World Unity/Volume 10/Issue 2/Text

[Page 73]

WORLD UNITY

INTERPRETING THE SPIRIT OF THE AGE

JOHN HERMAN Ranpaty, Editor Horace Hoiiry, Managing Editor

CONTENTS

Vol. X May, 1932 No. 2 The Hebrew University Frontispiece The Main Objective Editorial Jerusalem: City of Peace Norman Bentwich Orient and Occident: The Social Problem Hans Kohn The Epoch of Aggressive Individualism Paul Hinner

he Novel of the War Years—VII Evelyn Newman

The Message of the World's Teachers Hugh McCurdy Woodward

This Praying World—Persia John William Kitching

Ihe American Peace Movement Russell M. Cooper

Book Notes H. H. Correspondence

Round Table

bib UNtry MaGazine ts published by Wortp UNity PUsLisHtNG CORPORA- 4 East 12th Street. New York City: Mary Rumsey Movivs, president; ob HOLLEY, tice- president; Frorpnce MORTON, trectarer; JOHN HERMAN SDALL, secretary, Published monthly, 25 cents a copy, $2.50 a year in the ted States and in all other countries (postage included). THe Wortp Unity UISHING CORPORATION and its editors welcome correspondence on articles cd to the aims and purposes of the magazine. Printed in U.S. A. Contents srchted 1932 by Worup Unity PUBLISHING CORPORATION, �[Page 74]

THE HEBREW UNIVERSITY, JERUSALEM

Entrance to Einstein Mathematics Building �[Page 75]THE MAIN OBJECTIVE

a ee

EDITORIAL

N our opinion there is no man in this country who is interpret:

ing the deeper significance of the present world crisis with

clearer vision and deeper insight than is Walter Lippmann who

writes for the New York Herald Tribune. Ina recent article en- titled “The Way Forward” he says, “There is, in short, an economic war raging in the world, and during a war men have little confl- dence for enterprise. What each man aims at is security and liquid- itv for himself, which means simply that he will not buy or lend if he can avoid it, and prefers to indulge in some one of the many torms of hoarding....The economic war is accentuated by the political tension arising out of the uncertainty as to what Europe will do about reparations, the United States about the war debts,” and all of us about the tariff... Finally, the tension is increased by the tact that in the three nations which occupy a central place in the situation today—in France, Germany and the United States . . . only the boldest and most resourceful !cadership all along the line can open a way out of this destructive deadlock. On the maia objective there is general agreement: there must be an expansion of credit bused upon a restoration of confidence, which in its turn must rest upon an economic and political truce. To say that is easy. To achieve it is hard.”

But what are the signs of any restoration of confidence that “ould justity an expansion of credit? The latest new spaper reports would seem to indicate that the negotiations between Japanese and (iinese at Shanghai are progressing in a hopeful manner, though 'e total situation in China is growing menacing once more, and is 'u.l of possibilities tor further trouble. The German election this �[Page 76]76 WORLD UNITY MAGAZINE

month returned von Hindenburg to the Presidency by 6.000.000 majority but whether the Hitler movement has been checked de- pends on what action is taken on reparations. There is the hope that the forthcoming French election may reveal a growing liberal policy in the new government. The Conterence on reparations to be held at Lausanne in June may succeed in solving the reparation problem for Europe and thus force the United States to take some action on the revision of war debts. The Disarmament Conference reconvened atter the Easter vacation on April rith and is at last ready to get down to business. The reports would indicate a grow: ing disposition to do something along the lines of real progress. Secretary Stimson’s departure tor Geneva has been received with widespread interest both here and abroad. It dees not scem poss: bic, despite statements from Washington, that Mir. Stimson will be able to Ignore the opportunity to make some contribution to the solution of “these tremendous problems that are today afflicting the entire world.”

All this gives hope that eventualiy the necded confidence may be restored, but as Mr. Lippmann savs, “in order to achieve this end, bold and generous action must be taken simultancousiv and in coordination on several fronts: by the bankers in the realm ot credit, by business men in the realm ot enterprise, by Congress in the realm of fiscal and foreign policy. by the State Department in the realm of political security and by the President as the field marshal of the whole campaign. The problem must be visualized as a Whole. All the responsible agencies need to move together it their separate actions are to tike citect."9

It ever there was a time when the peoples of the world nece to realize their common lovaltics and remember that beneath ail their differences there is a common lite to which our supreme alle: giance must be given, it is today. It is not knowledge alone thae ts necded, but a realizing sense of the significance of present realities that confront us in the new world.

JHA, �[Page 77]JERUSALEM: CITY OF PEACE by

NORMAN BENTWICH

iWeccminn Chae of the International Late of Peace am the Tebwete Leora. Jer eslem

HFN Jerusalem first appears on the stage of history, it is not indeed a city of peace. By its geographical posi- tion it is cut off from the wavs of commerce, and it has never been a centre of atfairs. It was a hill-fortress,

«most impregnable, so that it was not captured by the Children of Israel on their original occupation of Canaan,

We may recali that the Hebrew name Jerusalem is a dual

form: and some scholars have interpreted that form as a reference

. ‘

ithe two centres of habitation on the Eastern and Western hills, Mount Ophel and Mount (Zion as they sere distinguished at a later

petiod, They have suggested that the one was occupied by the

‘-busites. and the other by the Hebrews till the time of David.

sing at bolder interpretation. Lshould sav that the dual form rep-

rosents two contrasted characters of the citv which have adhered

~

cit trom: the carhiest history, the citv of war and the citv of peace, 1. to put it in another way, the national and the universal city. The

rophets and the teachers of Psracl envisaged Jerusalem as the

apital of humanity, God's mountain to w hich all peoples should ome up. And today jerusalem tn its essential idea belongs not to

one or two peoples, but more than any other city 1m the world to

/ mankind. Nevertheless, from the beginning of historical record

sour own dav. it has been also a scene ot conflict. Urusalim, that

ccurs inthe Tel el Amarna tablets which give us a picture of the

sad of Canaan in the 14th Century B.C.E.-——when tt was an Egvp-

n protectorate,—-is threatened by whe Habir; and its chieftain rites desperately to his Egyptian overlord to send help, And, tf

is correctly identified with the Salem whose priest Melchizedek �[Page 78]78 WORLD UNITY MAGAZINE

came to bless Abraham after his victory over the League of Kings, Jerusalem is mentioned in the Bible for the first time in connection with strife. Yet if it has been destroyed many times and borne many sieges, if it has been fought for by many nations and races, if it has been the cause as well as the object of wars, it has been for 3,000 years the symbol of peace, and its name was interpreted by the Jewish religious philosopher, Philo of Alexandria, to mean the threshold of Peace. Let us see how it acquired this character.

The God of Israel, like the deity of all the peoples of antiquity. was originally regarded as the Providence of one particular people, Israel. And he was attached to a particular country which was holy to Him and owned by Him. “The land shall not be sold for ever, for the land is mine” (Lev. 25,23), it is said in the law of Moses. He is a Man of War. He goes out to battle with the armies of Israel against the armies and the gods of their enemies. But from the moment of the foundation of the Temple of Jerusalem, a higher and profounder conception is apparent which is unparalled in ancient historv. David may erect the sanctuary because his hands were stained with blood, and Solomon designs it not only tor the people of Israel but for all mankind. “So that all peoples of the earth know thy name to fear thee as doth thy people Israel”. (1. Kings. 8, 43).

That conception was deepened and universalized by the Proph- ets of Israel who gave a message of peace and humanity in words that through the ages have been treasured as sublime vision, if they have not always inspired to action.

“And many peoples shall go and say: Come ye and let us go up to the mountain of the Lord, to the house of the God of Jacob. And he will teach us of his ways, and we will walk in his paths. For out of Zion shall go forth the Law and the word of the Lord from Jerusalem. And he shall judge between the nations, and shall decide between many peoples. And they shall beat their swords into ploughshares and their spears into pruning-hooks, Nation shal! not lift up sword against nation, neither shall they learn war any more.” (Isaiah. Ch. 2, 3 and 4: and Micah 4, 2 and 3).

In another passage the prophet laid down the conditions ot the �[Page 79]JERUSALEM: CITY OF PEACE 79

better ages to come, in words equally pregnant. “When justice shall dwell in the wilderness, and righteousness shall abide in the fruitful field. And the word of righteousness shall be peace and the cttect of rightcousness quietness and confidence for ever. And my people shall abide in a peaceful habitation; and in secure dwellings and in quiet resting-places.”” (Isaiah. 32, 17, 18).

Other peoples of antiquity had a vision of world peace, but they placed it in a dim past and did not conceive it as an aim of the riving socicty. What is peculiar to the Jewish seer is that he

nukes peace the fruit of the achievement of righteousness on earth, wa makes the pursuit of that righteousness the national goal of the Jewish people, both within and without their own land. It is not to be brought about by some sudden intervention of God but by the continuous progress of man. Religion, which had been national for the Jews as for other peoples, must be universal. When justice rules he affairs not only of Israel but of all states, then will be the true peace. Their universalized religion opened a vista of internationalism tor the Jews. Judea should be a third with Egypt and Assvria, the two mighty contending empires to the South and North; and all three would be at peace. It has been said that the Old Testament, in dis- tinction to the New, 1s the soldier’s Bible because it deals constant- with war; but it is to be remembered that it is also, more than the other, the statesman’s Bible because it is occupied with the re- lations of nations and not only with the salvation of the individual.

In the same epoch as Isaiah and Micah lived, great religious ictormers of the Eastern races were preaching moral reform, and insisting on peace as the basis of national life; The Buddha in India, Contucius in China and a second Zoroaster in Persia. And in Greece philosophers like Pythagoras and Heraclitus were begin- ning to expound the mysteries of the universe. It is as though there “ere a revelation of ethical truth at one time to all humanity. Yet so other voice was so powerfully to move mankind as the -oice of Jerusalem. The God of Israel becomes for Israel the unt- corsa God; and his peopie has no other function than to lead the

tions towards truth and justice. Jewish missionaries preached at lesson through the Pagan world, and in the guise of Greek �[Page 80]8o WORLD UNITY MAGAZINE

poetry dad philosophy conveved it to the Greeks and Romans. Yet while the people in the Diaspora carried this message to their neighbors, the jews in Palestine itself were engaged in strife, sieges and fighting. A teacher arose in the most troubled epoch who an. nounced himselt as the Messiah and heralded the age of univers! peace and goodwill to all men. And he preached the principles “Love your enemics;” “Resist not evil,” and “He who takes the sword shall perish by the sword.”

He had in his lite few tollowers; and a generation later the Jewish nation was plunged into a terrific struggle for its existence. The might ot Rome prevailed over the right of the Jews. The temple of humanity was razed and Jerusalem ceased to exist. Jews were forced to fight for what they regarded as still dearer than peace. their right to worship God in their own way. For that they sacrificed tor a long age their city, their sanctuary and their mis: sion, But if the legions could raze Jerusalem, they could not de: stroy Judaism.

The site of Jerusalem was occupied by a Roman garrison town —Aclia Capitolina-—and its inhabitaats were Pagans. The idea! Jerusalem was withdrawn to a city in heaven; but the Jews never lost their conviction that God would bring them back to the cat on earth to fulfil their purpose. They made two further desperate attempts to restore Jerusalem, and tading, submitted. They knew that the peace which reigned in the Roman Empire tor centuries though it broke down the barriers between peoples, was not a true peace. It was imposed by torce; and as one of the Roman historians wrote of his nation “They make a desolation and call it peace The tranquility was founded on the crushing of the national spirit It was based on law but not on a living law. The Jewish teaching of a higher morality and of peace was spread through these cen turics to an ever growing mass of people by the Jews thempely cs. and by the followers of the ereed which had sprung from Judaism and Jerusalem just berore the national disaster. That creed finals prevailed over the empire, but as it prevailed it was contaminates and the Voice of Jerusalem became dim. Instead of humanizing the Empire Christiamty became an imperial power. As Lord Broce �[Page 81]JERUSALEM: CITY OF PBACE 81

savs! “The Church professed to christianize the world, but in effect the world secularized the Church.” The Emperor Constantine who made Christianity the imperial religion brought, it is said, the nails ot the Cross from Jerusalem, and turned them into his war-helmet apd the bit of his war-horse. And on the triumphal arch in the Kaman Forum which proclaimed his victories he declared that he wvenged the Republic by just arms. So were the pacitist principles of the Gospel moditied to suit the needs of the State.

A story is told in a Christian chronicle that the three Magi who cune to offer adoration to the Saviour at his birth brought with them to Palestine as a present a globe of Alexander the Great made ot golden coins of all the conquered countries. When the Child cast his eyes upon the globe it turned immediately to dust. The homily is clear. The world government, to which the Roman ( urch aspired, was not in accord with the teaching of the founder of Christianity, and its achievement was purchased by a debasement bt that teaching,

While the early Christians would not fight or resist evil with torce, the Vice-Regent of God on earth who filled the See at Rome, nest authorized and then urged Christians to fight for the Empire. lor St. Augustine in the 5th century, Jerusalem was the vision of pcuce, and peace was still the final good, but men should fight in a st ware It was significant that the seat of Imperial Christianity es not Jerusalem but Rome, the city of might rather than the city

• righteousness.

Jerusalem indeed regained her proper name in the Christian pire, and part of her functions as a hearth of religion. But the sh people were still denied the right of living there; and they ‘eventually driven by a jealous religious tvranny out ef Pales-

The city was to be again for a long period a centre of strife

violence between nation and nation, between creed and creed. coastrian Persian, Byzantine Christian, and finally Saracen Mus- tought for her possession, each claiming to have the truth.

The new universal creed of the Muslims, which too had

rung in part from the teaching if not from the soil of Jerusalem,

‘ sin Democracy, Rook 1, Chapter

m Civ, Dew Bie. US, cb. 12, �[Page 82]SG

2 WORLD UNITY MAGAZINE

carried, like Judaism and Christianity, a message of humanity and brotherhood to peoples and regions which had hitherto been ren with faction and strife, and so enlarged in one direction the realm of peace, Dar El Salam. It brought too to an intolerant pricst- ridden Orient a large measure of tolerance for the Peoples of the Book. But it combined with that outlook the desire for imposing by force of arms the victory of its tenets, and so led on to another epoch of wars fought in the name of religion. For a period after the Muslim conquest Jerusalem was a holy city of the three re- ligions where Muslims, Christians and Jews could live side by side and worship God each according to their tradition. Later, how- ever, the will to victory and the exclusiveness of the two religions which aimed at the conquest of the world asserted itself and the rival beliefs in a universal god induced universal war. The Chris- tians crving “God wishes it’ fell on the Muslims crying “God is great.”

