of that con- terence. Ambassador Castle publicly stated: “What America must sear and can tar more casily learn in this era of post-conterence trust and good-will is that just because Japan’s interests here are vital, that just because Japan's trade with China is of paramount Feat ar tance, Japan must be and will be the guardian of peace in the Pacific.” “That Japanese statesmen did not intend to interpret this Givers vation as an abnegation of America’s interest and position in the East appeared to be made clear by former premier Wakatsuki, Japan's chief delegate to London, when on his return he was quoted as saying: “"... it is true that the United States appreciates the importance of the rdle Japan plavs in the Far East and that peace in the Pacific is maintained by Japan... but I do not think that it is proper to conclude that because of this, the United States recognizes Japan's superior position in the Western Pacific.”

As has been the case for more than two thousand years, China constitutes the core of the Far East. Since the sixteenth century in reality, but particularly since the middle of the nineteenth century, the basic factor in the international relations of this area has been the conflict of the cultures of the Orient and the Occident. In Siam, Indo-China, the Philippine Islands, Korea, and Japan solutions ot the problems involved were found not without difficulty, but with ercater ease and volition than in the case of China. The last is a continent in itself, with a congeries of people who evolved the basic culture of the Far East. The greatness of China's past made �[Page 16]g 16 WORLD UNITY MAGAZINE

more difficult the workifig out of modern problems as did the greater size and population of the country. Betore China could reach a state of equilibrium based on a compromise between her old culture and that of the West. she was exposed to the influence of anew cultural growth—that of Communism. Chinese returned students and travelers trom centers of Communistic propaginda, and aliens as well, have introduced a new virus into China’s veins. Communist organizations have grown apace in recent vears und have entrenched themselves. The original Kuomingtang was op- posed to Communism, and many of its members withdrew when its membership was thrown open to communists. Without the aid of Russian communists and supplies the Nationalists could not have carried out their aims and in the manner they did. Subsequent attempts to break the Communists, and eradicate their ideology, were not an unmixed success, as conditions in the provinces south of the Yangtze demonstrated after the establishment of the Nacon- alist government in Nanking. John Hav is credited with the asser- tion that whoever understands China holds the key to the world’s pouitics for the next five centuries. ft does not LP PCa that anvone at present holds this kev. �[Page 17]THE COMMON MESSAGE OF THE WORLD'S GREAT TEACHERS

‘ / ‘

Hira MeCrrpy Woopw arp

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LOLERANCE. THE KEY To THe MESSAGE

GROUP of American students and professors in 1920 were

in conference with the head Buddhist monk of Siam.

The old gentleman, with a keen intellect and a countenance

serene and calm, was seated on a little elevation above the American guests in one of the roval temples of Bankok. In the course of the interview the author volunteered the following guestion: "Why is it that the Buddhists are so tolerant toward all other religions and creeds to the extent that thev are en- couraging them to come to Siam?” The following represents in substance the conversation which followed the question: “The principal idea in Buddhism,” said the venerable monk, “is the svolution and development of the soul. Knowledge is one of the principal factors in this growth and development. The best attitude with which to obtain knowledge is tolerance.” He then explained that tolerance had always been one of the character- istics Of Buddhism; that all souls are in an evolutionary process ond hence deserving of svmpathetic understanding.

The author volunteered a second question as follows: “Ts it possivle to become a Buddhist and be a follower of Jesus?” “Certainly,” came the prompt reply. ‘There is very little dif-

terence in the teaching of Buddha and the philosophy of Jesus.” �[Page 18]18 WORLD UNITY MAGAZINE

This answer led to a similar question: ‘Is it possible to become a Buddhist and be a follower of Confucius?” Again the response Was instant: “Certainly, it is not the name espoused or the group attiliation that makes of one a Buddhist. It is the life one lives. From this fine representation of the philosophy of tolerance we obtained the idea that righteousness consists in conforming to principle, regardless of the name vou espoused; that the living of a life is the most important consideration. Gautama Buddha once said: “God will not ask from what country or class vou arc, but of what vou have done.”

The word “tolerance” is used in this chapter with a deeper significance than is ordinarily given to it in the dictionaries. It means something more than a willingness to allow others their own opinions; more even than forbearance in judging the acts and opinions of others. It includes an interest in why men believe and act as they do. Mere toleration does not represent the full meaning of the term as here used. It means a svmpathetic under- standing of why men act as they do, It is a positive rather than a Negative attitude.

The pages of history are tilled largely with the accounts of wars, bloodshed. and strife due to a lack of tolerance. For more than a thousand vears Europe was a bloody battle ground for wars of intolerance. Many of these were religious wars. There were wars which lasted for decades between groups who espoused the same philosophy and who claimed to follow the same prophet. How we as Christians in this western world with all our boasted civilization must in our reflective moments, shrink with shame, disgust. and humiliation when we think of those years of war, Inquisition, ostracism, and excommunication. It is all the more to our discredit that we have done this barbarous and savage thing in the name of one of the world’s greatest advocates of tolerance.

Cathedrals erected to the most high all over the western world have been polluted by the blood of intolerance. The towers and dungeons, pits and castles from the Bridge of Sighs to the Tower of London re-echo the cries of injustice and intolerance. Dogmatism, �[Page 19]THE WORLD § GREATEST TEACHERS 19

religious bigotry, arrogance, imperialism, domination, and intoler- ance have grown like rats in our very sanctuaries. How can we who pretend to be followers of the holy Nazarene square our actions with his statement made while on the cross: ‘Father, forgive them, for they know not what they do.” Thanks to a little deeper understanding of his message, we are beginning to look back on those acts of savagery with shame and humiliation.

The history of intolerance in the countries of the near East, if it is possible, is still darker. The rivers of blood that have tlowed between the Muslims and the Christians constitute irre- tutable evidence that neither group has understood the message of Jesus.

The intolerance toward the Jew in the western world is one of the strangest things in history. The western nations have espoused the Jewish philosophy; they have quoted their prophets and appropriated exclusively to themselves their greatest spokes- man, Jesus of Nazareth. These nations have built their systems of ‘urisprudence upon the laws of Moses, and vet, in many sections of the world where people claim to live by the Jewish prophets and by the philosophy ot Jesus, the Jews are treated as though thev had no right to live. As one moves into the far castern world, the sume dark picture continues. It is only in spots that the message ot the masters has taken root.

The French have despised the Germans. The Germans have disliked the French. The Western nations have looked toward castern people and called them heathens and barbarians. China, tor many hundreds of years, thought of the people of Europe as savages. Englishmen think of American life as an interior culture. The American, as a rule, talks of his advanced civilization and thinks of himself as the very acme of God's creations. Each group tends to think that because others are different they are necessarily interior.

John Emmett Richardson savs in his book, “The Great Mes- sage,’ “The average religionist. regardless of creed or denomina- tion, is so full of the things he assumes to know, that he has no room whatever for anything others may actually and truthfully know.” �[Page 20]20 WORLD UNITY MAGAZINE

In another statement the same author savs: “Between the intel- lectual dogmati.m ct science and the emotional bigotry of re- ligion, truth runs a hard gauntlet.” Intolerance has been the ereat enemy to the march of trath, In all ages the messengers of truth have suffered at the hands of intolerance. It has stoned and killed: the prophets: scourged and condemned the scientists. In- tolerance is not alone between religion and religion, or philosophy and philosophy, but also between science and science. It 1s common to hear a physical scientist sav there is no such thing as a social science. Often the physical scientist and the social scientist both taboo the idea of a moral order in nature. and for one to assume scientific investigation in the psvehic realm generally draws forth a chorus of ridicule from those scientists whose field has been generally accepted, Manv of the world’s greatest scientists have lost caste with their own group by a mere announcement of their intentions to inv estigate certain phenomena. Thus new truth runs a hard gauntlet even among many so-called lovers of truth, Sheer ignorance, intellectual vanity. narrow vision, and irrational prey- udice continue to be the enemies of tolerance. ©

A tolerant and ¢ nicht Med Ale DUS learn that itis the business of toe imdividual to find truth and prochum it. rather that defend Mmalvdidel le phiiv iophies, He mit put more stress upon the search for the truth av d lov “por detonse, Somehow truth has a wav of defending itself. It is the emotional defense of individual philosophies which makes the individual misreprescat in order to defend his own svstem. With all such individuals we are inclined to ask the sume question that Job put to his advisors who so vigor- ously defended the philosophies of the fathers, “Ts it necessary to Nhe ta piease God?"

cin enlightened world must yet learn that tolerance and co- Operation ithe than strife and competition is toe law of progress, The great teachers under discussion in this work have done their best to impress this upon an ignorant world.

Speaking of carly Hinduism, Lewis Browne in “This Believing World” says: “Hinduism has never been united on any creed or rite. Its divisibleness has rarely, if ever, led to bloodshed. Unlike �[Page 21]THE WORLD'S GREATEST TEACHERS a1

the Christians, who, again and again, have resorted ev-n to whole- sale shiughter in order to extirpate ali heresy, the Hindus have rarely persecuted divergence of faith. They have been wise enough to sce that each man has a right to worship as he himself sces fit, and that here no man ts justified in secking to force his doctrine on his neighbor. Therefore, the worshipers of Vishnu and those of Shiva huve dwelt side by side for centuries without bitterness, and count- less sub-sects have arisen and disappeared in India with very little violence or acrimony. No matter how many evils may be debited against Hinduism, at least this one virtue must be listed to its credit: it is tolerant.”

Duckworth in “Religions of the Empire” says: “If Hinduism, for which I stand to speak today. has no other outstanding fea- ture to attract vour special notice, it can at = boast of its broad toleration shown by the following facts: 1. It never attempted to convert the followers of other religions or “ force its ddouteieies

rthems 2. It scidom persecuted anybody for religious faith (trom

hich social laws must be differenti: ited), and for ages we see the non-fighting and non-slaying Jainas and Buddhists living side by side and in peace with, or under the protection of, Kshatriya warriors who belonged to the sect of Shaktas, offering animal sucrifices to the Supreme Goddess of nature; 3. Then we sce all these sects giving a friendly home to our Parsi brothers, who, to avoid religious persecution, sought shelter in India, This tolera- tion ts often regarded by some young enthusiasts as a weak point in Hinduism, but it is none the less true that it is the keystone of the strong foundation on which the most ancient religions in the world have rested, and survived so long. The most re- markable fact about Hinduism, to which this toleration may be traced, is that it is not the outcome of the preachings of one sclt-assertive prophet, or one gospel giving one rigid conception of Godhead or Divinity.”