Jerusalem itself became a principal source of strife; and the places connected with the lite of the Prince of Peace were the im- mediate causes of the wars between Cross and Crescent. Each creed deemed the city holy, but vindicated its holiness by arms. There were again kings of Jerusalem as warlike as the kings of Israel and Judah. The struggle between East and West, between Muslim aad Christian, distracted the world for 500 years. The Saracen in- vasions of Europe, the Crusades, the wars between Turkish Sultans and Byzantine emperors, between Spanish kings and Moorish ca- liphs, are aspects of that long struggle. The idea of the City ot Jerusalem was a binding and peacemaking force in Europe in that it knit together Christendom; but it knit them for external and re- ligious war. Yet, as a recent historian of the Crusade has shown, the Vision, though seldom seen steadily and perhaps never seen whole, was none the less a saving ideal.’

One of the carliest schemes of a League of Nations was written at the beginning of the 14th Century by a Frenchman, Dubov. round the theme of the recovery of the Holy Land. Nearly ttt vears cariicr St. Louis of France had died in the Desert of Tun

Ernest Barker. The Crasades> in the Legacy of Islam. 19231 �[Page 83]JERUSALEM: CITY OF PEACE $3

icading the last of the Crusades—which in the 13th century were “N aged everywhere except in Palestine—and with his dying breath cvchuming “Jerusalem, oh Jerusalem.” The original motive of the ( rusades lived on to inspire the conception of a Christian common- wealth of peoples. Almost every plan for European unity or a cigue of nations, from the time of Dubois (1300) to the days of Kant (1800), had as its basis the need of common action against the infidel. The idea of the recovery of the Holy Land even in- spired those bold navigators who set out from Europe, at the end ot the 15th century, to find a sea passage to the Indies. Since the land routes were shut the Christians would navigate to the Fast, and take Islam and enter Jerusalem from the rear. So Columbus ad his men wore the cross; and thought sincerely that they were mbarking on a religious enterprise—for the sake of Jerusalem. Reeling under the blows inflicted by the different upholders or universal truth, the actual citv of Jerusalem was laid waste by hordes of invaders from t! further East, and for another spell . derelict and neglected. She was still even in that lowly position tec svinbol of a better age to come to mankind, so that an English poet could write “L will not cease from meatal fight, Nor shall my sword sleep in my hand Till we have built Jerusalem In England's green and pleasant land.” fut her voice was not heard tor a long interval in human councils. In the 19th century the lesson of tolerance and religious free- » had at last been learned both in the East and West, and man- vind was beginning, howbeit paintully, to heed the teaching of ace. Which confirmed the teaching of religion, that it formed ramsly, and to realize that the ditterent creeds were diverse of trath. One last war, nevertheless, was to break out in that Wy on account of religious pessions at Jerusalem and of the ts Places of Christianity. The Crimean War, of which the cdiate cause was the embittered tecling between the Orthodox te Roman branches of the Church, tailed to settle the question Holy Places; but led to the admission of Turkey into the

�[Page 84]84 WORLD UNITY MAGAZINE

Society of Nations and thus broke down the barriers which cir cumscribed the field of international law. Hitherto that law had been restricted to the powers of Christendom; now it was to en. brace the states ot Islam, and before the end of the century the states of the Far East. The idea of one law to govern all nations had be- gun to come to fruition; and the first important international as. ciation for the development of that iaw adopted as its motto tic words—"‘Justitia et pace’—following the maxim of Isaiah that the foundation of peace is justice.

It had come also to be recognized that the wor!d society 1s composed of all men of good-will who are conscious of a common humanity, without discrimination of religion.

It, however, the rule of law was extended, the ideal of uni. versal peace and of justice ruling the nations still cluded humanity, to the end of the century. In its very last vear, the Czar of Russia. the successor ot that Czar who at its beginning had planned a hols ordering of the political attairs of E urope on the basis of Christian principles, summoned a conterence of all States to discuss disarm. ament, and succeeded at least in inaugurating a system of arbitra tribunals to judge the difterences ot the peoples. Among the motives of his action was the book of a Polish Jew, Jean Te Stock. called the Future of War, which is said to have had greater intlucnce on the relations of nations than any book since Grotius wrote his “Law of War and Peace.”

But the spirit of national acquisitiveness and internation, suspicion was still abroad, and it prompted a series of wars that culminated in the world tragedy of the war of 1y14-1918. A feeble gleam of another outlook was vouchsated from Jerusalem during one of these minor struggles. Soon aiter the outbreak of war in hort between Italy and Turkey over the question of Tripoli in Atrica, a letter signed by all the religious heads of the © mmunities in Jerusalem was published to the world in these terms: “Jerusalem. the metropolis of religions and the cradle of salvation, justice anc right, so dear to all hearts, and so hospitable to all souls which sces refuge in her holiness, turns her eves towards all the Powers, anc raises her voice to humanity to claim international support agai �[Page 85]JERUSALEM: CITY OF PEACE 85

the arbitrary and unprecedented act of Italy.”

Jerusalem again was becoming conscious of her destiny as a We rld-city.

The letter had no practical effect; but it is interesting to note the comment upon it which appeared in one of the international law journals at the time. “Jerusalem seems to wish to usurp in the spiritual world the rdle which used to belong to the Pope and to Rome. That ancient religious metropolis has lost her independence; and the Semitic metropolis in spite of the antiquity of her history iacks still the moral authority to speak to the society of nations.’’*

The voice of Jerusalem was heard indeed more powerfully in those anxious years which preceded the great conflagration, not trom the inhabitants of the City, but from the growing chorus of Peace Societies, and associations of international friendship and cooperation which the new world order fostered and required for its existence. Men were groping to the ‘recognition that the con- quest over time and space by modern science should bring with it. tor the peace and wellbeing of mankind, the recognition of a single moral law and a common humanity which was above race and nation. It was one of the minor but tragic ironies of those fateful lays in ror4 that a conference of all the Christian churches, other tan the Roman Catholic, assembled the. -y day after the Declara- von of War between Russia and Germany at Constance for the ‘oundation of a World Alliance for promoting International [nendship through the Churches. The Congress held its sessions iespite the outbreak of war, and passed a tesolution declaring tts tundamental principle. “Inasmuch as the work of conciliation and tie promotion of amity is essentially a Christian task, it is expedient

it the Churches in all lands should use their influence with all the aut parliaments and governments of the world to bring about ood and friendly relations between the nations, so that along the path of peacetul civilization they may reach the universal goodwill, ‘o which Christianity has taught mankind to aspire.”

Luring the same month as this Conterence met at Constance a

oman Catholic Conference was to have met at Liege in Belgium.

e Claunet, 1912: Journal de Droit International, p. 998. �[Page 86]86 WORLD UNITY MAGAZINE

But that town was beleaguered and the Conference could not bi held.

War. as the greatest of the Greek historians declared. is « forcible teacher: and the horrors of the war roused the religious conscience more citectively than at any moment since the Reform: tion broke the unity of Westera Christendom, and drove it to make a sustained effort to realize what was implied in the brotherhood of mankind. The bitter experience of four vears taught that « world-war meant a “moratorium of ethics.” and a recurrence might meen the destruction of civilization itself. Statesmen and all per sons of good intention pondered how the teachings of the prophets of Jerusalem could be implemented in the affairs of States, realiz: ing that Wisdom comes from the great Simplicities. Man ts todas a citizen of the world and must recognize himself as such.

Jerusalem was delivered during the world war trom Turkish rule—or neglect--and a new vista was opened tor the counts when the declaration was made by Great Britain, in the mo dst o the hostilities, that she proposed to facilitate the establishment of a National Home for the Jewish people in Palestine, provided nothing was done to prejudice the civil and religious rights ot the existing non-Jewish communities. The return of the Jews to their historic home seemed to presage the beginning of the taltilment ot the Prophet's vision. That vista was fixed firmly on the political horizon when, at the Peace Conterence, the Covenant of the League of Nations was made the pivot of a new international order, and the representatives of the nations undertook to maintain peace and seek a peaceful solution of any differences that might arise amongst them.

Jerusalem would have been sentimentally and ideally the ft ting place of meeting for the Council and Assembly and tac Court of the League. But though at the junction ot Asta and Atrica, 1 was not geographically near enough to the main centre ot affairs: and Geneva and The Hague were preterred tor this purpose. The late Sir Mark Svkes indeed suggested that Palestine should be the headquarters of an international police force Which would ensur muntenance of the world’s peace. Such a use would hardly bein �[Page 87]o7

JERUSALEM: CITY OF PEACE O7

seeping with the history of the ideals of the country; but something nore in accord with that character has been mooted in recent years. ~nee the League has been in operation, the necd has become in- reasingly obvious for a spiritual union by the side of and supple- menting the political union, to deepen the movement for under- a and cooperation, the pursuit of justice and righteous deal- . between states and races. The League, it is said, is today a ace without a soul: and the soul may be nourished by a spiritual cague. Tf such a uation is realized, its proper habitation would be rusalem which the prophets conceived as a capital of the univer- il kingdom and which has been the principal source of spiritual atluence on humanity. It is abundantly clear that the essential condition of peace is sat so much the perfection of the machinery of the League as the onscious will of the peoples. That will depends on the spiritual —cments in our modern lite. The root evil of the policics of the ost. century. which was the primary cause of wars, was a new form ot idolatry as demoralizing as any ot the oid Paganisms. It was the vind worship of the state and the disregard of the universal God nd the cause of humanity. Religion became nationality in the “putes of antiquity; now nationalism has become religion. The wish people who are the supreme example of an international tion should be the standard-bearers of the cause of a higher and ‘ruistic nationality which recognizes the supremacy of humanity. ‘orced tor over 4 thousand years to devote themselves to the preser- tion of their race, their religion and their doctrine, they may at st resume the task which their Prophets gave to them of teaching » universal doctrine to mankind. The task is the more urgent be- use in our day, throughout the Orient, the idea of nationalism, rmant for centuries, has aroused in the peoples an intense fter- ir, and tends to be combined with another importation trom the vest, Materialism of thought. In the past tae Oriental religions -¢ been a more effective influence tor peace than the Western, ‘today the prophets of the East combine—and almost supersede ‘cir religious message with an ardent nationalism. So in the Pas in the West it is imperative to organize the spiritual torces �[Page 88]SS WORLD UNITY MAGAZINE

for peace.

The study of comparative religion, the general acceptance in East and West of the doctrine of evolution, and the growth of the historical sense, which is probably the greatest intellectual achieve ment of modern times, have together brought about a truer concep. tion of the relation of the ditterent religious creeds, and rid man- kind of the curse of wars of religion. It 1s recognized that there is something truc and divinely revealed about every world-religion or, as it was put by a teacher of the last generation who lived and taught in Palestine. Abdul-Baha Abbas: —"The supreme gift ot God to our age is the knowledge of the oneness of man and the essential unity of religions.” Differences of religion may make im: possible a world-state: but the principles of religion denote « world-union. It may seem ironical and unreal to say so in a plaice where points of ditterence between the Churches and denomina- tions are constantly accentuated: vet it is true that in every religious commur.ion men are looking for points of unity and emphasizing the common intention that underlies the diverse creeds. In the Society of Churches as in the Society of States there is a centripet. movement. The idea of a union of religions is taking dette shay It has promoted a scheme for a conterence of the religions ot world against war, tor which preliminary meetings attendes representatives of all the great creeds have been held. Tt has ps moted too the idea of a League of Religions tor which a Prong social philosopher suggested Paris as the centre. Yet he is sun ciently conscious of the Hebraic patermity of his idea to associite with it a mission for Israel. The smallest in number of the princip. religious bodies, a mere 15 millions against the hundreds of mili ot Christians. Muslims. Hindus. Buddhists. ete. But it 1s the teaching of the Hebrew prophets which inspires the movement for peace 19 the Western nations: and the Jews who have taken the lead in the organization of social justice should take it likewise in a movement for spiritual cooperation in the cause of international justice.

A remarkable expression of the aspiration for spifrtual union was put forward during the war by an English sociologist, whic! has a special interest for those who labor in Jerusalem. Ina book �[Page 89]JERUSALEM: CITY OF PEACE 89

wuled by the picturesque title of “Janus and Vesta’ it is proposed that the universities of the world shall be federated, and that at the head shall be a world university. The author knew of the proposed university at Jerusalem, and he conceived that here would be found tie world institution which he sought. “Dreams,” he says, ‘must precede drama;” and if his scheme is in some measure fantastic— at the present stage—it is based on a fundamental truth that the academies of true learning form one of the most important spiritual iwencies of our time. Every seat of learning, it is said, is an organ ot genuine internationalism. It strengthens the human spirit by snowledge springing from one source and tending to one universal vood, If that general function of universities is realized, the special tinction of a university at Jerusalem in the cause of understanding between peoples and nations may be apprehended. And I may be excused if I dwell on it a little in connection with the subject of » Chair.

The circumstances of the foundation of this University seem ark it from the beginning for a spectal destiny. Its site, com- iding one of the sublimest views in the whole world, and over- sing on one side the most historic city and on the other Nature's

cers, 1s. a daily inspiration. The acquisition of that site during

tress of the war when Palestine still lived under the Turkish and the laving of the foundation-stones during the hostilities within. the sound of the guns, marked symbolically the deter- ation of the Jewish people, on their return to the country, to ter the arts of peace, and to make Jerusalem again a centre of wwiedge. The inauguration of the Hebrew University some ven years later, in the presence of representatives of learning

» all parts of the world, indicated the recognition of that aim

'. the society of scholars, and held out the prospect that the new indation should not be a sectional place of learning but a place

» sere the universal element of the human spirit should find self- pression” and be a link of Palestine with the world of science.

We may then look to the Hebrew University of Jerusalem as the st striking living expression of the ideal of Jerusalem as the City

ot Peace. In particular one of the most immediate purposes must �[Page 90]Jo WORLD UNITY MAGAZINB

be to establish fuller knowledge and understanding of the cult and literature of the Arabs among the Jews. In a broader aspect it may aspire to play the part of mediator between the East and the West. As at Cordova inthe Middle Ages Jews and Arabs emulated each other in literature and philosophy, so may they emulate cach other in the universitics of the East. How admirable would it be if, in the universities of the Arab lands also, a Chair should be founded for the International Law of Peace.

Another and still larger synthetic function may be served by the revival of learning in Jerusalem, the harmonising of the two branches of spiritual teaching, the one derived from the univer sities, the other from the religions. Since the Renaissance there has been a disturbing division between religion and culture. One of the problems of our day is to establish the harmony between the scientific and the religious conceptions and, in political affairs, to combine with the scientific teaching of the unity of the human race. the religious and intuitional consciousness of a common humanits Part of that task lies within the scope of this Chair; the whole mas not lie outside the effort of the University when it reaches its ful stature and cooperation with the universities of the world.

If then we lift up our eves to the hills ond seck the vision with out which the people perish, we may be inspired with the hope tht in our generation Jerusalem may begin to fulnl her destiny of guid: ing humanity to peace both as a centre of religion and as a centr of science and the humanities. And we mav utter with a tresh « viction the words of our Jerusalem poet: “Pray for the peace ot Jerusalem; they shall prosper that love thee. Let there be pe. within thy border and tranquillity in thy palaces.”

~ �[Page 91]ORIENT AND OCCIDENT

by HANS Kofin

Doctoe Juris, Cmeerstiv of Prague

THk SociAl PROBLEM C ist és and Classes

HE transition in the Orient from the Middle Ages to modern times expressed itself in the social sphere through a dissolu- tion of hitherto existing orders and a loosening of family and tribal ties—which have all been associated with the soil

! agricultural occupation. As a result of the Orient’s being awn into the commercial and economic network of capitalism, tcudal social order has been disrupted just as much by economic by cultural influences. The middle class, with its stratum of ‘clligentsia (in which lawyers and journalists are conspicuous ve all others), advanced to the level of the hitherto ruling ses--the feudal nobility and the intellectual world of literary sicists—-and yet at the same time begin to feel themselves sed and pressed by the incipient growth of a newly arising cxing class. The patriarchal order is beginning to crumble, and hany respects is already in ruins. The social structure has nucd in the course of a single decade. The tormer Italian am- dor to China, Count Sforza, describes the condition of the nese working class since the World War: “What a gulf be- con yesterday and today! Workers are no longer mutually re- lor neighborly, or friendly; they are merely a fluctuating mass jividuals brought together in one place by hunger. In the cut stage of Chinese industry there is no worker who would wave been a peasant in former times, and who has not dreamed, “ptimistic moments, of going back to his native village. The 91 �[Page 92]92 @ WORLD UNITY MAGAZINE

longing for home is sometimes stronger than hunger, and worker takes up again his earlier mode of living, as a peasant. But he takes it up with experiences and feelings of hatred which he was formerly free of. Strikes in Shanghai transform themselves into something legendary; workers in small native industries do not want to be behind the times; and thus it happens that movements occur even in cities which are lost far in the interior of the country. The final result is that a quick and easy explanation is given: bol- shevistic intrigues. One who is interested in finding out the truth of the matter must view this unrest first of all as the outcome of 4 period of transition, the result of a disturbance of the old state of equilibrium. Until now the Chinese language, so rich in other re- spects, did not even have the word to designate a collection ot workers in a large, factory of the modern tvpe. The Peking govern: ment has only just coined this word in its proclamation of labor legislation, w hile the old word remains to designate the operation of small industries only.” The vears immediately after the World War meant the beginning of social unrest not only in China but also in Japan. A whole series of important strikes followed one another in 1919 and 1920 in the copper mines of Ashio, in the iron works of Kamashishi and, above all, in the great industrial center of Osaku. Along with economic and social demands there was also the political demand for the granting f universal suffrage. During the winter of 1920, while I was in Jaran, aot a week passed w ithout demonstrations, which, to be sure, bore the additional picturesque gloss of Japanese traditions. When the Japanese delegates to the international labor conference were ready to embark for Ametica it became known that among the twenty-six members of the dele: gation there was only one representative of the working class who had not, however, been chosen by the workers, but had been ap pointed by the government. The working men were not pleased with this; and therefore, when the ship was ready to sail, they or ganized a procession to the harbor of several thousand workers. carrying the colors, tablets and incense customary at funeral obse quies. During the march they began to sing funeral songs and in sisted in this manner upon according the delegate, against his wil �[Page 93]ORIENT AND OCCIDENT 93

the rite of a premature burial, which he avoided by embarking on the high seas. The suffrage demonstrations of the Japanese working luss that winter called to mind the Austrian demonstrations of o7, except, of course, that they were typically Japanese in charac- ‘cr. In Tokio a demonstration of some 50,000 persons, each hoiding n his hand a small Japanese flag and a paper lantern, accompanied », numerous brass bands, proceeded to the imperial palace. There, attera short address closing with the demand for universal suffrage, . cheer was raised for the Emperor. The Kansai Union, at a similar . ttrage demonstration on February 8, 1920, sang a song composed ‘or the occasion by their leader, Kagawa. Its tone is characteristic: “Hear ye the voice of the people, In shadow and sorrow lamenting? Money now is too powerful, Justice and mercy have vanished. There is no freedom for helots, Weeping, they stand in the shadow. Therefore our song rings tor justice. Let us cry loudly for freedom Until we have rendered impossible Every enormous injustice, And peace in her turn is prevailing As wealth was prevailing before. Freedom is not found in money, Riches can never buy freedom. Shall money prevail over justice Is money more precious than man?” The political demands of the Japanese working class yielded co harvest. At the beginning of the century the electoral fran- .¢ was based on very high property qualifications, and only two crcent of the population were entitled to vote. In ry05 and 1919 property qualifications were lowered, and the number of those ‘itled to vote rose to five and one-half percent in 1924. Up to t time the labor party was not represented at all in the Japanese ‘lyament. and the labor movement from the end of 1920 was <r the most rigorous police oppression. The election reform of �[Page 94]94 WORLD UNITY MAGAZINE

May 5, 1925 has established universal and equal suffrage in Japan, This will ev entually alter the social structure of Japanese politics, which was exclusively determined by family struggles among the old feudal nobility until the beginning of this century, and attes that by the struggle of the middle class for power over feudalism,

The shitt of social predomination to the middle class took place in other countries in a less evolutionary manner than in Japan. In Turkey, as in Egypt, the last decade meant the transfer of con- trol to the middle class, which won its power in its struggle against the court and the feudal nobility and embraced nationalism as its faith, just as middle class movements towards the same end did in Europe. Classified according to their social position, the members of the supreme national assembiy of Turkey in 1923 fell into the following groups: 93 former government officials, 49 former mili- tary officers, 50 professional men (lawyers and journalists), 76 representatives of the middle class and 18 clergymen. The Watd party, which controls every freely elected Egvptian parliament. is chietly composed of lawyers, being similar in this respect to most of the parties of the French middle-class republic. The parties which existed in Egypt during the last vears of the first post-war decade represented distinct classes: the Unionists, the court: the Constitutional-Liberals, the liberal nobility and the highest lavers of the upper middle class; and the Waftd party, the middle clas and the great masses of fellahin who had not yet obtained any so- cial representation of their own, and were related by blood to the aspiring middle class (the leaders of the middle class were, in fact. successful sons of fellah villagers). The political division ot the two classes, the bourgeoisie and the working peasant, will make itself felt politically only after the country has gained full inde pendence. In Arabic countries and in Persia the rise of the middle class is only just beginning, but the process is working itself out with great rapidity and is being expedited, most of all, through the education of a new generation in schools affected by western ide.s This younger generation is opposed to leadership by the old feudal families and, on account of its origin, is allied to the lower ranks ot the people. The possibilities offered by the present, constantly ex: �[Page 95]4

\

ORIENT AND OCCIDENT

95

nding network of schools, and the Europeanization of adminis- tive activity, facilitate the rise of fellah children into the middle ss and encourage the exodus from village to city. Among the rental peoples of the Soviet Union the process of social reorgani- ation is working itself out with considerably greater rapidity. The

tical governmental report of the Federated Russian Socialist So-

ct Republic, at the Fourteenth Soviet Congress in May, 1929,

utlines the policy which the government is pursuing with regard » the autonomous provinces of the Republic inhabited by oriental

peoples. This policy has three aims: the equalization of the eco- ‘omic and cultural levels of the central Russian divisions of the realm oa the one hand, and its oriental border states on the other, ‘rough a lifting of the economic and cultural level of the latter; ~ removal of the influence upon the masses of all native feudal coments, through the development of class-consciousness among ~ masses; and their self-emancipation through organization—by cal soviets, cooperative societies, etc.—of the struggle with the canants of the patriarchal order which impede the economic and -tural progress of the population. The Soviet government has ht to destroy the power of the feudal lords and the clergy by ns of political expedients and a retorm in land tenure. In this scat the tendency of the Russian Revolution was to bring the ustrial masses” into power, rather than the middle class ich. indeed. had hardly begun to manifest itself). But, with sception of the provinces of the Sovict Union, the process of -lidation and accession to power of the middle class is taking i the Orient today. The labor movement is only just coming

- existence, as it was in Europe during the tirst halt of the last curvy. The most progressive elements among the vounger gen- son of the middle class are beginning, however, to incline to- 's socialistic theories even in the Orient. It is not a mere mutter vince that the president of the historical meeting of the na- ©.) congress of Hindus at Lahore at the end of 1929—Jawahar-

Nehru. leader of the voung Hindu movement- self a socialist.

acknow ledged �[Page 96]THE PATH OF HISTORY

by Pau HINNER THE EPOCH OF AGGRESSIVE INDIVIDUALISM 'Comtinerd)

HE progressive development of affairs in general made « change in the form of government from monarchy to re public necessary in the roth century. The monarchial form

was timely ahd suitable as long as the horse on land and

the sailing ship on the seas were the sole means for transportation and communication, and while colonization was still in its tirst stage, because the policies for the governing of the different coun: tries had to be retained without alterations for long periods ot time. as events in consequence of the slow means ot transportation and communication matured only slowly. The monarchic form ot government made this possible through the transmission of the political views from father to son. (Hohenstauten). Republicas Rome was no exception because there the head of the government had alwavs the might, if not the right, to determine his successor The acceleration ot the development of human aftairs through the ripening of colonies tor independence, through the French Revolu tion and through the invention of the steam engine, made the Ke publican form of government a necessity, because the policies o the governments had to be changed more frequently than tormer!s in order to keep in harmony with the rapidly changing conditions The Epoch of Aggressive Individualism suftered several times from serious disturbances. The conditions in the Christian Churc before the Reformation were a disease which was caused throug! abuse by the clergy of privileged position and by the attempt & prevent the broadening of religious tolerance. Luther and his con temporaries were the means for correcting the evil, and the reug

i �[Page 97]THE PATH OF HISTORY 97

ious wars of those times were the painful parallel events of the dis- case and its cure. A revival of the natural development of human tars towards greater spiritual freedom for the individual and an imercased spiritual activity were the final effects of the Reforma-

The conditions which led to the French Revolution were like- wise a disease in the body of the Epoch of Aggressive Individual-

The selfishness of the nobility and the ultra-conservative ten-

ucacies of the political organs in the European countries prevented tc natural development of human affairs towards political equal- ity. The Revolution removed all obstacles to the growth of epoch in France and reanimated the political development. Through Napcieon this process was extended to the adjoining arts of the body. The reaction which set in after the downfall of \ «poleon slowed again the political growth but became in the ining of cause and effect part of the impulse tor the rapid de- decent of the United States of America.

The steady growth of the materialistic desires in all stratas of victy and the increase of the population of the European coun- .s brought about a corresponding development of the means tor

production of the desired and necessary goods. The profit from process, Which became available as new capital and the pres:

of the surplus population made possible and necessary the onization of oversea countries. Besides this the natural develop- ot of civilization expressed itself in the desire of the people tor tor political freedom and better economic conditions. The tod States of America were best fitted to satisfy these desires suse they granted at that time the largest measure ot political and offered unlimited economic possibilities. Through these “crent causes many thousands of people were induced to leave © homes in Europe and to emigrate to the easily accessible con- otot North America. Through the settling and development © United States the last step in the expansion of aggressive

“dualism was accomplished. It was made possible through a

. stream of man-power from Europe, augmented by a stream

rcign capital and the re-investing of the created profits. These in connection with the abundant natural resources ot the �[Page 98]98 WORLD UNITY MAGAZINE

virgin country were the cause of the rapid rise to wealth and power. As if produced by magic, so rose in one century the mighty Re. public which was destined to play the leading r6éle in the termina. tion of individualistic civilization. The fact that the United States represents the peak of individualism is revealed through many features in the life of the nation. The immigrants were mainly peo- ple with strong individualistic inclinations, the obtaining of the largest measure of liberty for the individual was the purpose of the fundamental law, the demonstration of the highest possible prowess of the individual is the object of all sports. The popula. tion possesses a fondness for the use of the superlative in its speech. In the education of youth the promotion of individuality is stressed at the expense of the development of other qualities. As a result of this cult of the individual and the lack of restraint on the activities of the ‘sovereign person” many features of life have been carried to extremes and tend to produce a climax in the development ot human attairs. The negative values of life embodied in crime cor ruption and speculation consequently are likewise larger in Amer ict than elsewhere, Up to now the materialistic contributions of America to the progress of mankind have been most prominent. Ip the pertecting ot © echamical appliances for the utilization ot energy and in the organization of human eftorts for the productior

eer meee

ot material necessities and tusuries. the United States have sur.