In the Hindu Bible occurs the following remarkable statement: “Altar flowers are of many species, but all worship is one. Systems vf faith diff er, but God ts One. The object of all religions is alike: all seek the object of their love, and all the world is love's dwelling �[Page 22]1% WORLD UNITY MAGAZINE

place.” Another quotation from Hindu literature reads as follows: “To be a true Brahman is not a matter of birth or caste, but right living, and is possible for everyone. I do not call one a Brahman because of his origin or of his mother. Him I call indeed a Brahman who, though he has committed no offense, endured reproach, stripes and bonds; who is tolerant with the intolerant, mild with the vio- lent, and free from greed among the greedy ... and thus the whole wide world. above, below, around, and everywhere, does he con- tinue to pervade with heart of love. far reaching, grown great and bevond measure.”

he Comiimwcd) �[Page 23]ORIENT AND CIDENT by HANS KOHN

Doctow Juris, Univer oty of Prajwe

THe Currerat PropieM Laan Ciel 2 x¢ and School

© 7 the beginning of the Twentieth Century two systems of education existed side by side in the Orient: the native. medieval system in which—in Islamic countries, as in

China and India—-the classical religious authors formed

the basis of instruction from the lowest grades on and continued even into the highest grades (modern science receiving practically no attention), and a modern system, mostly under European di- rection, which compelled the children, from the beginning on, to learn a foreign language in which all instruction was given, and accorded little or no consideration to native languages and culture. This instruction accentuated the antagonism between the two cul- tural spheres: on the one hand an education was being given which no longer met the political and social demands of the time and was so far fossilized that it had lost all power of attraction, and on the other hand an educated class, alienated from the people, Was arising and increasing so rapidly that existent conditions of- tered no possibilities of economic development. Because of this growing antagonism there has lately been an increasing eftort to- wards the creation of a uniform, synthetic system of educataion. The modernization of written languages of the Orient was a prealable condition for such a system. As Medieval Europe had a written language (Latin) which was the medium of a classical and schol- arly civilization with a religious basis and was different from the

o �[Page 24]264 WORLD UNITY MAGAZINE

spoken language of the people, so the oriental civilizations had their literary languages also, sharply differentiated from the vernacular, whose store of words and idioms was enriched by associations with classical religious literature. Only through an assimilation of the spoken popular language could this literary language become a medium of expression for modern, secular, esthetic forms and meanings, and so convey them to the people and serve as the vehicle of a comprehensive national culture: while the popular language in order to be capable of expressing a higher range of thought and the exactitude of scientific definitions, would have to be enriched and made flexible through the creative force of a new generation of poets and thinkers. Hence, in the cradle of the na- tional movement in the Orient. as formerly in Europe. a new language and literature had to develop. This language and litera ture could then become the basis of the new educational system. In every country this course of events was repeated. The literary language of Turkey had previously been a mixed language. full of Arabic and Persian words derived from classical Muhammadan literature. With the awakening of the national movement in Turkey the literary linguage has been divested more and more of superfluous borrowed words and brought nearer to the language of the people. The religious schools of the Quran, in which little children began by memorizing texts which were often incompre: hensible to them, were closed during the past few years and re- placed by national schools giving modern instruction in Turkish. The time-honored Islamic academy of the Mosque of EL Azhar in Cairo, formerly suggestive of a medieval E uropean University not only in its branches of study but also in its body of students from ev ery country, has lately come to resemble a modern theo- logical college, as much through the inclusion of modern subjects and systematic instruction as through a reorganization of its methods of teaching. This process of transformation will soon be completed, when the present plan is carried out for the erection of huge university buildings, separate trom the mosque, in which the system of instruction will be outwardly little difterent trom that of any European university of today, Oriental peoples �[Page 25]ORIENT AND OCCIDENT 25

~

Soviet states enjoy the secular and modern cducation in their own vernacular, Particular attention is given there to the struggle against Culture and social backwardness. The common education of boys and girls is given in the language of the respective oriental peoples, who are often receiving systematic instruction in their own unguage for the first time. The substance of what is offered in these various linguages, many of which are raised to the dignity ot a literary linguage for the first time, is everywhere the same: it has no connection with the past or with the religion of the people, but aims to instil a knowledge of practical modern science and a conscious dependence upon the proletarian revolution. Thus the attempt is being made here—with an important deviation, it is truce -to do what European and mission schools in the Orient have done, but this time it is being made in the native oriental language through the recognition and awakening of a national consciousness. lie culture aow being instilled is no longer the bourgeois, Christ- an culture of the nineteenth century, but the proletarian, technical culture of the Revolution. A purely formal synthesis is being ‘ected here, similar to that in Turkey: instruction is national in its outer form, language and consciousness. but, on the other hand, super-national in content and meaning. The substance of an edu- ation, according to the theory of the Revolution, is neither oriental, nor occidental in its origin and application, but above all difter- -nees of race and creed, human and universal.

An earnest attempt towards a synthesis was made in India, especially in the schools started by the Arya Samaj, founded by Da- vaanda Sarasvati in 1875. Ancient Indian modes of living, and rcligious and philosophical tradition, were to form the basis upon which modern sciences and the acquirements of European life were to be taught. The most important of these schools 1s the Gurukula school, founded by Munshi Ram in 1yo2. “This unique institute ts built altogether upon Vedic educational principles, as exemplified by the early Brahmanic teachers in their relations with their pupils, without neglecting at the same time the demands of modern edu- cation, The entire system of instruction is built on a purely national basis. The language in which instruction is given is Hindi. Special �[Page 26]26 WORLD UNITY MAGAZINE

import: ince is ascribed to the study of Sanskrit. Although the chief stress 1s laid upon the study of the Vedas, yet modern sciences and English are not neglected. The physical training of the young is also given special emphasis. Every schoolboy who has spent sixteen vears of his life there becomes an enthusiastic apostle of the Vedic doctrine and a self-sacriticing servant of his native country.” (Helmuth von Glasenapp). The Arva Samaj schools, which are established for the education of girls also, and the schools of the Ramakrishna Mission, are secking, under the influ- ence of Europe, to give a new, active interpretation of the old Vedic philosophy, in the direction of service to one’s native country, and to train a generation rooted in the traditions of the past—a gencration. however, which can not only hold its own but can also carry on under the conditions of an Orient which ts Puropeanizing itself. The schools tounded by Rabindranath Tagore in Shantin- iketan and by Ghandi in Ahmedabad operate in a similar manner.

Efforts in the same direction dominate the modern cultural movements 1n China. Its aim is the regeneration of the old culture through acceptance of those elements of western culture essential to the building up of anew synthesis. It received its initial impetus from the national university in Peking. During the vears of the World War the chancellor there, Ts’ai Yuan P’ai, began with a reform of instruction. Up to that time the Chinese child had started in school by learning the old Chinese classics by heart, under a method simiiar to that followed in the traditional schools of Juda- ism, Islamism and Hinduism. The entire education was based on the religious humanistic tradition. The school was now secularized, modern critical methods were emploved in instruction, and the study of the ancient classics was reserved for higher schools ex- clusively. At the same time an article by Hu Shih in the magazine. “Modern Youth,”: called for a campaign against the classical Chinese language (prevailing hitherto solely as a written lan- guage), which had not been spoken for over two thousand years and was quite unintelligible to the common people. Its use made Chinese culture the property of a learned caste. The modern lan- guage movement raised the native speech in the north—the so- �[Page 27]ORIENT AND CCCIDENT 2/

called Mandarin dialect—to the status of a written language, and

carried out the reform against every Opposition when, in 1919, it appeared at the head of the national opposition to the Japanese and their demands in connection with the Peace of Versailles. The new language made a real education possible for the people. ‘The new schools also laid stress upon physical culture and manual truning. In the midst of the political disintegration of China a new cultural structure was beginning to rise. In the course of a decade a new national ct lture and a vast network of schools appear- cd. The creative forces of the nation were concentrated upon the solution of this problem, which had to be solved in order to furnish 2 basis for the later solution of political and social problems. Despite the universal distress, a colossal work, which the rest of the world has hardly any notion of, has been accomplished in China in the course of a few years; 77z., the formation of a uniform language and uniform schools. The Chinese schools now con- stitute a means for welding together the entire Chinese people, by a single method, into a single cultural community such as has never vet existed in all the thousands of vears of Chinese history.” (Richard Wilhelm).

The simplification of language and its adaptation to the ex1- cencies of technical, scientilic thought led also to efforts towards sunplification of complicated methods of writing, like the Chinese (the acquisition of which required a long study), and towards the substitution of the Latin alphabet in place of the oriental script. In this the Soviet states which were inhabited by Turkish tribes took the lead. The Soviet republic of Azerbaijan was first; then came the Turkish republic, which carried out this revolution with its customary thoroughness and dispatch.

The cultural life of the Orient is now passing through a great crisis, occasioned by contact with the West— a crisis which mani- tests itself in many and often diverse phenomena. All forms of activity are in the process of transformation. The old is severely bruised by the new. This clash presents a paintul and fruitful prob- lem. The search for a solution of this problem—tor a synthesis—is being made everywhere. But the cultural crisis is not limited to �[Page 28]2§ WORLD UNITY MAGAZINE

the Orient. The Occident feels itself hard pressed by the new cultures arising in the Soviet Union and in America. Both affect the Orient alsp. The great cultural currents flowing through the world today are no longer restricted to one part of the world only, but affect the entire surface of the carth, thus preparing for the coming unity of mankind. The Orient is still, by far, the part most affected; but the cultural process which is working itself out in the Orient today will make itself felt outside of the Orient. For as the prophetic wisdom of the old Goethe has said: Oricnt and Occident are no longer to be separated, But the transformation process of the Orient 1s not limited to the cultural field: it strikes just as deeply inte cconomiuc and social structures.

a | 5 ject} �[Page 29]THE PATH OF HISTORY by

Patt HINNER

THe Epoch of AGGRESSIVE TNDIVIDUALISM

ITH the dissolution of the Roman Epoch a new civiliz- ation developed in Europe and Asia minor. The

spiritual impulse which expressed the fundamental ideas of this new epoch, reached from Moses through tic row of prophets to Christ and Muhammed. The Jews of ancient tires called themselves “God's chosen people” with a certain cusure of justification, because their religion was the seed which contained the individualistic ideals. They worshipped only one God. Jehovah, and that God did not only give each individual the ceht. but made it a duty to strive for salvation. This belief could /ave no other result than the dev elopment of a form of society in ich the individual gained the largest possible measure of liberty (the promotion of his own welfare. This seed of individualism » the torm ot the Jewish religion lay hidden under a hard shell of tolerance and cruel severity which prevented a premature ger- mation. It is a well known fact that Judaism has maintained Sclt only through transmission from father to son, as non-Jews m a it very rarely. However, when the time arrived for the velopment of human affairs according to the individualistic prin-

ic, there appeared in this world a man who was singularly free

' passion and prejudice, Jesus of Nazareth. He was the tool with vich nature removed the hard shell from the individualistic em- . Jesus took the Jewish religion as a foundation, softened its

ted severity through an infusion of love and mercy and supple- mnented it through the doctrine, that not only the Jews, but all �[Page 30],

sO WORLD UNITY MAGAZINE

human beings are the children of God. The abolition of slavery and the establishing of political equality were the natural result of the Christian doctrine of the equality of all individuals betore God and man. Christ regulated the conduct of his followers through moral principles which were an Improvement over those that pre vailed in the Roman civilization and which naturally led to an im- provement in the mutual relations of mankind. T he description of creation as contained in Genesis and connected with the new doc: tring, corresponded with the conception of the world and of the process of lite prevailing at that time. This natural development of the individualistic ideal became consolidated in the Christian re- ligion and through the propagation of the latter, individualism was established as the governing principle tor all who came under its influence. Jesus had given an aggressive quality to the new religion through commanding his disciples to carry the faith to all parts of the world; Peter and Paul in’ the obedience to this charge carned his teachings into the capital of the Roman Empire. There the new doctrine quickly penetrated the op pressed lower strata of socicty and soon developed a strong organization. Al: though the carly Christians did not oppose the Roman Government In any Wav, they were nevertheless repeatedly persecuted, because the ruling classes of Rome felt instinctively that the new faith represented an ideal which would ultim. itely deprive them of their power. When the new religion developed the ability to draw adherents from all strata of society. it did not indeed dis: place the Roman authority. As Rome sank into dissolution the individualistic idcal was carried to distant parts of the world through the dispersion of the Jews and the propagation of Christ- ianity. It was neither chance nor accident that these different events supplemented cach other and led to a definite result, but it was part of a natural process of development, a linking up of cause and effect in spiritual and material as well as in geographic and timely sequence, through which decaying civilization was dis- placed by a new one. The record of European History for the fifth and sixth cen- turies is very incomplete. The organs of the Roman epoch had been �[Page 31]THE PATH OF HISTORY ZI