passed all other countries, however. indications are not lacking

that in the future America will contribute, even in a larger measure :

to the spiritual progress of mankind,

With the recovery of the individualistic civilization from the | political reaction during the first halt of the roth century an ac

celeration of its physical growth set in, just as through the Reto mation the spiritual growth had been re-animated. The countrt of South America achieved independence and the European nation contended with cach other in the completion of the colonization the world. The inner development took the form of a leveling o: political extremes and a striving for democracy. The nations Central Europe at first took no part in the colomal expansion, Ie cause it was their historic mission to protect the western mation �[Page 99]THE PATH OF HISTORY 99

against being disturbed by the slavic race. Germany and Austria were the rear guard of the individualistic civilization and provided the security from interference by the Slavs, which was necessary tor the exploration and colonization of the Western Hemisphere. Towards the end of the roth century, the aggressive indi- vidualistic civilization as represented by Europe and America, had ass its growth and accomplished its purpose. It embraced now « population of the world with the exception of the African negroes, the Mongolian race and the Slavic people contained in the Kussian Empire. Although the negroes of Africa were subjugated aid exploited by the European nations, their backwardness pre- vented their complete assimilation by the individualistic civiliza- uon. Climatic conditions in central Africa apparently do not allow the human species to mature in cultural respects as rapidly as in the temperate zone. The black race must therefore be considered as still in infancy; it is raw material which nature has reserved for tuture use. The Mongolian race on the other hand was the body of an entirely independent epoch of civilization. As a consequence of geographic position and the inclination for voluntary isolation this civilization of the Orient came in contact with the aggressive idividualism of the West only after the latter had lost the power to subdue and assimilate other races and China therefore retained ‘s cultural independence. The broad masses of Russia had also remained exempt from a complete penetration by individualism. Oi their Western Border was the living wall of Germany and \ustria, while in the South the Ottoman Empire, reinforced by natural obstacles, was a formidable barrier. Over the Russian scople lay the blanket of Czarism, with an unprogressive bureau- ‘acy and a nobility of foreign descent; their religion had no con- nection with the religion of Central and Western Europe, and was not touched by the Reformation. As a consequence of these con- ‘tions the cultural development was arrested and the Russian ocople remained dormant. After the epoch of individualism had completed its growth infirmities of age developed and in time aftected the functions t ull organs. The cosmology of the Bible did not correspond any �[Page 100]TOO WORLD UNITY MAGAZINE

more with the increased knowledge about the universe and the process of life and this discrepancy destroved the faith of many believers. The moral restrictions which religion placed on the activities of the individuals became burdensome and were disre- garded. The people only praved to God out of habit or fear, or with the hope of furthering their own selfish interests. They thought and acted as if for the development of human atfairs, their will alone was decisive. Their actions were a negation of spiritual life although the outward form of religion was maintained. It was evident that the spiritual force, which in the form of religion had provided the impulse for the development of the present civilizs- tion, had fulfilled its purpose and in doing this had exhausted its strength and vitality. This spiritual decline of the individualistic civilization produced a mental attitude which found expression in the doctrine of historic materialism. According to this philosophy each individual always shapes his or her conduct so as to promote their own material wellbeing above all other considerations. Any society whose individual components are consciously of uncon: sciously guided by such principles must naturally resolve itself into its smallest parts. As long as all people were striving for common ideals, so long did their actions lie in the same direction and tended to unite them, but as soon as selfish desires and accumulation of material wealth dominated the efforts of the individuals, the co: hesion between the human components of society was shattered and the dissolution of the prevailing civilization became the natural consequence, In all nations the materialistic desires and the selfish efforts of the people developed into a morbid mania to get rich. Governmental institutions grew to abnormal dimensions and their maintenance absorbed ever increasing amounts of the energy ot the population. The functions of the economic organs became ir regular and overproduction, cessation of trade and unemploymen

disturbed repeatedly the circulation of the currency. Speculation. which ordinarily acts as a stimulant on economic activities, was carried to excess and became vicious and destructive. The spirit 0 the epoch, enfecbled by age, could not prevent or overcome these unhealthy developments and its entire being was penetrated bs �[Page 101]THE PATH OF HISTORY IOI

them. The general striving for wealth and material possessions becume centralized in the policies of the governments of the dif- ‘rent countries and led to a banding together of nations with mu- ‘ual interests. As the differences between these groups of nations ncreased, they became hostile toward cach other and expanded ‘cir military organs tar bevond the original necessity. It was only _ question of time when this unhealthy state of aftairs would lead «4 Violent liquidation in the form of a war. In 1914 an insignifi- cant event released the pent up forces and started the World War. uring the first years of the conflict neither of the combatants could gain an advantage over its adversary, which would have suttiiced for victory. The United States government declared its -cutrality, but the financial and other aid rendered by private American business interests to the Allies made this neutrality il- sory.” After two years of this unusual status the country had be- come so heavily involved on the side of the Allies that it could not tolerate a German victory without inviting economic disaster. The «arin the meantime had become a struggle of attrition and as in

1> the morale of parts of the Allies showed signs of impending lapse, the United States came to their assistance by becoming an active combatant on their side. This changed the proportion of sower between the warring factions overwhelmingly, in favor of ‘.¢ Entente and brought the war to an end in 1918, through caus- og the collapse of the Central Powers.

The fury of the struggle, the almost superhuman efforts and actifices made by both parties and the widespread exploitation for cinsh purposes of the confusion and misery, had deepened na- “onal animosities, weakened the structure of civilization, disturbed ‘ne functioning of its organs and changed the nature of its life ».ood, the liquid capital to such an extent that the continuation of +c individualistic civilization as an organic entity“was made im- ossible. This dying of civilization was expressed in the complete

-potence and perversion of religion. In a world with plenty for

_ the nations murdered each other out of selfish motives and ‘ved to one and the same God to sanctify their deeds through the runting of victory. The year 1917, must therefore be counted as �[Page 102]Tox WORLD UNITY MAGAZINE

the last vear of the Christian Era, because it contained the turning point in which the destructive forces definitely overcame the con- structive forces and the influence of the prevailing religions sank to a level from which a recovery is impossible. Human selfishness and extreme love of material possessions were the cause of the war and the responsibility for it rests on all people and on all nations, including those that took no active part in it, because all of them contributed to the conditions that led to the conflict, or tolerated them without protest.

Since the World War selfishness and love of material posses sions have increased to such an extent that they completely nullity the forces which united the people into a living cultural unit and as a consequence the civilization of Europe and America has ceased to function. �[Page 103]THE NOVEL OF THE WAR YEARS

by EVELYN NEWMAN

Professor of English, Roiiims Coliege, Winter Park, Fiovida

VII

UsT such stark poetry of realism as Siegfried Sassoon has written upon the War in verse form, Erich Maria Remarque has expressed in his novel Al/ Outet on the Western Front. Brooding emotion, bitter revolt, and tender compassion are wlities of both writers. To such qualities, E. M. Remarque adds rclentless will to narrate the most brutal physical facts of wars Ls poetic gift enables him to tell these revolting truths with an nous quietness. Herr Remarque was eighteen to Mr. Sassoon’s cotvecight when he went to the War. He was in active fighting the Western Front, where most of his friends were killed. Per- os the fact that almost tea vears clapsed before he set down in torm his terrific experiences accounts for their cumulative nuth and clarity. It is as though that whole “lost generation’

whom he is spokesman were contributing their own thought

_ emotions to the power of his recital. His briet toreword strikes the note of grim sincerity which ts saned throughout: “This book is to be neither an accusation nor ntession, and least of all an adventure, tor death is not an ad- ‘ure to those who stand tace to face with it. It will try simply ‘of a generation of men who, even though they may have ood its shells, were destroyed by the War.” His whole class of twenty went to enlist. Many of them idly shaved” for the nrst time betore going to the barracks. Kemarque through caretully developed argument and inci-

'

5

�[Page 104]104 WORLD UNITY MAGAZINE

dent explains the reason for the “‘lostness” of his generation. He accuses the schoolmasters, as does Clara Viebig, for much of the early enlistment of boys of seventeen and eighteen: “For us lads of eighteen the schoolmasters ought to have been mediators and guides to the world of maturity, the world of work, of duty, of cul: ture, of progress*-to the future. We often made fun of them and plaved jokes on them, but in our hearts we trusted them... . But the first death we saw shattered this belict. The first bombardment showed us our mistake. . . . We loved our country as much as they: we went courageously into every action; but also we distinguished the false from the true, we had suddenly learned to see. And we sax that there was nothing of their world Ictt. We were all at onc terribly alone; and alone we must see it through.”

The boy Paul is like Maxime Clerambault, Hugh Britling. Private Suhren, or Paul Raynal’s Unknown Warrior. They were all. as young Suhren described it, ‘on the edge of the world, wrapped round with its surging roar” which tor them was the savagery o! bayonet thrusts and horror of shell explosions and hand grenades for months and even years. Their loneliness was supreme and irre: mediable for life. Such a philosophy applied especially to the eighteen and twenty-vear old participants, whom E. M. Remarque differentiates clearly trom older men, already linked to the homie world by an ordered lite in some trade or protession, by their stu bilized aftections in marriage and their centered interests in the: civilian obligations and experiences. For the young men there were no such sustaining influences: “We had as yet taken no root. The War swept us away. For the others, the older men, it 1s but ao interruption. ... We know only that in some strange and melan choly way we have become a waste land.

“We were trained in the Army for ten weeks and in this time more profoundly influenced than by ten years at school. We learned that a bright button is w cightier than four volumes ot Schopenhauer.”

He, too, reters bitterly to the Army system: “With our young awakened eyes we saw that the classical conception of the Father land held by our teachers resolved itself here into the renunciation �[Page 105]THE NOVEL OF THE WAR YEARS 105

of personality—such as one would not ask of the meanest servant. .We had fancied our task would be different, only to find we were to be trained for heroism as though we were circus ponies.”

In his description of a tront line attack, the author tells with I. rical beauty what a refuge is the caith to the soldier: “He buries his face and limbs dee ‘» in her from the tear of death by shell-fire, then she is his only friend, his brother, his mother; he stifles his terror and his cries in her silence and her security; she shelters him and gives him a new lease of ten seconds of life, reccives him again and often for ever.”

“We march up, moody or good-tempered soldiers,—we reach tlie zone where the front begins and become on the instant human animals.”

The advance is made in the moonlight. Guns and munition wagons ate drawn by horses whose backs shine in the gieam. Katczinsky and Paul are together. A child recruit of sixteen beside them is physically ill from fear. Paul tries to reassure him. Then upon the night, above the roar of bombardment, comes a terrible crv of wounded horses: “It’s unendurable. It is the moaning of the world, it is the martyred creation, wild with anguish, filled with terror and groaning.” The little group share Miiller’s tield-glasses

ind see the stretcher-bearers working with the wounded men, and t.. wounded horses galloping wildly in their pain, falling en- tangled by their own dragging entrails.

Up at the front again Paul goes on patrol duty, has a terrible wttack of fear, for which he blames his leave, and is brought out ot it by the sound of his friends’ voices. In his eftort to find his w.) back to. them he is lost-—confused by the flickering shadows ot te windy night. While crouching in terror in a shell hole, a man’s

ody falls upon him. Instinctively he stabs it. When he recovers ‘self, he sees a Frenchman lying in death agony. As the day nes on he hopes to escape from the horrible sight, but the ma- ne guns keep up a steady tire. His dying enemy opens his eyes. Hcl creeps beside him and tries to reassure him, brings him water on the bottom ofthe shell hole, bandages his wounds, does every- ug possible to make up for his instinctive animal thrust that �[Page 106]106 WORLD UNITY MAGAZINE

brought death to this first man whom he had killed with his hands and whom he could see. Paul's recorded thoughts concerning this Frenchman's home, family and work are unforgettable. Not being able to stand the silence, he talks te his victim: “Comrade, I did not want to kill vou. If you jumped in here again, I would not do it, 1f you would be sensible too. But you were only an idea to me before, an abstraction that lived in my mind and called forth its appropriate response. It was that abstraction I stabbed. . . Forgive me, comrade. ... ; how could you be my enemy? If we dhrew away these rifles and this uniform you could be my brother just like Kat and Albert. Take twenty years of my life, comrade, and stand up— take more, for 1 do not know what I can even attempt to do with it now.”

Before venturing out that night, Paul pledges solemnly to the dead Frenchman: “If I come out of it, comrade, I will fight against this, that has struck us both down; from vou, taken life—and {rom me? Life also. I promise vou, comrade. It shall never happen again.

The final horrors of the wholesale killing of ignorant voung recruits scarcely over sixteen, flung into the breaking lines, of the lack of foed, of the illness of the men, of the hopelessness of the young ones as the talk of peace spreads, are all summed up in the final statement of the lad of twenty: “Let the months and veers come, thev bring me nothing more, they can bring me nothing more. I am so alone and so without hope that I can cor. sont the without fear.”

The closing paragraphs purport to be by one who tells © Paul's death in October 1918, on a dav when “all was quict on the western front.” The book is a spiritual autobiography not only to: one voung man, but tor his generation. Its true lyrical close is wit his salutation to summer of ty18: “Summer of 1918—Never was so much silently suffered as in the moment when we depart onc again for the front line. Wild, tormenting rumors of an armistic: and peace are in the air, they lay hold on our hearts and make the return to the front harder than ever.”

Summer of 1918--The most bioody and the most terrb. This book, in a sense, reviews the content of all the others so ta: �[Page 107]THE NOVEL OF THE WAR YEARS 107

discussed: punishments of “fatigue duty” in barracks, the squalid- ness and savagery of trench life, with its rats and vermin, its cease- - fear and consequent relapse into animalism of indulgence in | the physical appetites, the contrast between civilian life and th hough and that of the men at the front, the general philosophy of the lighting soldier of the decent workman or labour type, the suf- tcrings of the wounded, and the great and only comfort of friend- sip stronger than death. And these bare facts of war Herr Re- marque relates with an intensity of emotional fire that seems to make his pages glow and to burn scenes into the reader’s memory— scenes such as the one of the wounded horses, or that of Paul with iis dead French comrade, or the more quiet yet equally arresting one of the boy Paul trving to re-evoke his former delights in nis treasure books of youth alone in his room, or of his friendship vith Kat—an apotheosis of friendship.

But if the book looks backward, it looks forward also. It sug- cests the philosophy of several post-war novels, notably those of foseph Roth, and its lament for a lost generation makes it a suitable _ clude for Arnold Zweig's memorial to all innocent victims of the » ar symbolized by Sergeant Grischa. �[Page 108]THE COMMON MESSAGE OF THE WORLD'S GREAT TEACHERS by HuGcH McCurpy Woopw arp

Department of Pinkecophy of Education. Brigham Young University

TOLERANCE, THE KEY TO THE MESSAGE

(Continued)

HE Chinese philosophers are especially strong in their ad-

vocacy of tolerance. The following statements represent the

teachings of Lao Tze: “He who has no faith in others shall

find no faith in them. Among men, reject none; among things. reject nothing. This is called comprehensive intelligence. I am good to the good; I am also good to the bad, for virtue 1s goodness. With the faithful [am faithful, with the unfaithful 1 am also faithful, for virtue is faithfulness.”

Confucius said: “The wise man does not esteem a person more highly because of what he says, neither does he undervalue what 1s said because of the person who says it. Respect the old, and be kind to the young. Be not forgetful of strangers and travellers.” At another time he said: “Men are partial where they feel ettection and love; partial where they despise and dislike; partial where they stand in awe and reverence; partial where they feel sorrow and compassion; partial where they are arrogant and rude. Thus it 1s that there are few men in the world, who leve and at the same time know the bad qualities of the object of their love, or who hate, and yet know the excellences of the object of their hatred.”

His negative statement of the golden rule gives us an idea ot how definitely he recognized that all men have faults and weak nesses and that he was quite tolerant of such. He taught that the superior man and the rulers should not oppress the poor, but rule in justice and equity.

ros �[Page 109]THE WORLD'S GREAT TEACHERS 109

Mr. S. A. Kapadia, a very careful student of Zoroastrism savs: Tolerance is another great feature of the Parsi faith. Though

ught to revere his own religion and despise and destroy idols and

mages. he ts also impressed with the idea of observing great toler-

sace and discretion in passing judgments on the religious beliefs of

‘uers. Zoroaster himself set the example of this excellent precept hilst praising the soul. The souls of the pure men in all religions

sruise I. Strict as the law of chastity is, a great spirit of tolerance is sown in the Avesta writing in reference to an unmarried woman

-

ha happens to fall a victim to the charms of an insidious man.

‘ruc, it is a punishable sin, yet the Almighty, in His mercy, has

.cn due notice of such misfortune happening in a household.” In the Zoroastrian Bible we read the following: “Have the gions of mankind no common ground? Broad indeed is the rect God has spread and many are the colors He has given it.

i ratever road I take joins the highway that leads to Him.”

The spirit of Buddhism relative to tolerance is manifest in a tution from Buddhist literature. It reads: “The beloved of the ‘sy honors all forms of religious faiths—there ought to be rever- e tor one’s own faith and no reviling of that of others. Never « just “Buddhism” or say that your own religion is the best.

So ver denounce the religion of others. Gautama himself alw ays

‘an example of tolerance. He never denounced the Brahmen. He ted them with respect and taught others to do so.”

\ striking statement is quoted in “Buddhism, the Science of tc by A. L. Cleather: “Buddhism was never aggressive or com- ‘\c. Its motto everywhere was persuasion or conciliation. Com-

re, tranquility, and absence of acrimony were stamped on all

tcvtures... The very essence of Brahmanism was tolerance.

. torm of opinion was admissible under a system which made

person and every object in existence manifestations of the

oeing, Brahma. Nor was any one tempted to adopt the role of

‘ent agitator when all were free to express any opinion they

| without any hindrance, provided they took care to abstain ay act of interference with caste privileges.” Probably the most beautiful statement of tolerance in all litera- �[Page 110]I]. WORLD UNITY MAGAZINE

ture is couched in the five meditations of Buddhism. “The ¢:- meditation is the meditation of love in which vou must so ac vour heart that vou long for the weal and welfare of all bene including the happiness of vour enemies. The second meditati: is the meditation of pity, in which’ you think of all things in do tress, vividly representing in your imagination their sorrows x: anxictics so as to arouse a deep compassion for them in your sou. The third meditation is the meditation of joy in which vou th: of the prosperity of others and rejoice with their rejoicings Th fourth meditation is the meditation on impurity in which vou cu: sider the evil consequences of corruption, the effects of sin. disease. How trivial often the pleasure ot the moment and ho» fatal often is its consequences. The titth meditation is the medit. tion on serenity in which vou rise above love and hate, (rans and oppression, wealth and want. and regard your own fate wi: impartial calmness and perfect tranquility.”

The reader will. no doubt, want to read these meditatior many times. It all the religious statements of history except th. one were done away with, and it were practiced daily by all pe ples, it would be sufficient to make a a paradise ot this w orld. T hes meditations are the practical applications of the great summatic: of the law of Jesus, wherein he said: ‘And thou shalt love the Lor. thy God with all thy heart and with all thy soul, and with all th mind and with all thy strength; this is the first commandment, ar. the second is like unto it, thou shalt love thy neighbor as thysel!

Buddha said on one occasion: “Never speak a disparagis, word to anybody. All beings desire happiness; therefore to all e tend your benevolence. .. He who is tender to all things that lis: is protected by heaven and loved by man.” Again he said: “I preac simple truths. I have no esoteric doctrine. My way is open to 4. to the lowly as to the exalted. No high birth makes a true Brahm —not birth, not wealth, not learning, make a man worthy, but. pure heart, a good character, a noble aim in life. These alone mak aman worthy.” Another similar statement is a passage trom Us Buddhist Bible. It reads: “The root of religion is to reverence o% own futth and never to vevile thé faith of others. My doctrv �[Page 111]THR WORLD S GREAT TEACHERS Itt

no distinetion between high and low, rich and poor. It is the skviait has room for all and like water it washes all alike.” Mr. Pratt in his book “The Pilgrimage of Buddhism” says: other outgrowth of the inwardness, gentleness, and lack of rossiveness, Which are so basic in the Buddhist character is an iil degree of intellectual tolerance and liberality of thought. tolerance tor the opinions of others has an intellectual or retical root as well. It ts in part the natural result of the lack a absolutely authoritative book, church, or pope.” [hese master teachers of the Far East furnish a solid support roid, sympathetic, and tolerant philosophy of the Holy Naza- In every walk of life, in every place, and in every experience “ance Was one of his outstanding characteristics. We hear him 2 an end to all bitterness and hate as he says: “But I say unto ove your enemies, bless them that curse you, do good to them ‘uate vou, and pray for them that despitetully use you and per- sc vou. For if ve forgive men their trespasses, your heavenly or Will also forgive vou; but if ye forgive not men their tres- cs neither will your Father torgive your trespasses.’ In his associations with men he was wedded to no class. He 4 alwavs to be lending himself to that place or person where sas needed. An example ot his tree association with the needy iless of their station is found in the following: “And it came oss that as Jesus sat at meat in the house, behold, many publi- id sinners came and sat down with him and his disciples. shen the Pharisees saw it, they said unto his disciples, why sour Master with publicans and sinners? But when Jesus that he said unto them, They that be whole need not a physi- but thev that are sick. But go ve and learn what that meaneth, have mercy, and not sacrifice; for Lam not come to call the ‘cous, but the sinners to repentance.” in the same Christian scriptures we read the tollowing words: no rerpecter of persons but in every nation he that overcth nd norketh right. OUNNESS IN CCE pted O} Him.” ie master’s keen penctrating vision which made it possible to look upon all sin as a discase to be cured was coupled �[Page 112]112 WORLD UNITY MAGAZINE

with a love that made him vearn for the souls of those who had gone astray. It was the sin that he condemned and not the sinner.

This clear distinction which he made between the sin and the sinner is graphically portrayed in the account of the woman taken in adultery and recorded by St. John: “And the scribes and Phar. isees brought unto him a woman taken in adultery; and when the had set her in the midst they said unto him, Master, this woman was taken in adultery, in the very act. Now Moses in the law com manded us, that such should be stoned; but what sayest thou? This they said, tempting him, that they might have to accuse him. Bu Jesus stooped down, and with his finger wrote on the ground, as though he heard them not. So when they continued asking him, he lifted up himself, and said unto them, He that is without sin among you, let him first cast a stone at her. And again he stooped down, and wrote on the ground. And they which heard it, being convicted by their own conscience, went out one by one, beginning at the eldest. even unto the last, and Jesus was left alone, and the woman standing in the midst. When Jesus had lifted up himself, and saw none but the woman, he said unto her, Woman, where are those. thine accusers? Hath no man condemned thee? She said, No man. Lord. And Jesus said unto her, Neither do I condemn thee, go. and sin no more.”

The age of science has done much to control the impulse to ac on small information. Wherever the scientific method of the las four hundred years has touched the minds of men it has made to: tolerance. It has helped men to suspend judgment and made « easier to move frum superstition and prejudice. It has made hir more conservative in arriving at conclusions. It has caused him t investigate his authority. He has become courageous enough to as: many questions of those who would rush him into battle or hast decisions. But great as has been this scientific advance, man learn slowly.

It would be difficult to marshal the people of Europe or thos of ‘America under a serics of religious crusades, such as took place in the twelfth century. Probably no religious authority could ac complish the task. But the smoke of the World War has hard! �[Page 113]THE WORLD'S GREAT TEACHERS 113

died away, where millions were marshalled under the authority of political and economic lords, battling for economic supremacy. Of course these millions did not know why they fought. Intolerance backed by the ignorance of the masses were the weapons used by these blind leaders of the blind. Millions went into battle with the sume enthusiasm thet the earlier soldiers went into the crusades, only to be disillusioned later concerning the righteousness of the claims of their leaders.

Just as the pursual ox the scientific method has made it im- possible to murder and imprison the leaders of science, so will a continuation of that method into the fields of sociology, economics, political science, and ethics make it impossible for selfish greed to lead millions into such a catastrophy as the world witnessed be- tween 1914 and 1917.

The world of today is desperately in need of sufficient toler- ance to enable all parts to search out the good of every other part. How ridiculous would seem the local vanities, jealousies, and in- tolerance of all parts of the world, claiming to live by the will of the same universal God and by the same irrevocable laws of nature, ty one who could pull himself away from his local bearings and project himself to a point where he could view all groups with an impartial eve. Individuals, peoples, nations, and great religious systems of all the world must do what has been done in this volume. They must pick out the good which they have in common. They must search more vigorously for the golden thread of truth and make less of their differences. Tolerance is the one attitude which will make it possible to discover the common good in all peoples, suicnces, philosophies, and religions.

A statement from the Contucian Bible crystalizes the message of this ¢hapter and represents the spirit of the entire volume. He

Religions are many and different, but reason is one. The broadminded see the truth in different religions; the narrowminded sce only the differences.” �[Page 114]THIS PRAYING WORLD by

Joun Wituiam: Kitcuine

Autnos of © Aevubaal ead Lamorna,” ete

Persia rd ¢ RANT me, Thou maker of the plants and waters, Im- mortality, Mazda!” —Yasna XVIIL: 4.

“This Lask Thee, O Ahura! tell me aright: who asa skillful artisan, hath made the lights and the darkness?” —Yasna XLIV:s.

“Mav my country grow and increase” (68). Yast. xin.

These three pravers are from the Zoroastrian religion of an- cient Persia. Zoroaster was the prophet of ancient Iran, a repre: sentative of the faith of the Magi and a great religious teacher of the East. The tenets of his creed are preserved in the Avesta in the Pahlavi literature and in later writings and thev are still kept up by the small community of Ghebers in Persia and by the Parsis in India.

On the basis ot the traditional chronoiogy of the Parsis, as found in the Bundahishn, the probable dates of Zoroaster’s birth and death may be reckoned as falling respectively about 660 B.C. and 583 B.C.

Tradition makes Azerbaijan the home of his father, Ponru- shaspa and the ancient town of Rai, the Rhages of the Book of Tobit, near Teheran, the home of his mother Dughedha.

In his thirticth year, he received a revelation of the faith and came forward as an opponent and retormer of the superstitious beliefs and heresies that existed in the old creed.

Seven visions of heaven, the divine being, and the archangels were revealed to Zoroaster in the following ten years. He then 1s said to have undergone the final test by a temptation from the evil spirit Ahriman.

Lig �[Page 115]THIS PRAYING WORLD Ils

The place where he made his first convert, his cousin, Maid- hyoi—maonha, or Medyomah, after the conflict with the spirit of evil, is probably the district of the great forest of reeds near the S.W. shore of Lake Urumiah.

Zoroaster’s first real success, however, was achieved when he converted King Vishtaspa which was accomplished in the prophet’s g2nd year, in 618 B.C.

King Vishtaspa, is called “the Constantine of Zoroastrianism.”

His conversion took place after the prophet had given miraculous signs of his power. It was followed by a long series of wars against the unbelievers. During those battles Zoroaster was killed while serving at an altar with a group of priests at the age of seventy- seven. The substance of Zoroastet’s doctrine is found in this sen- tence of Yasts xxx,—The two primal spirits who revealed them- selves in vision as twins are the “Better” and the “Bad” in thought, word and action. And between these two the wise knew to choose aright, the foolish not so. This is the essence of Zoroaster’s morals which developed later into a large cosmogonic system. By his right choice the man who obeys law helps in the final victory of the good spirit, the spirit of the wise lord (( Ahura Mazdah), over the spirit ot deceit and treachery (druj, Angra Mainyu). In this way he will realize in this world and hereafter the ‘wished-for Kingdom’ with pertect happiness and immortality. Mazdaan dualism approaches monotheism closely since Ormazd is to prevail ultimately. By his right choice,’ his good deeds, good words and good thoughts, man is nghting for the victory of Ormazd. Charity towards the poor atid hospitality towards the stranger are preached as virtues. The iuty of the tillage of the soil and of cattle-breeding is exalted to tie rank of a primary virtue. The tenderest care surrounds the ox and the dog. Marriage is a duty and the deed are exposed on ickhimas or “Towers of Silence.”

A. N. Williams Jackson translated for us Zoroaster’s reverent ptaver to Ormazd for Enlightenment which is as follows:

“This I ask Thee—tell it to me truly, Lord! Who the Sire was, Father first of Holiness? Who the pathway for the sun and stars ordained? �[Page 116]116 WORLD UNITY MAGAZINE

Who, through whom its moon doth wax and wane again? This and much else do I long, O Lord, to know.

“This I ask Thee—tell it to me truly, Lord! Who set firmly earth below, and kept the sky Sure from falling? Who the streams and trees did make? Who their swiftness to the winds and clouds hath yoked? Who, O Mazda, was the Founder of Good Thought?

“This I ask Thee—tell it tome truly, Lord! Who, benignant, made the darkness and the light? Who, benignant, sleep ana waking did create? Who the morning, noon, and evening did decree As reminders to the wise, of duty’s call?”