lestroved inthe turmoil of the migration of races before the Pooch of Individualism could replace them. As a consequence astute of anarchy spread over Europe in which might prevailed over rght. The Christian Church, however, the carrier and guard- not the new ideal, had the will and strength to live and to guide ig.emity out of the CNIStING chaos to a new order of society. Despite the unsettled conditions and the many wars between the tribes. it extended its influence continuously. Under: its wince the Germanic people established a number of states hich became the toundation tor the body of the new civilization. [ic torm of government of these mew states was modeled after tho organization of the Roman Church. An absolute monarch eracted parts of his domain as fiefs to his most efficient followers cod in this wav made them administrators of these sub-divisions. [he Roman Catholic Church still adheres to this system, which reflects the belief that an omnipotent individual deity dominates the process of lite. The practice of temporal rulers to call them- ves kings of emperors ‘by the grace of God” and the assertion the head of the Roman Catholic Church that he is the repre- scntative of God on earth, likewise are reflections of this belief i personal god. At the time of Charlemagne the body of the cow civilization was already clearly defined and its organs had rcached a certain measure of competency, The fact that the prop- cgation of Christianity was the main policy of Charlemagne thy roughout his long reign shows that spiritual interests over- suadowed everything else in the lite of the people at that time. lie division of the Empire after the death of its ruler was a step in the growth of the body of the new epoch. Contrary to the crowth of Rome.hich had taken place in the form of additions t's the dominating center, the aggressive individualistic epoch crew through division into smaller parts and a new growth ot these parts through colonial expansion.

It is a remarkable feature in the development of the Christian Keligion that it did not thrive in Asia and North Atrica, but was cxclusively confined to Europe and the countries settled from there. The Christian Church of Abyssinia is no exception because �[Page 32]32 WORLD UNITY MAGAZINE

it has remained barren of cultural results. Christianity. with the leaning towards asceticism, did not appeal to the hotblooded in- habitants of the sun-scorched deserts of the South. There arose in the seventh century a man in those regions who expressed the individualistic ideal in a form which made it acceptable also for those people, Muhammed. The growth of the new ideal from Judaism to Christianity and Islam, is an adaptation to the ditfer- ent human material which under various conditions of lite shows a great diversity of desires. The wars which were fought for the propagation of Christianity and Islam and the conflicts between these two religions were growing pains of the new civilization. The presence of the Christian vandals in North Africa at the time of the westward march of Islam, the conquest of Spain by the Moors, the Crusades of the Middle Ages and the invasion of Europe by the Turks brought about a better understanding and mutual tolerance between these two branches of the new civiliza- tion and led to a geographic limitation of influence. The border between them finally became fixed along the Mediterranean, the Dardanelles, the Black Sea, the Caucasus and the Caspian Sea. The remnant of the Tusks in European Turkey and the Christian Ar- menians in Asia Minor were isolated and misplaced parts which repeatedly were the cause of paintul disturbances. Well into the Middle Ages Christianity and Islam were the most important tac- tors in the attairs of the people under their influence. However, in the course of time the material interests gained in importance and the influence of the political organs increased proportionately. The violent disputes between the Popes and the German Emperors of the House of Hohenstaufen were the chain of events which prepared the establishment of the pre-eminence of temporal over spiritual affairs in the Christian branch of individualism, This over-balancing of the spiritual by the material interests is further vividly illustrated through the change of attitude towards the charging of interest on loans of money. Formerly it was considered a crime and punished severely, but gradually it was tolerated and considered legal.

The growth of the body of aggressive individualism through �[Page 33]THE PATH OF HISTORY 33

4 repeated splitting up and re-expansion of the parts lcd to a de- marcation between those parts and the development of the different nations of Europe and America was the result. This demarcation, sowever, did not prevent the development of a uniform culture, baton the contrary enabled the ditterent nations to contribute to the progress of the epoch according to their particular qualities. It was a repetition of the development of a uniform culture by a umber of similar states as had taken place in Greece, but in place ot the small city republics were larger national uaits. These units were firmly connected with each other through identical religious pdelicts, organs for communication and trade, the monetary system, the diplomatic service and divers other mediums. All organs of the many states were alike in principle if not in form because the samme spirit dominated all of them. When one nation became ex- sausted under the burden of leadership another one immediately rook the place and the result was the individualistic civilization of ‘he present time. The value of the cultural contribution of Judaism, Christianity ad Islam in the development of individualism, corresponds mma with the number of their adherents. As a consequence of ier dispersion through all countries the Jews were best fitted tor ‘oe development of trade and of an international currency, and eontined their activity almost exclusively to this purpose. The ( hristian people explored and colonized distant parts of the world id made great strides in the promotion of science and technique. lie tollowers of Islam contributed the arithmetical system and ‘cre up to the Middle Ages the main carriers of science and handi- ratt. During the life of individualism a slow process of increasing icrance caused the cells in its body to become ever smaller until ‘.e natural limit was reached in the admission to citizenship of all <own-up persons, itrespective of sex or color of skin. In the few ustances in which this process has not been fully consurnated, this cliciency is often the cause of unrest and disturbances. The policy ‘ the United States of America towards its colored and Mongolian otizens is an example. Individualism developed in its growth an unusual amount of �[Page 34]34 WORLD UNITY MAGAZINE

power and energy. With relentless aggression it penetrated to all parts of the world and absorbed the remnants of old civilizations wherever it encountered them. In Central and South America it met the epoch of the Mayas and Incas and destroved it without even investiguting its merits or demerits. However, indications are not lacking that the natives of the American continent. the In dians, will in the coming epoch of civilization play a more im portant role than they do today. Their social instinets are essentials communistic. They have refused to participate in the individual istic civilization, and are again slowly mnereasing in numbers, while the birthrate of the white population is declining. Their. stoic passive behavior gives them an unusual endurance against which the nervous cnergy of the white man is inettective. The Indian has many admirable qualities end iti may well be possible that through merging with the white population of America, he will renew its moral and phiv sical stamina, just as through the intlus of the Ger- manic race the nations of Europe were reruvenated at the time of the dissolution of ancient Rome.

During the first halt of the lite of the individualistic civiliza: tion the grouping of its human components in a social respect took place according to the service in the development ot the epoch. Aggressive qualities and skill in military leadership were at that time essential and received the highest social reward. In the course of time the brave and bold upper strata accumulated considerable advantages and made them hereditary. In this way nobility was created. These advantages were offset at the time by certain obli garters towards the political and religious organs. Through the growth of the cities and colonies this social division was later on modified to the extent that members of the lower strata of society, who acquired power through wealth, were admitted to the highest class. Under the changing conditions the nobility in the European countries was released from the obligations towards the political

and religious organs without any reduction in privilege. Through this a social injustice was created which later on became the cause for serious disturbances in the body of the epoch.

tLothe comtinwed �[Page 35]THE WORLD'S Y. W.C. A. AT WORK’ by

Evetyn W. Moore

HE removal of the ottices of the World’s Young Women’s

Christian Association to Geneva, Switzerland, closes one

page of our history and opens a new one. For thirty-nine

vears the work of our W orld’s organization was carried on

» London under the guidance of a committee of great experience

! long standing. Since the month of Mav, 1930, we have been

ablished in Geneva with a new committee, including. indeed,

ome of our old tricnds, but consisting tor the most part of Asso-

ton workers Who have not herctotore had an opportunity for rxing internationally.

It seems, therctore, a good time to review the work the World's \..C.A. has been doing and to trv to forecast the work that will tothe Association in its new surroundings. Year after vear at aterences of the World's Association subjects of international cort have been taken up and discussed, and year after year new wses of work have been undertaken.

Looking back over past vears we can recall the request that me from the Orient in 1804 that the World's Association send .retarics to organize work tor women in the East; and now we . at our conferences delegates from those countries representing iy organized national Associations and bringing to our whole

\ssociation new points of view. We can think of a later urgent roblem which arose and was discussed: the provision of inter- » tional hostels for women travelling around the world; and again a result of international cooperation, the need has been met in ch places as Cairo, Bombay, Shanghai and Paris. In ty20 the

‘yo nted from The Womans Press, September, 1931 �[Page 36]36 WORLD UNITY MAGAZINE

question of migration was foremost in our minds, and since that period the World’s Association has organized a special migration department which has become an independent socicty. The indus- trial situation is another of the great subjects which the World's Association has been discussing for a period of years, a subject which grows more important as time goes on and as the hard facts of universal economic depression become daily more evident. The latest great question has been that of the relationships between the Christian churches. The conference .. Budapest in 1928 and the conference of St. Cergue in 1930 are both memorable for the dis- cussion and interest taken in interconfessionalism within our na- tional Association.

The work of the World's office, however, is not bound up only with the impetus and drive of conferences. When the delegates of the national Associations mect to make their decisions and to vote upon matters of international interest, there are always a number of visitors present from Associations not yet in full athhiation with the World’s Council, who are looking tor help sometimes in be- ginning work but more often in their gradual growth toward na- tional organization. When it is a question of new work, a surves on behalf of the World's Council is made betore action is taken. This is done either by a member of the World's statt, or by a secre- tary from one of the national Associations, at the request of the World's Executive Committee.

At the moment of writing there are betore us three interesting developments in connection with new work. The first is the need of a hostel for students as a beginning for Association work in Belgrade, Jugoslavia. The second is a very urgent request from Egyptian women in Cairo for help from America in the starting of Association work tor Egyptians. While there are in Egypt three branches of the Association dealing almost exclusively with foreign girls, there is at present no national organization for Egyptian women. They want an organization of their own which will ul- timately become the national Association in Egypt. The third re- quest for help comes from the west coast of Africa where Miss Cecil Heath has been visiting six port towns: Dakar (French Sen- �[Page 37]THE WORLDS Y. W.C. A. AT WORK 37

cual), Freetown (Sterra Leone), Accra (Gold Coast), Lagos and Qritsha (Nigeria) and Duala (French Kameruns). Miss Heath reports great opportunitics for development, especially in Free- wi and Lagos. She ts prepared to return to the West Coast with colleague to organize the Association if sufficient interest can be stoused to provide necessary funds.

In accordance with our regular scheme of work these requests for help from other countries have been passed en to the national \ssociations which have a a interest in the countrics men- goned. In the present cases we hope that the Linited States, Great Pitan and France will see their way later on to help in these new

ropects.

Under the Extension and Education Department of the sorld’s Council are included Associations not yet fully affiliated, aether organized as isolated units or under a coordinating com-

tree for two or three centers. Our task in the World's office is /Keep in touch with these Associations so that their constitutional cowth may be such that no difficulties arise when they, as national dies, wish affiliation with the World's Council.