Another form of prayer in Zoroastrianism is for the dying and the dead, These prayers, which are still made among the Parsis after the death of a beloved one are called ‘afringan’ and ‘srosh darun’ in the Avesta. Their aim is to secure for the dead eternal bliss and happiness in heaven and in the future world and they consist in sacerdotal ceremonies, celebrated on various occasions, but especially at the time when the dead are expected to visit the earth and in connection with the funeral festivals. At these cere- monies the priests invoke many gods and genii, especially the angel of death, Srésh (Sroasha), the psychopompos of the Iranians, who carries the dead to heaven and protects them trom demons. In this dangerous task Sroasha needs the assistance of the offerings and prayers of the survivors. In the Srosh Yast Hadhokat (Yast, x1.) occurs this requesi for bliss for the departed,—

(Give) unto that man brightness and glory, ... give him the bright, all-happy, blissful abode of the holy ones!” �[Page 117]THE AMERICAN PEACE MOVEMENT CURRENT PLANS AND ACTIVITIES hy Russet. M. Cooper

Graduate School, Columbia University

HE long and spectacular series of critical events which char-

acterized international relations during the winter months

has subsided with the advent of spring, but the issues that

were raised still linger, clamoring for solution. Japan is no longer bombarding Shanghai, but she remains firmly entrenched in Manchuria. The Disarmament conference has settled down to its ar- ‘ous task of discussion and compromise, hoping now to bring some order and achievement out of the confusion of some 339 proposals and variations so far submitted. The World Court Protocols still remain cuddled in the bosom of the Senate Foreign Relations ( ommittee.

Domestic and economic issues have elbowed Chinese and Geneva dispatches off the front pages of newspapers. However, the sense of inactivity and security thus engendered is purely an ilusion. The days of violent destruction and fiery oratory may be past, but the long, arduous work of rebuilding a just and friendly «orld order emains ahead. That is the more important and diff- -ult task. It requires endless patience, the clearest insight, and the aggressive support of every iover of peace throughout the world. lo that end the peace organizations are now bending their eftorts.

The various societies are still sharply divided on the issue of « hether international economic sanctions should be applied against Japan. Some think they would lead to war, others that they would be tutile, still others that the idea, though laudable in theory, is .cvertheless unfeasible in practice. On the other hand, many leaders �[Page 118]118 WORLD UNITY MAGAZINE

contend that if Japan is to be prevented from further aggression, the restraint must come now before she becomes entrenched in her new position; and these folk urge that an international boycott pro- vides an easy, effective, and peaceful method of coercion. Thus the debate rages, and probably only a trial can really settle the issue.

Among those who favor sanctions there is a further important question of whether they should be definitely established and be- come automatic in application, or whether they should be devised and agreed upon anew for each different situation. Following the lead of the ‘Committee on Economic Sanctions of the Twentieth Century Fund,” headed by Dr. Nicholas Murray Butler, a majority of groups seems to favor the former position. Here again, however, there is little experience to guide, and difference of opinion is as inevitable as it is desirable.

The Arms Conference has resumed its deliberations after the long Easter recess. Its progress is naturally very slow, though many questions, especially those relating to procedure, are gradually being ironed out. Several of the major American peace organiza: tions have recently issued a resolution calling for the total abolition of aggressive arms, such as tanks, bombing planes, and battleships. This idea of differentiating between aggressive and defensive weapons seems to elicit considerable interest at Geneva, tor it 1s directly in line with the spirit of the League Covenant and the Briand-Kellogg Pact.

It is highly important that popular interest continue to support the American arms delegation, and to insist upon substantial re- duction. Such interest, however, tends to lag during these wecks of wearisome, technical negotiation, so that the continual stimiula- tion of the peace organizations becomes very important. As one method of thus maintaining public pressure, the League of Nations Association and the Carnegie Endowment are sending Mr. Douglas Booth on a speaking tour covering the entire nation. In addition. several societies are issuing regular bulletins to their members ex- plaining the progress of the conference and methods by which lo: cal groups may continue to make their voice effective.

Plans are now under way for bringing powerful pressure upon �[Page 119]THE AMERICAN PEACE MOVEMENT 11g

the forthcoming political conventions to insert a sweeping peace plank in their party platforms. Mrs. Bockel of Washington, D.C., chairman of the committee in charge, plans to assemble an automo- bile caravan from every state in the Union to join in a huge parade .t Chicago, demonstrating the force of national peace sentiment.

The political conventions are by no means the only important meetings to be held during the summer. Both here and abroad there will be a series of institutes and conferences studying international problems, and training leaders for more effective eftorts in their local areas.

From June 8 to 20 there will occur the third annual Haverford Institute of International Relations at Haverford College, Pennsyl- sania. Enrollment will be limited to 150 people, and restricted to persons who ate, or expect to be, actively engaged in forwarding better international relations, without regard to denomination, na- tonality, or other factors. An impressive roster ot internationally <nown professors and peace workers has been secured for leader- Sup in the deliberations.

The American Friends Service Committee, which is coopera- ung in the Haverford Institute, is also sponsoring similar sessions .t Northwestern University, June 20 to July 2, and at Wellesley College June 23 to July 2. In each case, enroliment is limited, and

ts carefully restricted to permit the attendance of the most prom- “ag present and potential leaders in the international field. Those siting further information should write to the American Friends service Committee, 20 South Twelfth Street, Philadelphia.

Hubert C. Herring, Executive Director of the Committee on ( ultural Relations with Latin America, announces that he will con- ‘uct another Seminar in Mexico trom July 3 to 23. This will be ‘ c seventh annual session of the seminar, which is designed to study Mexican life and culture, and which already has accomplished

ich in promoting a more friendly understanding betwecen the ‘s9 peoples. Morning conferences, round tables, and field trips | comprise the program, led by a distinguished group including ( cartles W. Hackett, Judge Florence E. Allen, and Moises Saenz. i urther information may be procured from Mr. Herring at 112 �[Page 120]1206 WORLD UNITY MAGAZINE

East roth Strect, New York City.

The Third European Tour of the League of Nations Associa- tion will again be under the leadership of Miss Katherine Black- burn of the Woodrow Wilson Foundation. The party leaves New York on July 9, will visit London, Paris, Chartres, Berlin, Prague, Munich, and Geneva, and plans to return by August 26. Confer- ences will be held with representatives of the various League of Nations Associations and of the League Secretariat. At Geneva a special feature will be attendance at the Institute of Internationa! Relations, August 14 to 19. A folder describing the tour may be secured from the National Office of the League of Nations Association.

The Ninth Session of the School of International Studies at Geneva, Switzerland, will be held under the direction of Professor Alfred Zimmern from July 25 to September 2. This has always been a popular school for American students who desire first-hand contact with the League ot Nations and with the visiting European professors and students, and another large group from the United States is expected to go over this year. Full particulars may be se: cured at 218 Madison Avenue, New York City.

The students in America are making real progress in ther fight against the R.O.T.C. At North Carolina State College, stu: dents who object to military training are now given the option o! a course in “Human Relations,” studying the tundamental humus institutions of the home, the school, the church, government, anc industry. At Penn State, five students have stood out against con: pulsory drill this vear, and the Board of Trustees has at last ac knowledged the dissatisfaction and is secking for an alternative COUTSe.

In Seattle, Washington, a local woman's committce surprised the school board with the demand that there be no solicitation o! pupils for C. M. T. C. camps through the schools. Atter storm) debate, the board finally decreed tinat army officers, dressed in civilian clothes, could address the students, but only after schoo. hours, and only to those students who present written permission trom their parents. A campaign is now being waged to have the �[Page 121]THE AMERICAN PEACE MOVEMENT I2I

question of compulsory drill at Washington State College and the University of Washington put on the ballot at the state elections next tall. Ministerial and civic groups, together with several prom- nent newspapers, are backing the project, and are confident that compulsory training will be abolished.

A further eftort for enlightenment upon international ques- tions in the schools was launched recently in a manifesto of a dozen prominent educators including Professors Charles A. Beard, Wil- liam C. Bagley, and James T. Shotwell. The statement deplored the prevelant inaccuracy of textbooks in dealing with the World War, and urged a straightforward presentation of the problems of war and peace in order that an enlightened public opinion may idequately grapple with the problems of the present day. �[Page 122]BOOK NOTES

The Dawn-Breakurs; Nabil’s Narrvive of the Early Days of the Bahii Revelation, Translated from the Persian and edited ') Shoghi Effendi. Baha'i Publishing Committee, New York. $>.so. Limited edition, $35.00. A generation ago the West became con. scious, through studies and translations by Edward G. Browne, Baron Rosen and Comte de Gobineau, that a significant religious movement had arisen in Persia. It was described as a movement ot _fegeneration and reform within the shell of Shiah Muhammadan- ism, whose leader, the Bab, and thousands of followers were tor- tured and slain. The evidence that religious faith had again been manifested among men was reccived with interest and respect, but the historical development has never been clearly traced. In this work a participant and eye-witness has recorded the history of the movement from its beginnings to the period of Baha‘u'llah’s exile in Bagdad, when the “Babi” era had come to an end and the move: ment threw oft its Islamic complexion and became an independent religion under Baha'u'llah. One sees in true perspective the lite and work otf the Bab as the forerunner of Baha’u'llah, and not. as the first Western students conceived, as the founder of a religion which Baha'u'llah continued. Two reflections will occur to the American or European reader; first, that “The Dawn-Breakers reveals the working ot the same spirit of faith that establishes Christianity and other great religions, and second, that a move ment born in the darkest land of the East has given religiou: sanction to a world outlook, and to a soctal morality, corresponding to the most recent views of Western statesmen and economists The spiritual experience preceded the intellectual definition. 4 third reflection inevitably arising is that decadence, absence o: selt-sacrificing enthusiasm and conscious faith lamented in Europe

T22 �[Page 123]BOOK NOTES 123

wad America, has been paralleled by renaissance in the East. ‘The umanitarian and spiritual principles enunciated decades ayo in the darkest East by Bahaullih and moulded by him,” states the teunslator, “into a coherent scheme are one after another being tasen by a world unconscious of their source as the marks of pro- eressive civilization.”

Pounders of Great Religions, vy Millar Burrows, Charles \ooner's Sons. $2.00. Dr. Burrows has contributed valiantly to one of the profoundly important movements of the times—the understanding and appreciation of religions other than one’s own. His book is one to read in connection with some work on compar- ative religion like Alfred W. Martin’s ‘Seven Great Bibles,” pub- shed serially in World Unity Magazine. The emphasis laid by Dr. Burrows is on the lives of the founders rather than on their tcachings, and in sketching their lives he gives full significance to tue Value of the myths developed in every race. “Just as ‘one does not really know his own language until he has some knowledge ut other languages, so an acquaintance with other religions is necessary tor a true understanding of our own.” (The author's litroduction). The lives presented are: Lao-Tze, Confucius, Maha- vita, Buddha, Zoroaster, Moses, Mohammed, Nanak, and Jesus. ihe key to human brotherhood and social cooperation, it has been sid, lies in the acceptance of all the prophets. In Dr. Burrows tic prophets of other races have found a scholarly and sympathetic biographer,

The League Committees and World Order, by H. R. G. Graves, Oxford University Press. $5.00. “I have tried to sketch oaly the broad and representative outlines ot its (The League's) work, because my aim has been simply to show the significance ot ts technical and advisory organisms,” the author states in his Victace. The sub-title of this book is: “A Study of the Permanent i spert Committees of the League of Nations as an Instrument of i ternational Government.” Dr. Greaves (Political Science De

rtrnent, London School of Economics and Political Science) has cated a point of view on the League not sufficiently adopted even �[Page 124]e 124 WORLD UNITY MAGAZINE

by those who accept it lovally, since, as the author indicates, “The student of the League... runs a certain risk... of concen

trating his attention too much on the more formal Council and Assembly.” The work consists of an introductory chapter on the characteristics of technical international cooperation, and individ: ual chapters on The Economic Committee, The Financial Commit: tee, The Health Committee, The Committee on Intellectual Coop- cration, The Communication and Transit Committee, The Govern: ing Body of the International Labor Organization, Mandates, Disarmament, Social and Humanitanan Work, The Opium Committee, and the author's Conclusion. Here is the reference book for the student and responsible adult who feels that a League represented ir press as the battle-ground of European politics is by no means . -< whole story of Woodrow Wilson's achievement at Geneva, What the nations have really done is to set up centers of inquiry and consultation representative of much of the world’s conscience and mind, the result of which will be increasingly to discredit the old ‘‘political” method of government for domestic as well as international questions. The toundation al.cady laid is probably secure enough to survive even a possible dissolution of the present League. Americans who iook with disfavor upon the League at this time cannot afford to overlook its most essential by-product, the return of trained intelligence to the task of civilization.

Report of the Round Tables and General Conferences at the Eleventh Session, edited by Arthur Howland Buffinton. The Institute of Politics, Williams College. $2.00. The Institute of Politics con- ducted by Dr. Garfield at Williamstown has done pioneer service in raising public questions to the plane of intelligence and good: will. Thanks to its large endowment, the Institute has been able to secure the attendance of leaders trom Europe and Asia as well us the United States, Canada and Latin America. In New York City, at least. the press has broadcast the daily lectures to the larger public audience. In previous years the material presented at the Institute has been made available in mimeographed reproductions �[Page 125]BOOK NOTES 125

‘ the stenographic reports. Now for the first time the Institute as continuing life in printed form. Under Professor Butfinton’s

itership we have access to the sessions held in 1931 devoted to ‘oe vital topic of World Economic Planning. Presumably free of oolitical or class restrictions, the 1531 Institute enabled a number of international authorities to expound their views and participate

the discussions which, from the social if not literary point of ow, are such an important clement in conferences of this type. \\ hen this time is looked back upon as the age when colleges strug- vcd to re-acquife a creative contact with life, the Institute of Poli- cos at Williams will receive due credit for its initiative in the movement.