The greatest problem in many of our new Associations is the ~uestion of leadership. In some instances the Y.W.C.A. is doing

feer Work as the first society to give an opportunity to women i viris to learn to serve the community outside their own homes. ach a service means the development of initiative, a sense of re- poasibility, a capacity tor impartial judgments, all qualities which wed suitable opportunity for their development, and which are ‘ton dificult to produce where there has been no tradition of ser- sceinthe past. Through the special study courses and camps that re & apenas from time to time by the Extension Department of

» World's Council, we are trying to create the atmosphere in uch such qualities can thrive. We feel that the World's Council ws ad particular responsibility in this matter, in that it can bring vgether women from different countrics on a basis of complete

ality, into an atmosphere ot fellowship and understanding, shere friendships can be formed and beginnings made in the study ot our varving national characteristics. �[Page 38]SL

WORLD UNITY MAGAZINE

>)

The task of building up fellowship and understanding is a slow one, and is done in many different wavs. Sometimes a World's secretary visits a member country and carries on correspondence over a difficult point. Sometimes arrangements are made for stu- dents from one country to go to another to study. Visits to the World's headquarters are the means of bringing many nationalities together in an atmosphere where they are all at home. Material found valuable by a secretary in one country brings to a secretary on the other side of the world a sense of a common purpose. Every friendship formed and every viewpoint widened brings us one step nearer our goal of international understanding.

As we look forward into the future, we realize that the Young Women’s Christian Association, along with other Christian organi- zations, has to face the force of the wave of secularism now sweep- ing through the world, and the complications in family and mar- ried life which the breaking down of old traditions and conven- tions are bringing into the lives cf many young people. In view of this, the fact that the World's Council is to be held in 1933 in China is an event of great significance, tor it will give us for the first time in the history of the Worlds Association an opportunity to obtain the full contribution of the East toward these problems which have heretofore been discussed too often merely trom the western point of view, Out of our meeting together will come a greater inspiration and a truer and wider understanding of tasks ving before us as 2 world organization,

The World �[Page 39]THE NOVEL OF THE WAR YEARS by

EVELYN NEWSIAN

Peovfeccow oF Engith, Rolie Cdlege, Winter Pack, Floetia VI

Ht British writers, Wilfrid Ewart, Ford Madox Ford, C. E. Montague and Edward Thompson, all tour served in the

War almost from its commencement. Wilfrid Ewart. the author of 7/: Wey of Revelation (1021) Was twenty-two the vear war was declared. With multi- tudes of other voung men he shared the enthusiasms of its be- caning, and with them he mct the inevitable disillusionment. - served throughout the war. He was promoted to the rank t captain some time betore the Armistice. Like M. Georges Duhamel, he goes to the Revelation of St. John the Divine for the svmbolism of his title: “And the kings of the earth and the creat men hid themselves... . For the great dav of His wrath s come, and who shall be able to stand?” The book covers five sears in time. It opens with the beginning of war. The chief characters are Adrian Charles Knovle and Eric Quentin Sinclair, voung men of family and fortune leading idle, care-free lives, Against the background of London society life, the first hours of the declaration of war are given, the wild enthusiasm of the London crowds, the carnival at Trataigar Square. The two at once enlist, as second lieutenants, and are sent to Northeri. .rance. Rosemary Cranford, Adrian's fiancée, is a frivolous, weak society vith, Faith Arden, with whom Eric is in love, is strong and fine, The second division of the book, entitled Disillusion, describes active service. Both men are wounded, Adrian seriously enough to be sent back to London. During his convalescence there, he 39 �[Page 40]4o "WORLD UNITY MAGAZINE

is amazed at the life of many of the social set. He sees two dis- tinct divisions in society: one a sort of charity-bazaar type, wher- the ultra-society and pscudo-artistic set carry on for their own amusement. Gina Marvon is representative of this group, and draws Adrian’s fiancée into it. There arc descriptions of the dis: solute drug-taking life of the night-clu bs, frequented by mans of the voung girls and numerous officers who hi appen to be in London. Of the other division of society, Faith Arden is repre sentative. All the efforts of this group are given to nursing. land service, ambulance corps work and other activities of value in relation to the war.

Travail, the third division, tells of desperate winter spent in Northern France, of the billets in a small town near the coal and industrial area of Béthune, of the constant rain, of the sordidness and monotony of the surroundings. The companions of Adrian and Eric in this misery are Walker, a coarse physical type, finding his solace in the houses of prostitution in the town, and Cornwallis, an Oxford man, but one of the many unfortunate misfits in the army. He takes refuge in reading Tennyson's Idvlls of the King. It 1s in this section that we hear ot the Christmas traternizing of 1915 between the Germans and the British. Eric 1s now com- manding officer and Adrian the next in command. On patrol duty on Christmas Eve, Adrian looks out over No Man's Land, “with its inscrutable shadows and baffling mvsterv.” The moon is shin- ing and he wonders about the Germans, scarcely more than a hundred vards away, what they are thinking. The author, in a stream-of-consciousness method, presents Adrian's thoughts: “So Christmas came -with its formal message of ‘peace on earth and good-will towards men’ to the drab and motley crew in the trenches.

“And soon after midnight. as though to herald the birth of the Saviour in the speaking voice of that sinister time, the guns burst forth in a thudding, baving. booming chotlis .... A Corps bombardment had been ordained.”

The next morning there is a breaking of all barriers on the part of both sides. and German and British common. soldiers �[Page 41]THE NOVEL OF THE WAR YEARS 4!

meet together: “Adrian and Eric watched the scene between the renches in silence. ‘T ev had drawn their revolvers, but the ctort to hold back even their well-disciplined men was without wil, An insurgent common impulse of the combatants prevailed, it grev and khaki swarmed out to meet each other... . at the iow-lined stream. They crossed it and mingled together in haphazard throng. Thev tallied and gesticulated, they shook hands, They patted cach other on the shoulder, laughed like schoolboys, and out of sheer light-heartedness leaped across the trickle of water. An Englishman fell in, a German helped him out amid laughter that echoed back on the crisp air to the trenches. They exchanged cigars and sausage and sauerkraut and concen- trated coffee, for cigarettes and bully beef, and rationed biscuits ind tobacco. They exchanged experiences and compliments and comparisons, addresses and goodwishes—and even hopes and FOUTS. “There appeared after a quarter of an hour two German otticers Who wished to take photographs. a request which the men refused. ‘Our artillery will open on you in exactly five minutes, they retorted, ‘get back to vour trenches or take the consequences.’ “And the trench world was lifeless, unpeopled once more. “The guns thudded .... Only the rifles remained silent.” Adrian and Cornwallis discuss this strange camaraderie with the enemy ana decide that the morning's friendship Was more real than the supposed hatred ordinarily expressed by the guns.

A long winter is dragged out at the Y pres Salient. The con- stunt danger and the appalling sights of death cause the deterior- son of both officers and men of certain temperament, especially ot Eric. Not that he ever loses his iron control of himself and his mien. But he grows steadily more crue! and pitiless. This tact ‘s illustrated by an account of the treatment of two prisoners captured in No Man's Land: “Eric and Adrian met them being prodded along a lonely section of trench by the bayonets of a sergeant and three soldiers, accompanied by kicks and curses. Eric aughed; Adrian felt an unashamed compassion for the two Ger- mans, fine looking men who behaved with some dignity under �[Page 42]42 WORLD UNITY MAGAZINE

the circumstances and were, he reflected, as much the victims of the holocaust of war as himself or their captors. When the platoon sergeant inquired what he should do with his prisoners. ric said:

‘They're a couple of the swine who fire the minenwerfer, 1 suppose. Do what 3 vou like with them.’

"’Oh, send ‘em down to Brigade Headquarters, Eric—-' pro- tested Adrian.

“Come along’ said his company-commiander, cutting him short. ‘Thev're no use to us.’

“The platoon-sergeant laughed.

“Passing back that way half an hour later, they found the Germans Jving dead in the trench.”

Even Walker, the Rabcelaisian, tells Adrian of his paroxysm of tear on finding four of his men killed, one blown to pieces. Major Brough, second in command, had attacks of “trench fever which kept him “rather frequently out of line.” The tyrannical Colonel Steele would ask Eric, his company commander, to go with him along the battalion frontage. The men laughed at the Colonel's fear, remembering his extra “fatigues” and “punish- ments” on battalion parades.

Eric was finally killed. Faith, now his widow, gave Adrian courage to go on. They met in Paris, the description of which reminds one of that given by Volpatte in Le Few and by Sulphart in Les Croix de Bois, There was seeming gaietv everywhere, and the demi-mondaine world was very busy. He returned to the country between Bapaume and Cambrai. The Allies were now in victorious advance. Corn vallis was Adrian’s constant com- panion. Adrian was wounded. Cornwallis carried him back to their line: “He lay, a helpless bundle, across his friend's back.

“Twenty-five vards to cover... . Already they were halt way "Then the machine gun opened . . . . Cornwallis redoubled his efforts, panting and groaning in a frenzy of exertion... . A few vards more . “Saved! “Ja that instant, Cornwallis uttered a short, sharp cry... . He �[Page 43]Pid’ NOVEL OF THE WAR YEARS 43

cave a little whimper, rolled forward and lay still.”

When Adrian recovered consciousness, he saw Cornwallis’s d tace Iving beside his own.

The fitth part, Peace, tells of Adrian’s convalescence, of Rose- © death from an overdose of morphia and of the abandonment

ot London to the orgy of emotion on Armistice Day.

“Revelation of Light had come to a multitude which had pass- oj through the Vallev of the Shadow of Death . . . . Never had the powerful arc lamps shed their glare upon a wilder gaiety

. couples danced like coster-mongers on a Bank Holiday _. The traffic stopped. Such scenes, people recalled, had

pet been known since the night ‘of August the Fourth, nineteen hundred and fourteen.’ ”

A chapter is given to the Victory Ball, to the description of tic faney-dress costumes, of the brilliant uniforms of British and toreign officers, of Army and Navy, of the distinguished representatives of politics, diplomacy, art, drama, literature. |osemary’s death from an overdose of morphia occurs at this ball. The incident would seem to be svmbolic, almost a criticism of

ghastly emptiness of such an expression of gratitude for the } OF Wak,

Adrian and Faith marry and comfort each other in a serenity remembered sorrow. At the end Adrian tells her: “. . . . for -vou know, kills the soul as surely as it kills the body . .

| thought that had dicd in me once... . A wife, one’s

other. a friend--what more could any man ask of the world it cin be so cruel?” �[Page 44]THIS PRAYING WORLD

- /

(7) JOHN WoLtiaAM: Karen fel Aeewhae aed lam oma ort bdia e? HATEVER sins we have committed against son-in-

law, agunst friend, companion, or brother, against

bondsman or stranger. from these absolve us, O

Varunal Tt we have been deceitful. like plavers at their play. whether wittingly or in ignorance, absolve us, O God. Let us be thy friends, O Varuna!

The praver given above is trom the Rig Veda, V. and is a praver tor forgiveness to Varuna. Hopkins, in his “Religions of India.” savs “There is one deity ta Indian religion, in whose pres ence the priests lose their contidence--viz., the great Varuna, with his near kinsman Mitra.” The spies of King Varuna are everywhere, trom them nothing ts hidden. When two men hold secret converse inthe dark, Varuna is present as a third. In the presence of this omniscient deity, the singer becomes conscious of his own little: ness. Of Varuna he has no mythical stories to telly in presence ot that dread deity he otters tervent Pravers tor the forgiv eness of his sins. Varuna is the most exalted of those gods whose origin 1s physical, Has realniis all above us: the sun and stars are his eves: he sits above upon his golden throne and sees all that passes below, even the thoughts of men. He ts, all, the moral controller of the universe.

The name Varuna comes trom the Sanskrit “Var” meaning surround, encompass, probably connected with Greek, oars, 1... heaven. In Vedic mythology, Varuna is the representative ot the all encompassing heaven. Only a dozen hymns in the Rig Veda

44 �[Page 45]rHIs PRAYING SVORLD 45

addressed exclusively to his praise, but these hymns show him hethen alslewt of the Vedic divinities. He is generally invoked in

apany with Mitra, The sun is their common eye; the heaven is

their golden abode. As creator and regent of the world, Varuna rules the universe ath unswerving laws. A thousand spies, the stars on rays of light, cckh out offenders against his rule; there is no escape from his »niscience even by flight unto the farthest heaven; his bonds and

‘ctters are ever ready for the guilty; and inevitable punishment waits those who have aroused his wrath. At the same time it is s all-wise providence that protects the good.

In his divine keeping are a thousand remedies that relieve the series incurred by sin and hold death afar.

The reward of immortality is Varuna’s abode hereafter. As vereign of the vaulted sky Varuna is the lord of the waters. The is his domain, the rivers flow at his bidding, and the rains de- cad in accordance with his ordinances. Through his sovereignty

r the waters he inflicts dropsy upon those who sin against his

As an Aditya he is sometimes coupled with other gods than

tra, while his great rival for supremacy in the hearts of the ple of India is Indra.

In past Vedic mythology Varuna sank into insignificance be-

eP rajapati as a supreme being. and in the later Indian religion . dominion is confined simply to the sea and to the supremacy ver the West. �[Page 46]THE PROMULGATION OF UNIVERSAL PEACE by

Horace HoLiury

CONDITION of uncontrolled disturbance. which arose

gradually and progressively, in a series of apparently

isolated local explosions, appears to be the chief character-

istic of the social community at the present time. To look back only a few generations, it is obvious that such outwardly unrelated episodes as the disturbing influence of Darwinian thought upon religious culture, the consequences of telegraph and tele: phone upon soctal culture, or the political influence of Marx’s economic doctrines. could, by contemporaries, scarcely be coord- inated through any existing historical Perspective, Each episode Was a stone cast 1n a SCpParate pr ol ot EXPE rience, sending out Waves through different classes of society. ou less possible could | have been for content tries to discern organic unity bees these three results of scientific progress and the first assertions of the peace ideal in the West. the re-discovery of Vedic and other religious scriptures in the East. the spread of den mocracy at home and the penetrations of imperialism abroad, and the rise of a definitely formulated sociology and psychology.

The destruction of the past has taken place so episodically, one citadel at a time, that three generations of people have con- tinued the vain attempt to resist a process of universal transtorm- ation unrecognized in their conviction that it was revolution rather than a manifestation of new and higher power.

In the larger meaning of the word, provincialism prevented recognition of the real nature of the world movement—a prov- incialism not merely of place but of experience.

But as the disturbance grows unmistakably general—as the waves of successive attack join in the same unrelenting siege—it be-

46 �[Page 47]THE PROMULGATION OF UNIVERSAL PEACE 47

comes at last possible to interpret the different episodes as one in- clusive historic trend. What the nineteenth century now appears to mean was not so much the final breaking down of geographical isolation, but the more profound destruction of the isolation be- tvcen aspects and levels of human experience. It was not merely America and Europe, or Europe and Orient, that stood as con- mnents isolated one from the other; over and above this material separation it) was teligion and philosophy, government and psychology, industry and ethics. The historic gulfs between church cad state in any nation, or between law, finance and education, now seem wider and deeper than the gulfs between the various tutes. The point to be remarked at present is that what was estroved as the no longer useful “past” was only superficially

matter of medieval castles and dynasties, or of water power

mulls and local hand craft shops— in essence it was a social en- sronment which produced human beings incapable of realizing ‘he oneness of life and the inter-relations of social action through the thick veils imposed by a religion, a science, a philosophy, a politics and an ethics all mutually antagonistic and actually tr- cconcileable.

Every mode of human capacity had been developed to its tarth- est reach by a long line of specialists whose basis of reality and whose validity of truth was confined to the limited area of their predominant interest. The religious specialist extended religion to ity utmost limit away from the common center of human reality, and the theologian had his exact counterweight in the competitive swuutacturer, the diplomat, the banker and the natural sctentist. Por centuries, the specialist in one held merely denied the con- clusions of the specialist in another field. Nor was it merely a

rile, uninfluential battle of schools. The common man, who ould not go along with any specialist to his ultimate emphasis, ‘ound himself living in a society whose organic institutions were ader the specialists’ coftrol. He was compelled to meet day by ‘vy the conditions which these institutions, each administered by pecialists and their faithful apprentices, chose to impose. His local community was divided by boundaries which were more �[Page 48]48 WORLD UNITY MAGAZINE

implacable than the boundaries between nations. His existence Was a perpetual struggie among conflicting interests which all too faithfully reproduced the limited and exclusive loyalties imposed by the geographical areas of states—loyalties making strife and conflict so inevitable that strife and contlict scemed the very glory of man. The supreme struggle called “war” was actually incidental to the perpetual struggle maintained within the state. The farmer and the industrialist, the buver and seller, the producer and the banker, the politician and the priest—here, in every city, town and hamlet. existed social and psychological separations that could not culminate otherwise than in wars of nations and a war of the world.

Ultimately, the conditéon of isolated institutions is a condition of divided truth—man at war with his fellowman only because both are at war with themselves. Ali outer wars, dynastic, class, national, racial, creedal, are explosions ignited by that inner flame All along, consequently, the elements of climax existed in this drama of man. From the days of the Crusades and the sale of in- dulgences by the church. civilization has been set irretrievably toward the collapse that now is. The frequency and bitterness of external conflict served long to conceal from men the vaster im: portance of the inner struggle. but the occasional Dante and Mil: ton tasted that epic agony to its dregs. Now, in public debacle, in the final extension of spiritual ignorance to its limit in world dis- turbance on the one hand. and to its fulfilment in institutional im- potence on the other, we reach the point where no escape exists

save by the regeneration of man himself. Every problem has re: turned to its original source—the mind and heart of man.

When it can be said that man’s psychological past has been destroyed beyond possibility of return—when the most active hu- man motives no longer produce helpful but harmtul results—it can further be said that man’s psychological future—our goal, and hence our direction of conscious etfort—becomes the all-important issue. Even the most undiscerning person today can realize, even if only dimly, that economic competition on a world scale leads to poverty and not to wealth, and that military operations on a world �[Page 49]THE PROMULGATION OF UNIVERSAL PEACE 49

scale involve not victory but universal defeat. What is man? is the

mary question that must precede the secondary questions: What 0 slitieat organization can establish universal peace? and What socal policy can solve the economic problem? 45, +p eM a sg

The “climax” that has come upon this generation is not King

se than the providential necessity of recreating our inner being tor life ina world society in which moral and political, as well as

nomic values, at last coincide. The motive inadequately called Competition—in reality it is the illusion of separateness—must be rep slaced by the motive of cooperation. And cooperation, to be full and effective, implies understanding of the degree to which humanity is a united kingdom of life and not a jungle of warring nations, faces, classes and creeds. As the men of an early age con- tronted an unknown physical universe, so we confront the un- Known universe behind human emotion and thought. The “world outlook,” in fact, is not so much a command of the entire geographical area as it is the capacity to trace the se-

cence of cause and cttect from the depths of emotion and thought ty ie social environment in which emotion and thought are ex- pressed and fulfilled. No longer can we conceal our fundamental human values behind the alibi that nature molds humanitvy—the environment conditioning us today is not mountain, sea and desert bat human will, human passion and human thought.

But such a coincidence of inner and outer values can only mean that the spiritual fact and the practicable public policy have merged. The need of c operalion to prevent a prostrating war and on equally prostrating econom:c struggle ts nothing else than su- preme vindication of the ancient prophetic teaching of love. A social environment in which human motive turns the scale between ite and death for countless men and women is an environment so transformed that the reality of religion has become more important than any fragmentary science of statesmanship or economics.

Without vision the nations perish,” is the statement of inclusive truth exercising paramount authority over the whole range of hu- man action in this new age.

More significant than any new scientific invention, or any new �[Page 50]sc WORLD UNITY MAGAZINE

combination of industry or finance, or any new international pact, then, 1s a manifestation of religion as source of education and discipline tor human understanding, will, emotion and thought. What the world needs is a divine art of living, an instruction lead. Ing to the attainment of integrity in personalitv—a going back to the springs ot being that make a man a openess, a unity of expe. rience and hence capable of unity with his fellows. What the world necds is the power to transfer human will from the cuter circum: stances of personality. where all is division, to the center. where universal harmony exists. What the world needs ts a common path to the one God.

In this period of climax, when emphasis shifts abruptly from the materia! factors of civilization to the spiritual clements of hu- manity, fresh light is thrown upon the significance of a life like that of “Abdu’l-Baha. Connecting the vears 18;; and roar, it formed a bridge between the forces resolved in the past and the new forces to be resolved in the future. In the light of present need, it seems a lite providentially shaped to interpret men to moa and man to himself. One end of the bridge rests upon the firm assurance of the ancient word of love: the other cad rests upon the equally firm assurance that the word ts not ancient but modern that the mind and heart of man will be fulfilled in a civilization uniting and coordinating the races. nations and classes of humanity, “The re-formation and renewal o: the fundamental reality of re- Irgion,” he suid many vedas ago, “constitute the true and outwork: Ing spirit of modernism, the unmistakable light of the worhkd, the mnanitest ctfulgence of the Word of God, the divine remedy tor all human ailment.’ Before the shattering citect of the European Wat was visible, he also said, “At present universal peace is a matter of great importance, but unity of Conscience 1s essential, so that the foundation of this matter may become secure, its establishment firm and its edifice strong,” and. The fundamentals of the whole economic condition are diving in nature and are associated with the world of the heart and spirit.” Above all, “The gitt of God to this enlightened age is knowledge of the oneness of mankind.” And, while the West attempted to transmute technical proficiency �[Page 51]THE PROMULGATION OF UNIVERSAL PEACE 51