Suctal Politics and Modern Democracies, by Charles W’. Prp- en, Two volumes. The Macmillan Company. $7.50. "A large body ot political experience for the whole world,” Dr. Pipkin states, “has been provided by England and France... At no time in democratic “xperiment have so many minds put their best thought upon the conditions of its (government's) success, and what this reveals of ingland and France today is of consummate importance.” Few writers on the political science have been so fortunate as Dr. Pipkin the emphasis thrown upon the value of their study by current vents. This work appears just at the moment when the Labor (overnment in England is overthrown, and when the policies of ‘uc French Government are of vital concern to all nations. Since ‘ce nature of international policy is determined by the perpetual truggle between liberalism and illiberalism on the domestic stage, tne “England” and the “France” which have such weight in all world issues are rightly to be understood only in terms of their own ocial history. How, during the past century, have these two great

overnments taken care of their own people? What social programs ave they successfully undertaken which might be adapted to Amer- 1 needs? What, in fine, does “democracy” really mean in the ‘ud history of the two leading European nations? Dr. Pipkin covered the wide field indicated in the following chap-

tt headings: The Background of the English Social Movement, �[Page 126]126 WORLD UNITY MAGAZINE

Social Politics at the Beginning of the Century in England, Socia! Legislation in Eng’ and Aftecting the Conditions of Work, Housing and Town Plann .g Acts, Development of a National Standard of Living . The ational Insurance Svstem, The Political and In- dustrial Alliance of the British Labor Movement, The British Labor Movement and Social Policy, A Survey of the Social Movement in France, Social Legislation in France, French Advisory and Consul tative Institutions, Organizations of Labor in the State, Codification of Labor Law, French Legislation on Conditions of Work, Soca! Insurance in France, Political Aspects of the French Labor Move- ment, Revolutionary Syndicalism and the French Labor Movement, Chiet Development of the French Labor Movement Since the War, The Industrial Labor Movement, A General Survey of the Period, Appendix. The lack of policy in America at the present time calls for knowledge ot the experience gained in other lands.

Can Europe Keep the Peace? by Frank H. Simonds. Harpo & Bro. $3.00, Mr. Simonds, whose analysis of the progress of the European War made him one of the best known and most effective American journalists, has written his considered report on Europe as of October, to31. To arrive at his conclusion, the author trace: the rise and fall of the pre-war doctrine of “Balance of Power” anc the consequences proceedin.; from its ill-fated successor, “Sell: Determination.” Post-war Europe is the victim of the Versailles Treaty, in which Anglo-Saxon political experience fastened an im possible political conception upon a Europe in a different stage o: evolution. Europe today, according to Mr. Simonds, is divide: between those who must maintain the sti go, and those wi must revise the Versailles Treaty. Peace ettorts have failed becius they have identiticd armament with malicious militarism insteac of realizing it as the only possible detense of national policies base. upon the reality of the struggic to survive. The war did not enc with the armistice but continued in the realm of economics, as the traditional ideal of Democracy tound itself enmeshed in econom: nationalism, a condition far more dangerous than political nation alism. It is not a question of “keeping the peace” but of stopping �[Page 127]BOOK NOTES 127

the continuous, suicidal war. ‘Now, at the very edge of ultimate ruin, Europe—and perhaps the world as well— has reached a point where it must adjust its existence to inescapable truths or de- stroy itself by continuing ceaselessiy but uselessly to fight against them.” The book is one for adult Americans to study carefully at this time.

Modern Civilization on Trial, by C. Delisle Burns, The Mac- willan Co, $2.50. A work not to be confused with the many books on internationalism which cover some one technical aspect of the question, Here is a first rate intelligence dealing with the funda- suental issue of civilization itself. Detailed knowledge and tech- nical information are present, but subordinate to the main thesis. [)r. Burns defines civilization as the contact of minds on a high evel of experience, a definition properly emphasizing the human value more than the institutions and instruments society evolves .s means to that end. The author has clear perception and spiritual qualities, as well as scientific training. Each chapter contributes valuable ideas to the total result—a profound attitude toward the problem of human association in the light of the present world nists. Among the topics discussed are: Modernity, A New Indus- tril Revolution, Modern Civilization and Primitive Peoples, The \mericanization of Europe, Dictatorship, Modern Government, \fodern War and Peace, Modern Production, Modern Education, \ haraucteristics of Modernity.

H. HH, �[Page 128]CORRESPONDENCE

Opinions of Jonson's “Moral, As pects of Une miploynne nt” Published in World Unity, M. eh, 1932

Prtik FE. ALLiot Samniit, N. J.

Following up the very able article “Moral Aspects of Unem ployment” by Mr. Ernst Jonson I submit the following views:

It is only in the last 25 vears that Labor's place in the Socia! Order has begun to be recognized.

In this age, the creative thought of an individual elaborates « plan, the successful completion of which depends on the labor of 4 number of human units whose work is compensated at an arbitrary rate; the profits of the enterprise enriching the originator. So far, we are on traditional ground.

We now come to a new realization of interrelated human values. The workers depend on the enterprise tor their purchasing power, and it becomes incumbent upon industry that business be so conducted as to insure continuous employment at wages that permit of a high standard of living, so that purchasing power being large, the use of the various products of all industries will be.mul: tiplied, commerce benefited, and money will circulate freely at : high rate of speed. Should business have to be operated on the basis of a minimum wage, then the workers might have an interest in the profits of the enterprise figured in due relation to the rights of stockholders and management.

Industry likewise becomes the agent of those it employs ir their many relations with Cooperate Activities: Compensation anc Accident Insurance, Old Age Insurance, Life Insurance. Reason: able as all of this appears, one manutacturer of staple goods, to: instance, cannot make the necessary changes, but all of the plants

in his particular line can cooperate to that end, and the commercia: 1238 �[Page 129]CORRESPON DENCE 129

organizations, chambers of commerce, etc., are the ready tools of Cooperation.

The successful operation of business requires intelligent pro-

cressive banking facilities. Banks must be governed by an ethical

onception of their duty to keep the channels of financial life circu- ating freely, for a reasonable compensation for services rendered, instead of following (in the case of some large banks) the tactics of the money shark and racketeer. In order to light the beacon that will at all times give the right orientation, I advocate:

An Economic Council composed of 25 men who have demon- struted their worth in the fields of agriculture, manufacture, com- merce, finance, education, ethics, arts and science—

i. To organize Cooperation, industrial and financial.

2. To initiate, or give their backing to needed legislation, modification of Anti-Trust Laws, Banking Laws, etc.

3. To provide wide publicity, that the thought of the masses muy be leavened.

4. To provide educational facilities that the Youth may be cuided along progressive lines, and in turn take up the torch and pecome leaders of evolution.

WENTWORTH BYRON WINSLOW, C. S. New York City

With the substance of the article, save only the remedy, I am «holly in agreement. Mr. Jonson is too astute not to be correct in what he says in regard to facts, but when he comes to a theory— »s which I mean something untried in the particular line which he savocates—even the most astute or clever person may err. In my vpinion, not altogether humble either, he has only illustrated an- other Sisyphus who will roll up the stone of organization a few ‘cet or more and then have it roll over us again.

Quoting him ‘How can anvone doubt that an organization ake the War Industries Board could in a short time put everybody ‘» work making things for the American people, if not for the world?” Isn't that just about what Russia is trying to do today? Kepurts are rather vague and indefinite, but they seem to be doing �[Page 130]130 WORLD UNITY MAGAZINE

it. The purpose is so to do anyway. Maybe it will succeed. Russia has organized her whole people. They are producing the goods goods of all kinds. So far so good. But I predict a failure sooner of later if they Iet the present monetary system enter into it. Wasn't it Kipling who said “No one shall work for money and no one shall work for fame.” I forget the rest of it, but it seems to me that there can never be stability under the present system, and certainly not universal happiness. The present chaotic conditions, the death of Mr. Eastman by his own hand, the kidnapping of Colonel Lind- bergh’s child, suicides, ruination, unemployment, unfair distribu- tion of wealth, Tammany Hall, crooked officials, and such like are to me a terrible indictment on the present system. Taking it merely as a condition occurring once in so often, which nearly every writer says is the fact, surely that of itself is an indictment of such a system. Any system which once in so often breaks down and wrecks its proponents and opponents alike, surely must have something vi- tally wrong in it...

To my mind the way out of this is to change the system. Free trade throughout the world, an international exchange, cessation of taxation of any kine save only singic tax o7 the tax on land valucs, governmental arrangement of work, and the distribution thercof, as indicated done by the War Industrial Board. or some other equal distribution of work such as was done in war time, each man or woman designated a certain piace and certain work, everything owned in common, as set forth by the great Master Jesus the Chirist with the same treatment of cheaters as received Ananias and Sa: pphira, and then though God knows how this is to be brought about, we shall begin to get somewhere.

S. PARKES CApDMAN, D. D. Brooklyn, N.Y.

I have read Mr. Jonson’s article on “Moral Aspects of Unem: ployment,” and thank him for writing it and you for calling ms attention to it. I believe his reasonings on this perplexing problem have made a valuable contribution to its proper understanding, ané also to its permanent solution. �[Page 131]CORRESPONDENCE 131

WILLIAM FLoyp New York City

It is true that the displacement of men by machines is a recent cause of unemployment, but all experience shows that captains of industry will not voluntarily abandon labor-saving devices so long as profits result. The eventual depression that must follow the lack of buying power of the masses will not deter the profiteer from tuking advantage of each new mechanical invention. The few who control industry cannot be expected to take any steps that will in- terfere with their immediate prosperity. They must be compelled by legislation to do what is best for all.

The violation of contract advocated by Mr. Jonson is a method of righting a wrong that will make matters worse. It is one thing

tor a government to grant a moratorium but quite another to expect judicial leniency in the execution of a contract.” The sins of the nnanciers should not be visited upon innocent individual creditors.

The idea that the industrialist who has caused the trouble would be responsible is admirable, but it is futile to rely upon any spontancous organization to compel the payment of higher wages. It is human nature to hire workers at the lowest figure at which ssiltul hands can be found. The law of supply and demand is stronger than any guild’s decree. It has nullified the value of anti- trust laws; it will overcome any voluntary attempt to distribute wealth evenly. Until labor is removed from the operation of the iw of supply and demand, it will continue to be exploited. . .

Mr. Jonson gives the impression that there has been no organi- z a of industry. He overlooks the nation-wide concentration of

wne tship into a few trusts, and the fact that the greater the num- ber of métgers the greater the number of men laid off. Voluntary ganization will not accomplish the desited result.

Those who have studied the subject carefully have concluded ‘hat concentration is necessary but will only prove effective when natural resources are removed from the control of the very captains vt industry who are expected by Mr. Jonson to organize voluntarily ‘or the people’s good. �[Page 132]132 WORLD UNITY MAGAZINE

C. E. Grunsky, Ene. D. San Francisco

It seems fundamental that society should provide work for every person who desires to work. In this machine age, as Mr Jonson has so well brought out, the things that the country necds for comfort and general well-being and for recreation, can be pro- duced by a few. Where then shall the rest find employment? The volume of business, it should be said in passing, does not depend upon the volume of money in the country, but rather upon the speed at which money or its equivalent is made to circulate.

Industry in the face of the inevitable reduction in the demand for its output when the prosperity wave breaks, can not keep up its stride. It must adjust itself to the market. It must spend less, not more. If the suggested program of organizing industry were carried out it would still leave the recurring problem of unemployment on our hands. Let it be supposed that such all-embracing organiza- tions in each industry could be made eifective. It would at once re- sult in greater efficiency. But greater efficiency will carry with it a further reduction of employees. The ranks of the unemployed will be swelled not reduced when the hard times come. There are many who have contended that this country would be better off if our great industrial concerns had never materialized, claiming that thousands of small independent concerns would be better than the single establishment of colossal proportions. No universal agree- ment with the program indicated by Mr. Jonson can, therefore, be hoped for, even if the fundamental law of economics above indi- cated be brought into question.

As I see it, the periodic recurrence of hard times, of business depression and uncmployment should be accepted, for the present at least, as inevitable and particular thought should be directed to the problem of mitigating distress and suffering in such periods Being impossible, without overstocking of markets, to put the un: employed masses at work on the production of food, clothing, she! ter, machinery, and the thousands of other things that the ration demands at present standards of living, there must, then, be occu: pation found in non-productive fields—if this term be permitted �[Page 133]In other words instead of decreasing public activities they should be increased. More should be done for the progress of civilization, more in the cultural field. That we are already spending one dollar out of every eight or ten for government purposes should not be alarming because this expenditure speeds up the flow of moncy. It is frequently stated that each dollar thus started, be it for any purpose whatsoever, even for the army or navy, so long as it is ex- pended at home, will make from $30 to $50 worth of retail business ina year. If this be true this volume of business will certainly yield sufficient profit to spare the dollar over again in taxes in the course of a year.

But now we ate in trouble. More government activity, partici- pation at the expense of the taxpayer in the construction of monu- ments, of museums, of public works, and in the subsidizing of in- stitutions for scientific research, for art and for opera costs money and implies materially higher taxes. Higher taxes would, of course, be all right if they could be equitably collected, if only those who ate able were called upon to contribute to the cost of government. i: seems fundamental that every one who in the course of a year receives a salary, a wage or a gift of money should contribute a portion thereof, either as it comes into his pocket or as it goes out, toward the cost of government.

But we are told that it would be unpopular to make the income tax universal or to introduce a general sales tax. This is no doubt true and will remain true so long as the masses are kept in ignor- ance of the fact that the ultimate consumer is now paying on ac- count of taxes in every putchase which he makes far more than the government would take from him by a direct tax. In what he pays tor butter and eggs, for bread, for clothing, for rent, for hardware, tor books and musical instruments, and for the hundreds of other things that he buys for his comfort, his health and his recreation, there is concealed the tax which the dairyman pays on his land and his cattle, the tax which his grocer pays in ‘is rent and for the privilege of doing business and on his stock, the tax which his bill tor light carries, the taxes paid by the:manufacturers of shoes and cothing, the taxes paid by the transportation companies and so on. �[Page 134]m4 WORLD UNITY MAGAZINE

Not only this but in many cases these taxes are not merely passed on te the ultimate consumer, but being part of the cost of dome business, profits are added and it is probably safe to say that duc to the concealed sales tax the ultimate consumer actually pays more than twice as much as the government would call for by a system of direct taxation.