into political and economic imperialism, “There ate periods and stages in the life of the world of humanity, which at one time passed through its degree of childhood, at another its time of youth, but now has entered its long presaged period of maturity, the evi- ‘ences of which are everywhere apparent. Therefore the require: ents and conditions of former periods have changed and mered ato exigencies which distinctly characterize the present age... ‘fan must now become imbued with new virtues and powers, new ralities, New capacities.” “Tt is our duty in this radiant century investigate the essentials of divine religion, scek the realities lorlving the oneness of the world of humanit v and discover the cceof tellowship and agreement which will unite mankind in heavenly bond of love.” betore this quality of understanding became communicable cds. it had revealed its integrity by a degree of devotion and hee throughout fittv. years’ exile and imprisonment that raises oe words high new the realm of mere intellectual discussion boi-Bahd symbolizes the victory of the spiritual attitude com- 6 the true rendition of all faith, In a worid divided against oa all phines and in all regions, he re-asserted the innate city and divine worth of man. The result is that the impact of I-Baha upon current problems, recorded in such a work as ic Promulgation of Universal Peace.” becomes a mectingplace verse minds and dispositions, for antagonistic types and tem- ments, wherein each one finds a link between himself and ose else unknowable others—-a new measure of possibility in an Sutonary advance of the whole of mankind. “Realtty is not di- ‘er tt does not admit multiplicity. AT! the holy Manifestations (sod have proclaimed and promulgated the same reality. They ve ee mankind to reality itself and reality is one. The . and mists of imitations have obscured the Sun of Truth. We t torsane these imitations, dispel these clouds and mists and - the Sun from the darkness of superstition. .. Until the heaven- avilization is founded, no result will be forthcoming from ma- cal civilization, even as you observe.” �[Page 52]THE THOUGHT OF GOD IN AMERICAN HISTORY

by EpwIn D. MEAD

Fowmesr Dircctow, Wowld Peace Foundation

T were devoutly to be desired that we might look at our history

and our politics more religiously. That is what elevates history,

the thought of God in history.—the Conscious Law that is

king of kings, with increasing purpose moving to divine events; and that is what gives to political action dignity and im- port. We sometimes smile at the Chinese when they call them- selves the ‘“Celestials,’—-God’s own peculiar children; at those old Jews who loved to call themselves “the chosen people’; at Dante laboring to prove by appeal to the miracles in Livy that the Roman nation was the one divinely commissioned nation. Yet it was a great and noble thought. The exclusiveness was not noble; but the fundamental thought of divine calliag and cominission was sublime. That is what it were to be wished that we might have in this re public.—that we might feel that our State is Church, that God 1s in our history, that politics is religion, as Moses felt it and Samuel and David and Isaiah. 1 cannot think that David feit himse't doing anything unkingly, writing psalms. I like to read of Solo- mon taking things out of the priests’ hands and saving the praver himself at the dedication of the Temple. 1 think it would not have been safe to rebuke Prophet Jeremiah or Prophet Ezekiel tor “preaching politics.” I think, moreover, that it would not have been safe to rebuke those old Puritan ministers of ours tor it. It 1s a poor, pale, later time that has divorced politics and religion. Al- most the whole of Jewish prophecy is politics. Their politics has become our religion, 1 wish that our own were that. 1 wish that, when the American preacher desires to show most piainiy th. �[Page 53]THE THOUGHT OF GOD IN) AMERICAN HISTORY 53

ger of God, he might do as Stepne n did, and recount the history us own people. T think that in some future some apostle to the sacans will write in the same high religious strain of the long f American patriots and prophets who have greatly kept the dios the writer of that sublime chapter in the Epistle to the He- ws chants the fidelity end the vision of the heroic souls of Israel. Raith, he will say, is the suostance ot things hoped for, the cence of things not seen. For by it the elders obtained a good cort. iby faith Columbus sailed through unknown seas for many id perils of wind and perils of water, mid perils from faint

ee perils from false brethien, and revealed a new world,

died knowing net what he had seen. By faith Puritanism, onning even as a grain of mustard seed, brought forth in Eng- J Ebet and Hampden and Cromwell and Milton and Vane, and

| New England. By taith the Pilgrim Fathers, when they called to go out into a place which they should after reccive

ean cnheritance, obeved; and they went out, not knowing whither went. By faith they soj journed | in the land of promise, as ia a se country, with NY inthrop and Hooker and Roger Williams, rswith them of the same promise. For they looked for a city oi hath foundations, whose builder and maker is God. These ved in taith, not having received the promises, but having seen afar olf, and were persuaded of them and embraced them, contessed that they were strangers and pilgrims on the earth. they that say such things deciare plainiy that they seek a coun- And truly, if they had been mindtul of that country from uence they came out, they might have had opportunity to have ‘tured. But when the AL ayflower sailed away at the end of the rst winter of death, while half their number slept i in the graves in ‘ ¢ wheattield, not one went back, no, not one looked back who st set his hand to this plowing. Wheretore justly might they ust that, as one candle lighteth a thousand, so they had shone to s whole nation; and justly might their brethren write from be- ithe sea that the memory of this plantation should never die. sy faith Samucl Adams refused to admit of bondage, and was ‘atraid of the king’s commandment. By faith Washington drew �[Page 54]$4 WORLD UNITY MAGAZINE

his sword. By faith Jefferson saw that which was invisible, saw that man’s right to liberty was divine endowment, and that behind the struggle was the law of Nature and of Nature’s God. By faith independence was declared by a nation that was not yet a nation By faith the farmers stood at Lexington and Bunker Hill, by faith thev endured at Valley Forge. by faith they conquered at Yorktowa.

Mighty was the taith which worked so potently for us in other lands,—-the valiant faith of Burke and Chatham and their peers in the oppressor’s very home; the faith of Latavette and Steuben and Kosciusko, who made our cause their own; of our great First in War when he became our First in Peace, and, with Franklin and Adams and Madison and Hamilton, brought us out of confusion into order.

And what shall I more sav? For the time would fail me to

speak aright of Lincoln and the ‘noble army of those who redeemed the land from slavery; of Garrison, who worked mightily with the press, and Phillips on the plattorm, and Parker and Beecher in the pulpit, and Whittier with the song, and Mrs. Stowe with “Uncle Tom,” and Sumner in the Senate, and John Brown on the scattold; of faithful soldiers coming up trom lowly homes and lying down in unknown graves; of faithful women giving up brothers and sons and husbands. And some had trial of bonds and imprisonment, in Libby, in Salisbury, in Andersonville, being destitute, atilicted, tor: mented. These all, having obtained a good report through faith, labored chiefly for our sake. Others labored, and we have entered into the truits of their labor.

For us Emerson and Longtellow and Lowell and Hawthorne and Whittier have transtigured our story and our life; and for us Bancroft and Motley and Parkman wrote history. Our founders made us know at the beginning that we may not live tor ourselves alone, that nothing human is forcign to us, and that above all na- tions is humanity. Washington and Franklin and Jefterson were the foremost Peace statesmen of their age, and aspired to make their new nation the inspirer of a new era for mankind. They de- manded that war be banished from the earth, and sought to make the United States the prophecy and preparation for the United �[Page 55]THE THOUGHT OF GOD IN AMERICAN HISTORY $5

World. American churches founded the world’s first Peace So- acties, believing war “inconsistent with the religion of Jesus (iirist” and demanding that the kingdoms of this world be made -ingdoms of our God. By faith Woodrow Wilson, the President

‘the United States, founded the League of Nations, the prayed tor Parliament of Man.

Wherefore, seeing we are compassed about with so great a oud of witnesses, that with so great a price our freedom has deen purchased, that with so great faith and so high imperatives we are cacircled, let us lav aside every weight of selfishness and sloth, and i.e sins of partisanship and pride that so easily beset us; let us walk worthy of our great inheritance; let us be creditors of the future «5 we are debtors to the past; and let us know that the spirit of history is the God of nations, whose other name is Justice. �[Page 56]ON THE HUMANITY OF SCIENTISTS

hy

JouN HeRMAN RANDALL. JR.

Department of Phil cothy. Colum'sa University

MR age is much given to praying that Science might exert more influence on human affairs. We wish that instead of living by prejudice, passion, ignorance, ballvhoo, and dis- torted half-truths. we might manage by some miracle to make our way through this mad world by the aid of exact know- ledge, ghat we might even come into the presence of the austere lyht of the scientist's passionate search for passtonless truth. We have been taught to revere the Scientist. and to pay lip-service to his spirit and temper of mind. While all our other idols are crash- Ing. the Scientist alone has remained upon his pedestal, After the fashion of adorning mortals, we have convenientiy torg rotten that those human scientists we know are flesh and blood even as vou and I; that they live in our world, share our prejudices and passions, know no more than we about the vast majority of things, act as stupidly and speak as dogmatically, and. are caught as secureiy within the web of social institutions we all deplore and are none ot us able to escape. Scientists micht be is gods, tcarless, INqUITING. sceptical, conscious of their power ol know ledge and resolute to fits it only for the social good; in point oi tact, they are Amer icdn citizens, Republicans, Presbyterians, rugged individualists, conscious only of the meager cconomic returns for their services and resolute to get the most they can.

T. Swann Harding is a scientist who like the rest of us has caught a vision of the Scientist and what he might become in our world. But unlike the rest of us he knows the human, flesh and blood sc:entists intimately. He respects them and their profession. and he despises their antics and their goings-on. He loves to cham

Cll �[Page 57]ON THE HUMANITY OF SCIENTISTS 47

sé

mon then against the world, and he loves to scold them roundly other faces. He knows their problems and their difficulties, their ydiows temptations in the «american scene. He has sympathy and dpiration tor their struggles and achievements, and scorn for tect lack of any desire to rise in their wrath and transform the face t the world. Out of this mixture of devotion and contempt, and out of a profound knowledge of the life of the scientist in Amer- ‘cin society, Mr. Harding has put together a book that is both pro- king and provocative, and withal a deeply sti imulating picture of tc fortunes that await the pursuit of truth :a modcrn civilization.’ ’

Mr, Harding is human enough hin.self, in all conscience. For one Who sets out to be the gad- -fly, and to be no respecter of persons Ot . hmaas he is singularly careless about his own defenses. His book. while clear cnough in details, is poorly written and poorly organized; it is no calm and lucid diagnosis, but a torrent of ideas, invectives, and damning iilustrations. He has kept a note- soon of all the scientific scandals of our era, and of all the critical ciscussions of the role of science in our socicty which a wide read-

v has brought to his attention. These he hurls at the reader pell- ~i, More anxious to convince him that something is very rotten in the state of Denmark than carctul to analyze just what are the sources Of corruption. It would be surprising if in such a multitude vexing and complicated cases, scandals in which much blame ad some justification must be apportioned all around, the judg: catot one man were always tafallibic; even more surprising when o many are discussed on the hardly reliable basis of newspaper comments and the reports of protessional scandal-mongers. More scnieus is the author's habit of quoting with Approv al views on «rious moot betty not only widely difterent but often in logical -ottadieeion with cach other, a habit more indicative of an open nad than of a well thought out position. Above all, there is a tendenev to cock-sure and dogmatic pronouncements in fields that ~¢bovond the author's experience that smacks little of the scientitic All these human failings tend to rob the volume of the force Joas deserve, and aay Mr. liarding ee i the ch ALLC e eat one Rhine “ :

, “wu Harding, Jie radutaow oF Seentce. obartar : St eal �[Page 58]58 WORLD UNITY MAGAZINE

who writes so diffusely, so contradictorily, and so journalistically can scarcely be expected to have done much clear thinking. :

But such a charge would miss the main point of the book. However unreliable Mr. Harding's instances in detail, the evidence is overwhelming. And however confused he may be on the funda- mentals of his diagnosis, the picture he presents raises problems of the utmost importance.

There is first the question of how far the pursuit of science can remain a profession in our profit society. A profession, in Mr. Harding's view, has standards and rules of conduct based upon the theory that the quality of service rendered is much more im- portant than the cmolument received. When profits stand first there is a business, but no profession. With our money standards, can science escape the all permeating influence of commerce and ballyhoo, especially since the dependence of industry on science has the constant tendency to prostitute science to the service of those who pay? The answer is not unambiguous. Like all the other protessions, scicnce has been deeply tarred with the brush of a profit economy. Mr. Harding illustrates this in great detail. Scien- tists are for the most part good Americans, as are doctors, dentists, druggists, ministers, lawyers, journalists, teachers, and politicians. The very tulness with which the canvas of all the professions is filled in seems to absolve the scientist of special blame. We are all miserable sinners together. Perhaps the god-like scientist should resist? So should the saintly and prophetic minister, the clear- minded teacher, the learned servant of justice. But which of us does? Scientists find themselves either in the direct service of business men running industries for profit, or in universities, or in the government service. Each of these groups has special problems and temptations; each, as the author makes clear, is moulded both directly and indirectly by the commercial set of our institutions.

And yet—though scientists be slavish knaves aping greater knaves, Science remains a profession. Maimed and limping, she wins her victories, and pursues her revolutionary path. The grace of Science is bestowed ex opere operato, not ex opere operantis. Her priests may be corrupted arid degraded, but still truth is served. �[Page 59]ON THE HUMANITY OF SCIENTISTS 59

Science may be advanced even at the Devil’s altars, as Mr. Harding shows. What then could scientists not do under more favorable conditions ?

Could they escape the perils inherent in every institutionalized torm of activity? When Mr. Harding shifts his attention from what protits and ballyhoo do to science to what scientists do to science, it 1s evident that he is raising a problem more fundamental than that of a money economy. Scicntific inquiry is essentially a great cooperative enterprise; Mr. Harding makes plain the futility of truing to apportion responsibility for scientific advance on any in- dividualistic basis. That is, it must function through some organ- ied social institution. Could it hope to escape, in any society, the price that must be paid? One turns impatiently from the ecclesias- tical priest to the saintly r francis; one turns with equal impatience trom “‘cook-book science” to the deified Einstein. Conservatism, specialization, immersion in technical concerns, an esoteric lan- guage and a desire to preserve professional mysteries—in what in- stitution are they absent? How common are the bare bones, and how rare the original insight! It is true that our profit society ac- centuates these things, in the church and laboratory alike; but it did not create them, and its abolition would not end them.

The sharp criticism of the teaching of science, under the head-

g, Learning more and more about less and less,” is all too justi- ned. It is good to have a scientist speak the truth. Scientists are iadisputably the poorest teachers of all. Not only have they made it almost impossible tor science to contribute what it could and ought to a genuine education tor those not willing to become pro- tessronal-scientists themselves, with the result that scientific ideas, (» sav nothing of the scientific spirit, are far less widely known aiuong the educated than a generation ago; they have well-nigh destroyed education, even in scientific fundamentals, among scien- titic students themselves. The ignorance, uncouthness, and general i.literateness of American scientists of the younger generation out- side of their own narrow specialty are by way of becoming pro- vetbial. Industry's desire for willing slaves must bear part of the responsibilty, but hardly all of it; Mr. Harding makes this clear by �[Page 60]60 WORLD UNITY MAGAZINE

pointing both to England, where scientists are not necessarily edu- cated, and to the demand on the part of industry itself for more education and less narrowness. The unwicldly institutionalism of American science must bear the brunt of the charge.

But even were these dangers carefully guarded against, instead of being completeiv overlooked, there would still remain the prob- lem of adjusting the pursuit of science to a world of doers. la our society, these doers are “monev-miaded.” and the author discusses this problem ander that head. Yet in a Communist society like Russta the gap is no more successtully bridged, and Mr. Harding has hard words tor the organizing feith of the Russians in its im- pingement upon scientific inquiry. The exigencies of practical organization are not those of cautious investigation; and While’ neither can dispense with the other--the author welcomes business men in the work of scientific organization, for all their profit mo- tive!—-neither can really understand the other. Practical lite de- mands decision, unquestioned ends, taith; science suspends jude- ment, questions everything, doubts. Can the scientific spirit ever prevail in the conduct of attairs, under any social scheme? Can it hope for more than a quiet corner, in return tor crumbs that can be turned to account? These are difficult questions.

Thev raise the whole issue ot the social responsibslity of the scientist. In the face ot the prostitution of science to profits, Mr. Harding makes the customary plea tor pure and disinterested in- quiry, supported by the cconomic—that is, the profit-—value ot such purity. It is the traditional detense of the scientist against the business man. Yet he also ardently calls the scientist to recognize his responsibility for the welfare of mankind, and counts his blind: ness to this responsibility as his greatest sin. In a society like ours where no such responsibility is anywhere recognized, the plea for pure science may be valid; but how about a society founded on that community of service? Should science there proceed on its way oblivious of social needs? Should it be subjected to the same organizing control as all other human activitics? What after all is the social function of science? Is it the pursuit of truth—any truth? Or is it “a pursuit of those truths that will serve the fundamental

e : �[Page 61]ON THE HUMANITY OP SCIENTISTS 61

cnds a society has set itself? Is the trouble with science today that it serves our basic end, the ideal of profit, instead of serving only welt? Or is it that in our society the fundamental end of protits

wa anachronism? Would not a socialized society bend science i!) more directly to the improvement ot technology? Thinkers as iiterent as Bertrand Russell and Aldous Huxley expect, and fear,

at it would; and we have only to glance at Russia, and at that saiume im which the problem his been so forcefully raised by Riissian scientists, Sctence at the Cross Roads, Vo answer these ifestions would demand a tundamental philosophy of science, and its social tunction, which Mr. Harding has not attempted to develop.

And finally, there is the still moze general question of the re- ation of science to values. In the opinion ot the questioner, Mr. Harding has made a sound analysis of the nature of science as a macthod and as a logical scheme. But, like nearly all physical scien- tists Who reflect upon such mattefs, he regards values and ideals as sot amenable to scientific treatment. “If values and ethics were matted into the scientific world, they would be reduced to a sys- ro ot difterential equations and nothing would be gained. But

“ics arise outside the svstem of science; they must be attended,

• scientist meane hile remaining just as objective °s he possibly

under the cireamstances.” The consequences of such a view

~ obvious. “That which ts amenable to treatment by scientific

«thod can be stated clearly. The things not vet so treated are not

occessarily unimportant; but the facts regarding them are so ill- ~pprchended that conclusions about them become vague and cloud- ke, and the opinion of one man is about as good as that of an- other.” Presumably Mr. Harding would not believe that the mnion of one man in support of the opportunities tor science coder the profit system was about as good as his own. Presumably oo would maintain that there was some truth in his volume, though not a single differential equation appears. All the questions he rises lie outside of science as he defines its limits; are then scien- titic analysis, dispassionate inquiry, careful investigation and pa- tient verification to have no place in dealing with them? Such a �[Page 62]GL WORLD UNITY MAGAZINE

view as Me. Harding's which resolutely excludes all values from science, and all scientific method from values, leads inevitably to the subservience of science to the dominant value in our society, that ballvhoo ior profits which he so much detests. It is a view carefully inculcated by the captains ot finance and industry he despises. It is a view which if taken sertously would utterly defeat the whole purpose of his crusade. Scientists will never become the intelligent men he would like them to be, and science will never exert the authority in society he is calling it to assume, until the values of things are made as amenable to scientific inquiry and verification as are their other aspects, and until the uses of our technological structure and our cconomic organization are ex: plored as resolutely as are the uses, sav, of potassium nitrate. For- tunately, Mr. Harding has not allowed his in. idequate theory to hinder his own suggestive exploration, His own conclusion is clear:

The scientist, unless and until corrupted by profit economy, ts ad communist,to a very large extent, in the dictionary sense of the detinition which holds that communism is ‘a system of social or ganization where goods are held in common, The goods of the scientist are ideas, theories, tacts and discoveries tn the realm ot human knowledge. Without the greatest possible treedom to make every other scientific worker gratuitousls acquainted with what he lhts accomplished the individual scientist is thwarted in his best ciforts to serve humanity, and science itself becomes all but impos: sible. Instead, however, of being able to serve humanity to the best of his abilities, the scientist finds himself in an economic structure where profits are demanded, where he ts constantly urged to pros titute his knowledge for commercial purposes, and where service to the general public is very secondary indeed. Science must be released trom bondage in order that the power it produces may be used to the advantage of all rather than to the enrichment of the few and the starvation of many.”

Science may be divine, but scientists are human. They are men living with their fellows in a complex of social institutions. In that complex they have a special function to pertorm. Like all the rest of us today, they have but a dim realization of what that function �[Page 63]ON THE HUMANITY OF SCIENTISTS 63

is, and what its full development would imply both about the con- duct of their own profession and about the general structure of society. There is much that scientists could do by taking thought to remedy their failings and increase their power even in our world; but until science seriously applies itself to the scientific investiga- tion of that social world, of the possibilities it offers, the limitations + sets, and organization that will most completely realize those possibilities, the pursuit of science will remain in bondage to an anachronisti¢ economic system. The remedy for the human faults of scientists is a resolute facing of the responsibilities of scientists as men; and scientists can best fulfill those responsibilities by being ‘nore scientific «bout themselves, about the function of science in society, and about the function of society as a whole. Mr. Harding is to be congratulated that he has faced these questions as a man and a scientist, and advanced so far upon the road to their analysis. �[Page 64]THE AMERICAN PEACE MOVEMENT CURRENT PLANS AND ACTIVITIES by

Russtrit M. Cooper

ste Nas ty" oy 24 ee ey!

HEN 1s a pacifist not a pacifist? Is a boveott really an

act of war? Those are the questions which have been

tossed about within and among the American peace

societies during the past tew weeks. The Far-Eastern crisis has cut deeply into the philosophical toundations upon which many groups are building their programs, and it has revealed cer: tain tundamental difterences in points of view. Does true pacifism require that a nation adhere strictly to the methods of moral suasion to restrain a recalcitrant power, or does it allow tor economic boy- cott and even international military force in order to preserve the peace ?

The mayority of organizations scem inclined to agree that cco: nomic sanctions. if simultaneously applied by all the neutral na- tions, would be a most effective and legitimate means of restraining Japan in China. There is a strongly vocal group, however, which Argues that overt coercion is never a good remedy, that it tends only to inercase the international ill-will and might very casily lead to war. Dr. Herbert Adams Gibbons, historian and authority on International aftairs, recently summed up this attitude when he declared:

“It becomes more evident cach succeeding year, especially now that the interdependence ot the world economically and financially has been demonstrated, that an economic boycott is a declaration of war. Those who advocate such a measure against Japan probably do not realize that it they were successful the cause of world peace would suffer a serious setback. They are playing with dynamite.”

4 �[Page 65]THE AMERICAN PEACE MOVEMENT 65

With Mr. Gibbons in this position, stand a large section of wc daily press and several of the most liberal journals. Strangely ae) there are two other groups which join with the extreme

citists in their opposition to the boycott. One of these is the body ot E rigid tsolationists represented by Senator Borah, and the other s the smali faction of commercial and manufacturing interests \tuch would sutter financial losses trom the project. Fortune oc- casionally does indeed create queet bed-fellows.

Ot those groups favoring the boycott, most endorse the prin- uples of the Lowell-Baker petition, initiated February seventeenth. [his appeal calls upon “the President and Congress to signify to the League of Nations that the United States will concur in any economic measures the League may take to restore the peace.” Practically all groups agree that the United Statcs should not apply economic sanctions alone, but that it should assure the League of ts support in any Measures in which the entire world community sould cooperate.