In view of the prospect for a continuance of the business de- pression, in view of the fact that there is a clamor from one end of the country to the other to cut down taxes and to reduce the cost of government by discharging emploves. thus making a bad matter worse, is it not timely that attention should be focused upon tax reform? Is it not timely to give thought to the urgent need of increasing, not decreasing the number of people in service for the municipal, the country, the state, and the federal governments’ Private capital is timid. It moves but sluggishly when a depression is on, when prices are falling. At such times governments should do their utmost to speed up, not to slow up, the circulation of mofiey. ...

No politician will venture to express such thoughts. It is, therefore, all the more desirable that free discussion of these mat- ters in such journals as Wor/d Unity should be permitted and encouraged.

C. E. Leavers New York City

1 wish I were in a better position to comment upon the article by Mr. Jonson. It seems to me that his principle in regard to moral aspects of unemployment does give recognition to the central phil: osophy of social group force rather than upon any organizational attempt. This is the same principle it seems to me, that we have learned through the recent develo inents in the League of Nations. It points a way that will less likely create waste and ill feeling than the methods of compulsion, organization, political pressure, etc. �[Page 135]CORRESPONDENCE 13,5

ARTHUR Powrtte DAvis Ouwkland, Calif.

The most encouraging feature of the present depression, as wompared with those which have been experienced in the past, is the more complete recognition, by educated people, of the exist- ence and the importance of the problem, and the imperative neces- sity of finding the cure for the present, and the preventative for future recurrences of these paroxysms of industrial depressions.

The striking patadox of wide-spread want, deprivation and suffering on the one hand, with an abundance of all the good things that men need, far beyond the capacity of average markets, shows a man-made condition that calls loudly for remedy. If nature were at fault there would be a scarcity of food, clothing and other human necessities, but instead, we have an apparent surplus of all those things which are needed by the persons suffering therefor. . .

No wealth of any kind can be produced, except from land, which is strictly limited in quantity and can be neither produced nor destroyed. By permitting the exploitation of land values by private parties, we encourage the speculation in land that boosts its price beyond the economic limit and the price charged continues itlating this value until the bubble bursts and we have the collapse se now experience. The two essential elements of production, are bor and land, upon which the labor depends for its employment.

The presence and the necessities of man, create a demand tor ind upon which he may exert his efforts in the production of “calth needed for his sustenance. This demand creates a value which is Known as ground rent and which because the supply is umuited, tends to grow as men increase in number and thus increase the demand for land. The capitalized ground rent thus has a tend- ency to increase, and the hope of realizing the profits from this increase, leads to speculation and the holding of much land in our cities at speculative prices, in the hope of future increase. This is . niatter of common knowledge and tends to increase the ground cnt on all lands, both those in use and those held vacant. . .

The rental and selling value of land, including all natural �[Page 136]13) WORLD UNITY MAGAZINE

operations, are not the result of individual effort upon that land. They are the result of the presence and the needs of the community as a whoie. They, therefore, belong justly to the community and not to any individual. To allow individuals to collect ground rent and apply it tu their private benefit, is to deprive the community of its natural product and its means of paying community expenses. To pay these, we have recourse to a multitude of tariffs, excises and taxes of innumerable kinds, all of which are paid out of the product of labor in addition to the payments demanded by the land owner. Most of these taxes have other objections, being inquisitorial and extremely harassing, besides being an intolerable burden upon in. dustry. Most of such taxes are attached, with a profit, to the price of the articles produced and are thus passed on to the consumer, passing through many hands, with the necessary profit attached at each turnover, which produce burdens far beyond the revenues ac- tually received by the community, and these become so onerous that they probably, on the average, now double the cost of everything we consume. This of course, reduces the purchasing power of wages by a similar amount and thus has a direct effect of limiting markets. No wonder the average laborer soon becomes unable to pay the cost of the things he needs and which he, and his fellows, with the aid of capital, have produced. Immediately and directly, we have the paradox of an apparent over production, existing alongside the wide-spread want of the things produced.

The obvious remedy, is that these enormous values, produced by the present growth and activity of the community as a whole, be taken for the public expenses for the community which produces them, and thus remove the incentive to hold land out of use. This will enable us to abolish practically all taxes as they now exist and literally and completely untax industry.

By making it unprofitable to hold land for speculation, it would open all natural opportunities for the application of labo: and capital in production and completely remove the problem o! unemployment. It would re-establish and place on a higher anc juster plane, the rights of property, which are being undermine? by our present system. The annual value of land produced by the �[Page 137]CORRFSPON DENCE iy7

community would go to the community which produces it. and the labor and capital would be secured in the possession and enjoy- ment of the wealth which they jointly produce.

Herpirt ELWELL Cle l c land Hk ie Des, Ohta

Jonson's article, “Moral Aspects of Unemployment,” ofters a solution to the present crisis which, to anyone who has the sate: vuirding of culture at heart, must appear not only sound but cx- tremely desireable, especially when we recall that the ancient craft guids were instrumental in promoting and sustaining one of the most florishing periods of art history. After following the simple aic With which he develops his approach to the problem, it is ditieult to be content with anything less than immediate action.

It it appears an almost superhuman task to bring about the organization of industry Mr. Jonson suggests, it is already a step in advance if individuals become articulate on the subject and sce Jearly the direction in which initiative may be most effectively exerted, Jonson has pointed the way and outlined the conditions.

The question might be raised, of course, whether a national movement in the direction he suggests would -be sufficient. The naing of prices, restriction of production, etc., might be accomp- used at home, but what of foreign nations underselling our in- Justries? Would it not undermine the whole scheme? Must it not be an international affair?

Would that the League of Nations might some day be strong couch to put the idea across and make it a world-wide principle. �[Page 138]ROUND TABLE

The publication of Nicholas Murray Butler’s Annual Report as Director of the Division of Intercourse and Education, Carnegie Endowment, has rightly been regarded by the press as a matter of important news. “The kev to unlock the door of the possible, DE. Butler states, “is in the hands of public opinion, and it is only by public opinion’s quick usc of this key that the steadily approachi: ng calamities with their untold burden of woe are to be forestalled.” With this remark we can place the statement made by Newton D. Baker in Washington last March: ‘Continuous adult education 1s the only answer that affords even the prospect of safety.”

Under the growing conviction that conditions are headed in the direction of crisis, each reader of World Unity can help by pass: ing his copy when read to some friend. Here, in the most conven: ient form, exists the means for that “continuous adult education” in public affairs which has not yet been properly organized on the scale humanity needs today.

Not since George H. E. Smith wrote “The Twilight of the American Peace Movement” in World Unity tor August, has any article brought forth the response we have received from Eras Jonson's “Moral Aspects of Unemployment” published two months ago. The Correspondence published in the present issue contains only brief excerpts from many letters on hand when the magazine went to press. Mr. Jonson is studying the points of view expressec by the writers, and promises another article on the subject at ar early date.

We trust that readers will give due consideration to the state ment made by Paul Hinner this month, that the yeat 1917 marke. the end of the Christian era. Those who have followed his serie on “The Path of History” carefully will appreciate the fact th. Mr. Hinner is reterring to one particular historical emphasis o: truth, and not to the permanent values in Jesus’ teaching.

158 �[Page 139]A correspondent quoted last month in this depertment raised 4 question which another correspondent now deals with: “My eight veur old son looks up into my face after the family storm has allaved aod asks me, Mother, why can't daddy make any money so we can keep our home?” To me it ts war already for TP cannot make him understand .... These things do something to ovr voung that ts worse than what clean death does to a nation in a war.... The older groups can understand world conditions, but not the little child.” .

It is gratitying to record here the fact that Russell M. Cooper, whose articles on “The American Peace Movement” have been so interesting and helpful a feature of World Unity since November, will spend part of the coming year in Geneva under a Fellowship enabling him to study international attairs. Amy Woods, Vice- chairman, United States Section of Women’s International League tor Peace and Freedom, who wrote on the “Cecil Disarmament Conference” in the February issue, has been appointed press repre- sentative for World U bi at the important conferences to be nerd int | urope throughout 1932

It is a privilege to ublish this month Norman Bentwich’s ar- ticle on the Hebrew University, Jerusalem. As the author emphe- sizes, there are many teasons why this center of learning may evolve international influence beyond the scope of older and larger uni- versities located in strongly nationalistic states. Perhaps we are witnessing the rise of an influence similar to that possessed by Luropean colleges in medieval times, when education was pre- sominantly international within the circle of European culture

Announcements of special interest are that within a few months It eid Unity will issue a special Far East number, containing im- portant articles on China, India and Japan; and that details are being vorked out for a symposium by scientists and engineers, under tue editorship of T. swann Harding, on the subject of “The Sub- stunce of World Cooperation.” �[Page 140]YOUR RIGHT TO NEWS OF WORLD AFFAIRS

In spite of the mse of newspaper syndicates and chains; in spite of radio and every other means of universal communication, the people in all civilized countries—outside of a very few great cities—have little of no access to news of world attairs.

Sensational incidents—wars and revolutions, crime and the more obvious labor troubles—-yes, these find their way into headlines of the smallese dailies and weeklies; but when matters come to the point ot sensational incident they are already beyond control by the rational in- telligence.

Every adult living in this age of social upheaval and transformation must either claim his right to news of world atfairs, or be prepared to suffer as the helpless victim of uncontrollable events.

Knowledge of general trends, of underlying causes, of the forces making on the one hand for chaos and crisis, on the other hand for world order and peace—this knowledge is the supreme concern of conscious minds seeking to live above the level of earth-bound peasants swept by flood and famine, crushed by the burden of interminable conflict.

World Unity Magazine las become the recognized source of world news-—-not journalistic reports of physical events but impartial interpre tations of the world movement in its moral and intellectual reality. 1: records the rise of a new spirit among men. It marks progress and accom: plishment in the sphere of mind and heart.

Careful consideration of the contents of any issue of World Unity will convince you that here, at last, is an intimate contact with the constructive forces ot this age. Those who read World Unity—whether they reside in city, town or village—have a mental domain shared by leaders ct humanity.

A complimentary copy: will be sent you on request.

WORLD UNITY MAGAZINE

4 East 12TH STREET NEw York �[Page 141]“EDUCATION ann CHANGING SOCIETY”

will be the general theme of

the SIXTH WORLD CONFERENCE of the

New EptucatTion FELLOWSHIP at

NICE, FRANCE Juty 29TH - AUGUST 12TH

1932

A pre-Conference Study-Tour of International Progressive Education, including forty days in Exgland, Belgium, Germany and Switzerland, en route to Nice, and a sojourn at the new school of international studies in the 16th Century Cass//e of Si feneichen, near Meissen, Saxony, will be conducted by the Chicago Committee for the Nice Conterence. (Total cost, $500). Educators and teachers interested in visiting Europe tor observing education for the developing international mind ire invited to communicate with

BRENT Dow ALLINSON, Secretary

RAVINIA : ILLINOIS �[Page 142]THE MODERN THINKER

What is happening in contemporary thought?) What are the great minds of our age saying about philosophy. psychology. art, religion, history? Today the thinking individual must be aware of the pulse and tempo of the world; he must be closely in touch with the leaders of thought and activity; he must be able to weigh the events of the present, relate them to the

happenings of the past, and inter what the future may bring.

In the pages of THE MODERN THINKER you will find such men as John Dewey, Norman Thomas, Oswald Spengler, Harry A. Overstreet, Havelock Ellis, Romain Rolland, Sigmund Freud.

Bertrand Russell.

Special Offer: For a limited time only, new readers of THE MODERN THINKER may subscribe at the special rate of FIVE MONTHS FOR ONE DOLLAR or ONE YEAR FOR TWO DOLLARS Just pin a bill, check or money order to this blank and mail to:

CONTEMPORARY LITERARY PUBLICATIONS 33 West 42Npb STREDT New York, N. Y

142 �[Page 143]CREATIVE EXPRESSION

Creative Expression through Art, Music, Literature, Dramatics

These four valuable previous issues of PROGRESSIVE EDUCATION now re-edited by Gertrude Hartman and Ann Shumaker, and reprinted

in one volme by the John Day Company. » oe - Kitty-seven articles by leaders in their respective fields. One hundred and sixty-seven illustrations and drawings. Fifty-three drawings in color.

One hundred and twenty-eight examples of children’s work. >

The edition is handsomely and durably bound—a permanent library book

tor continuous reference.

LIMITED EDITION PRICE -$5.00 PER COPY

PROGRESSIVE EDUCATION ASSOCIATION “16 Jackson Place Dept. L Washington, D, C.

a RNID Pc oath fcdsi ition ticivtrrsr Enclosed is my check for 6............ ww for which send me one copy (one COPIES) Of CREATIVE EXPRESSION. PRU PMRE AG Wh veces) eec nite csvotansvsvivsesisvvesctaae ey.

�[Page 144]ORDER BLANK

“It has been very encouraging to sce the warm reception which Wortp Unity has received and to note its constant progress. There was room for a magazine which should devote itself to a non-partisan discussion of the intellectual and moral aspects of world cooperation and international movements, and Word UNity has met this nced in a most sarisfactory manner."—John Dewey.

Worip UNITY

4 East 12TH STREET ‘ New York City

I enclose $ for which kindly enter my order for the items checked below.

C) WORLD UNITY MAGAZINE. Annual subscription, $2 50. $2.00 to Libraries, Educational and Religious Institutions.

O A WORLD COMMUNITY, by John Herman Randall, $2.00 Book and annual subscription to World Unity, $4.00.

[(] NATIONALISM AND INTERNATIONALISM, by Herbert Adams Gibbons, $2.00. Book and annual subscription to World Unity. $4.00.

1 SEVEN GREAT BIBLES, by Alfred W. Martin, $2.00. Book and annual subscription to Worla Unity, $4.00.

(1) EDUCATION FOR HUMAN BROTHERHOOD, by Rufus M. Jones, 16-page reprint, $0.05 per copy. (Rate quoted for larger quantity on request.)

CO) FOUNDATIONS OF WORLD UNITY, selections from the ad-

dresses of ‘Abdu'l-Baha in America, $0.75. Book and annual subscription to World Unity, $3.00.

(1) BUILDING UP THE INTERNATIONAL MIND, by Harry Allen Overstreet, 16-page reprint. $0.05 per copy. (Rate quoted for larger quantity on request.)

(1) READING LIST OF CURRENT BOOKS ON WORLD UNITY, $0.05 per copy. (Rate quoted tor larger quantity on request.)

Name...

Address... _. Tab welolen Pati ices j �