The League of Nations Association circulated the Lowell- oaner petition widely among its constituents in order to impress ‘oe government with the growth ot public sentiment in favor of such cooperation with the League. A special American Committee on the Far-Eastern Crisis has been hastily set up with heaaquarters the Commodore Hotel, New York City. Mr. Raymond T. Rich, the director, reports that letters from all over the country indicate a -reponderance of sentiment in favor of the Lowell-Baker formula,

i that even rural, mid-western communities are showing a sur- Hsing interest in the project.

The Intercollegiate Disarmament Council issued a rush call so students on about 250 campuses to join 1n a petition to the Presi- int and Secretary of State, urging that the United States paruci-

ate with the League of Nations in its deliberations and possible tions against Japan. This proposal goes further than the appeal, ued February second by leaders of national youth organizations Cpresenting 1,000,000 students, calling for a w ithdrawal of United states troops from the war zone together with an embargo on war cutertals and cessation of credit to the countries involved. �[Page 66]66 WORLD UNITY MAGAZINE

An Emergency Peace Committee has been organized at 104 East Ninth Strect. New York City, under the leadership of Tucker P. Smith. This committee ts pushing hard for the adoption of the Fish Resolution (H. J. Res. 270) which would lay an embargo upon arms shipments to warring nations. Mass meetings, letters to the press and legislators, and considerable public agitation have thus been aroused in order to influence the State Department and Foreign Relations Committee to permit a hearing on the bill. The Committee on Economic Sanctions of the Twentieth Century Fund. headed by President Nicholas Murray Butler, endorsed the arms embargo principle in its report ot March tirst concerning possible ways of implementing the Briand-Kellogg Pact. It went even fur ther in a second clause providing tor “such further economic sane tions and concerted measures, short of the use of force, as may be determined to be appropriate and practical under the circumstances of any given case.” ‘

Not all the advocates of sanctions, however. are content to wait for the government to act. Many individuals and groups are engaging in an official consumers’ boycott of Japanese goods, in order to help impress Japan with the hostility of American public sentiment. A group of prominent society and club women in Bos: ton have launched such a movement, and several college bodies in widely scattered sections are joining in the crusade. Under the leadership of Mrs. Corliss Lamont and Mr. William Loeb, Jr., an American Boycott Association has been organized at 218 Madison Avenue, New York City. The association declares that the United States purchases over yo, of Japan's exports and that the loss ot this coupled with the loss trom the Chinese boycott would curtail 76. of Japan's toreign trade, or enough to torce her to terms.

Obviously such an unofficial movement will be joined by only a fraction of the population, as the organizers seem to appreciate. but the mere threat is expected to exert considerable pressure. There is, indeed, evidence to indicate that the American boycott movement has proved one ot the most powertul deterrents to. tur- ther Japanese aggression.

The World Court Proposal continues to occupy the attention �[Page 67]THE AMERICAN PEACE MOVEMENT G78 »

of several important peace organizations. The National World Court Committee, the National Council for Prevention of War wid the League of Nations Association are especially active, insist- mag that America’s adherence at this time would add tremendously tothe torces of law and order seeking to stabilize a troubled world. Ihe c.mpaign has been aimed first at getting the protocol reported out of the Foreign Relations Committee, and then at arousing eavy popular sentiment to insure a favorable two-thirds vote of the Senate. The committees urge that all citizens interested in the micausure write a personal letter to their senators expressing their support.

The enthustasm for student model Assemblies of the League ot Nations continues to grow under the guidance of the League ot Nutions Association, These model Assemblies bring together stu- sents trom various colleges to represent the different countries in « sory realistic rehearsal of the League debates. Each delegate ts arctully trained in the problems and point of view of his “country”

i the project has done much to stimulate interest in world issues. ie colleges usually devote an entire weekend to the enterprise, any students traveling for a hundred or more miles to join in the sscussion. Last vear thirty-seven model Assemblies were held, en- Ing SOME 7,200 students from twenty- four states. Among the oe eee Assemblies this vear are those at Brown, Carleton, Octroit City, Syracuse, and Ohio. ( Hicago University is sponsoring model disarmament conference in es of the League Assembly. The Education Committee of the League of Nations Associa- n has likewise sponsored a national competitive examination on

• « League of Nations among the high schools. The first prize

rants the winner a tree trip to Europe, and several other cash rizes are offered to those winning lesser distinction. The contest cosed March eighteenth, and awards will be announced soon. The international Club of Kansas University has conducted a high hool essay contest in that state on the general subject, “Disarmays -- sent.” Several substantial prizes were offered and the contest has scited great interest.

$ �[Page 68]ROUND TABLE

Inn Policies ot the Great Powers in the Far East” by Professor MacNair, we have the historical background necessary for the proper understanding of the present situation in Manchuria and Shanghai. Events of the nature of the invasion undertaken by Japan do not take place as isolated, explosive “happenings’— they come as the final term in a definite sequence of incidents. The final event appears explosive and isolated merely because public opinion has refused to assume responsibility for general international polic until it ts well nigh too late to attect the result. Where the possi- bility of war exists, the ultimate burden of responsibility falls upon pec ple and not upon governments. As long as “foreign policy” is m. de to rest upon governments by detault, the shock and suttering of military conflict cannot be considered historically save as a re minder to the people that indifference to public matters is the sin which incurs the heaviest punishment at the disposal of Providence

As a matter of fact. the vers phrase jorezgn policy has become misleading and untrue, since no public matter can any longer be “foreign” in the old sense that its consequences lie outside our own social environment. Every national, racial and class poliey has be: come part of teorld policy. with an accompanying vast increase in our responsibility to secure accurate and full know ledge of the in: terrelations of attitudes and events.

The MacNaur article goes far toward carrving the ultimate re- sponsibility of Japanese action back upon the other major Powers. Japan had ample precedent in Lurope and America; the only dit- ference being that this particular military adventure was entered upon too late. The nations can no longer t attord shocks of this mag: nitude—-hence the gradual evolution of an international attitude since October which denies to armies the spoils of their success. The next step in the Far East will inevitably be a violent assertion 68 �[Page 69]ROUND TABLE 69

of the democratic spirit in Japan, with the removal of the last of the medieval political authorities.

In other words, that government today which undertakes mil- itary action to bring about economic and political aggrandisement has th ereby declared war against its own people. The militarist, once 4 heriog patriot, has become to all intents and purposes .a traitor.

“The Policies of the Great Powers in the Far East’ is an adap- tution of the final chapter in Professor MacNair’s book, “Far East- crn International Relations,” written in collaboration with Hosea 6. Morse and published by the Houghton Mifflin Company. Pro- ressur NacNair is at St. John’s University, Shanghai, for the period ota vear. We commend this book to every student of world affairs.

A correspondent in Atlanta, Georgia, asks this significant cuestion: “Why not declare war against starvation? We are at a very low ebb. Our men are downspirited and ready to do even wrong things to have food for their children. Everything i is out of hulance and ‘proportion. We have wars for conquest, for money reasons, for remedy of disputes. Why not let America declare itself a state of war and act accordingly? Conscript wealth, conscript the unemployed, put the loafer on a steady job. Adopt a five hour wy plan... If wars are right and permit of a fine organization, hy wont it work to save a country? ... If war tactics are good they swould serve America now.”

Here is a pertectly tair question—what do other World Unity

aders think about it? |

Last month we concluded Volume IX. These nine volumes of i rid Unity constitute a library of reference, research and general roading on international subjects without parallel in modern litera- ture. Some of our readers realize this and have presented sets of bound volumes to public libraries. We feel sure that many others will do the same when they stop to consider the vital importance ot énowledge in the present period of social transformation. �[Page 70]THE PROGRESSIVE EDUCATION ASSOCIATION and

THE: NEW EDUCATION FELLOWSHIP

Phe Provtressive Pducatea Assoctation i now attihated. with the New Edu

cation bellowship, an mternational movement whose arms and ideals are sitnlar

ty these of of awn A\sseciation, with fopresetitatives in twenty-ensht couttries, 1 $y, te 1h Tati lor + ‘ ts

and bureaus mo london, Dresden, Grareva, and Pat

7

The New Education Fellowship 1 holding a Conterence in Nice, Jaly 20 Aneuet 12, 1932, on EDUCATION IN A CHANGING SOCTETY. An Atneri can Committee, representing PROGRESSIVE EDUCATION ASSOCIATION, the NEW EDUCATION FELLOWS TEP, and other coreanizations iter ested ino international education, have oreganmzed a temporary internatienal bureau, to cooperate in plans for the Nice Conference, to secure an \incrican delegation. and to help in formulating proposals for a pew world organization after the conterence. The ottice of this new bureau ts at 425 West 123d Street,

‘

h Franecs Penton Park HUGH as Secretary- lreasuret, to

New York City, wit whom all maquirtes should be addrested,

A joint sobseription is now otfercd wineh melades memberstip in beth organizations, atid subscriptions to PROWMRESSTIVE EDUCATION and the

NIEEW ERA, coth published monthiv durin the schol year.

Progressive Education Assocation 716 Jackson Phice Dept. Washington, D.C.

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as a joint member of the New fducation Fellowship as the Droeressive Education wtissoctation, which meinbership entitles met

vear’s subscription from date to THE NEW RICA and PROGRESSIN!

EDUCATION, Fenciosed ts my check far six diilars ¢S100), �[Page 71]MODERN ASPECTS

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THE NEW HUMANIST © West First STrRier Dayron, Onto �[Page 72]WORLD UNITY MEMORIAL To DAVID STARR JORDAN

The name of David Starr Jordan has become associated with faith in the reality of world peace. His contribution to the peace ideal was made at the highest level of human achievement, through the power of a per. sonality uniting scientific intelligence and spiritual aim. In his life and work an age striving to throw off the intolerable burden of organized conflict grew more conscious of its capacity for progress and more de. termined to attain the goal of cooperation and accord.

In order to give continuance to Dr. Jordan's vision and attitude, never more needed than in this period of confused purpose and ebbing courage, it is proposed by a number of his triends and associates to establish a World Unity Memorial to David Starr Jordan.

The purpose of this Memorial is to make possible the wider diffusion of Dr. Jordan's important statements on peace and international coopera: tion by magazine and pamphlet publication, in a form rendering them available to peace workers throughout the world, and to encourage th rise of the peace spirit among the new generation of college students.

It is the privilege of World Unity Magazine to serve as the organ 0 the David Starr Jordan Memorial. under the auspices of a Committ representing the scholarship of America, Europe and the East.

Friends of David Starr Jordan, and friends of world peace, may assis in the realization of the purpose of the Memorial by contributing towat the modest expenses tnvolved. A contributing membership may be secure for five dollars; a student membership for two dollars; a lite membershi for ten dollars. Copics of all Memorial publications will be turnishe members without charge.

In addition to the publication of David Starr Jordan's most importany stacements on the subject of peace. the Memorial will offer an annual prize for the best essay on world cooperation submitted by any college undergraduate.

Wortp Unity Mrmoriat To David STARR JORDAN 4 East 12th Sereer, New York City (Sponsored by Mors. David Starr Jordan) COMMITTEE HAMILTON: HOLT, Chairman

JANE ADDAMS Sik NORMAN ANGELL MANLEY O. Hupsos SALMON O. LEVINSON — josie PH REDLICH BARON Y. SAKATAN

HANS WEHBERG

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