World Unity/Volume 10/Issue 4/Text

[Page 217]

WORLD UNITY

INTERPRETING THE SPIRIT OF THE AGE

JOHN HERMAN RANDALL, Editor Horaceé HOucey, Managing Editor

CONTENTS

Vol. X July, 1932 "No. 4 Charles Evans Hughes © Frontispiece Statesmanship Needed Editorial

The Case for War Robert C. Stevenson Report of Committee on Economic Sanctions

A Moral Order Exact As the Physical Order Hugh McCurdy Woodward

Orient and Occident: The Economic Problem Hans Kohn Oriental Epoch of Passive Individualism Paul Hinner This Praying World—A mcerica John William Kitching What is Peace Education? Frank Walser The Adequate Wage Ernst Jonson Latin American Student Opinion Philip Leonard Green The Meeting Point Royal W. France The Dawn of Peace *Abdu’l-Baha Round Table

Word UNITY MAGAZINE is published by Wortp Unity PuBLisHiNG CorPora- TION, 4 East 12th Street, New York City: Mary Rumsey Movius, president; Horace HOLLEY, vice-president; FLORENCE MORTON, treasurer; JOHN HERMAN RANDALL, secretary. Published monthly, 25 cents a ac $2.50 a year in the United States and in all other countries (postage included). THe Wortp UNity PUBLISHING CORPORATION and its editors welcome correspondence on articles related to the aims and purposes of the magazine. Printed in U. S. A. Contents copyrighted 1932 by WorLD UNIty PUBLISHING CORPORATION. �[Page 218]

CHARLES EVANS HUGHES Portrait by F. Soulé Campbell

�[Page 219]STATESMANSHIP NEEDED

LIEN

EDITORIAL

OTHING reveals more clearly the cross purposes between politics and economics than does the Lausanne Conference which convened June 16th. From the political viewpoint, alone, nothing much can be expected in the settle- ment of the questions at issue. Germany has stated frankly her ultimatum—that she is not able to continue paying reparations, and she has authority of the Basle International Commission to justify her position. But the policy of France up-to-date has been just as determined that Germany must be forced to pay. Quite re- gardless of the economic realities, it is political motives both open- ly and behind the scenes that will present the great obstacle to any rational settlement.

It was desired by the European governments that Washington send a delegation to Lausanne to consider both reparations and all other issues bearing on the economic ills of the world. Washington, however, did not accept the invitation, taking the fime honored ground that the settlement of reparations was a purely European matter. But the pressure of economic realities has led London to take the lead in inviting the United States to an economic conter- ence, to be held at Lausanne immediately following the reparation conference. Washington was wary that this might involve us in the debt question and insisted it be held in London, and present indications are that there will be such a London mecting, which will be called the second part of the Lausanne Conference.

But here is the curious thing. An official statement says that the proposed London meeting “would have nothing to do with war debts, reparations, disarmament or any other than purely eco- 219

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nomic questions.” Another reason given is that the conference is to handle ‘only economic questions.”

So the position of the United States is that we are willing to attend ‘a purely economic conference” on the condition that it does not mention war debts, reparations and tariffs. One official reason is that they are not economic problems; our real reason is that for political reasons our government does not wish to take up those matters at this time. And this in face of the fact that all economists and a steadily increasing number of our foremost finan- ciers, bankers, industrialists and men of affairs have gone on record in unmistakeable terms, to the effect that the greatest obstacles stand- ing in the way of economic recovery, are war debts, reparations and high tariffs. It is self-evident that if the London Conference is to amount to anything, it must discuss these issues. Granted that these questions are badly entangled with politics, it still remains true that they are of the very essence of the economic problems that must be solved before we can expect any world recovery.

As Edwin L. James has said, ‘The truth of the matter is that the whole scheme of reparations and war debts, to be paid in bil: lions for decades, has broken down. The real question relates to how and when the sorry mess is to be cleaned up. It may be at London, it may be later. It must be done somewhere and somehow.

. The imponderables of the situation with a force that is merci- less for politicians and their shibboleths, is bringing the world steadily closer to a showdown on war debts. In this development the operation of putting the situation up to the United States begins to oappean approaching with inevitable sureness.”

country holds the strategic position and should take the lead in removing these formidable obstacles to recovery. But as long as Washington holds that war debts, reparations and taritts have no place at an economic conference, what hope is there?

The chief need of this country today is statesmanship of 4 higher order and broader vision than has as yet been apparent.

J-H.R. �[Page 221]Se

1HE CASE FOR WAR by Rosert C. STEVENSON

Department of Social Souwnce, University. f ldako

INCE the World War the ideal of international peace has been dominant. The multifarious international activities of the League of Nations, the repeated conterences looking to- ward limitation of armaments, the Permanent Court of In- ternational Justice and the increasingly numerous and unreserved agreements to submit disputes to arbitration, the Kellogg Treaty of War renunciation, and Briand’s proposal for a European Union— all witness to the general desire to prevent armed conflicts between nations. Perhaps many despair of jcrmanently securing world peace, but few doubt its desirability. That war should deliberately be approved by thoughtful men as a mode of international inter- course seems incomprehensible today. Its glorification seems the work of mad men. The propaganda of the World War produced the impression, in America at least, that deprecation of peace as an ideal was confined to thinkers of the militaristic Central Powers, typified by the Germans, Treitschke, Nietzsche, and Bernardi. Such was not the case, however. War was seriously defended as a part of the social order by men of many nationalities. Thoroughgoing apologists for war were few in numbers, few in all countries, but they were to be found in England, France, and even the United States, as well as in Germany and Austria-Hungary.

The opinions of the apologists for war are worth examining. Intrinsically they merit attention. If war plays a necessary or useful role in social development, it is important to inquire wiether un- interrupted peace ‘would be entirely adequate. Apart from their

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bearing upon the validity of the peace ideal, pro-war views arc also interesting as an illustration of the nature and development ot social theorv. The justification of war well exhibits the relation of a controversial theory to its antithesis, and also the way in which every possible line of thought is exploited to support the desired conclusion, irrespective of its proper significance.

It must be understood that the case for war is distinct from justification of a particular war and from the general justification of defensive war. The typical explanation of a nation which has resorted to war is that it was attacked or its rights were forcibly violated by another nation, or that such a situation was imminently threatened and that the only safety lay in armed defense. Each party normally alleges that its resort to arms was defensive. Such an explanation is obviously one-sided, and in strict logic such a justification could apply to only one party, its opponent necessarily being the aggressor. The general argument which justifies defen- " sive war—that it is right to resist unrighteous force with force---is similarly partial. Only the party on the defensive is in the right: one party is necessarily the aggressor; and the blame for all the loss and suffering of the war rests upon the guilty party. Such an argu- ment is not defense of war; it is the exculpation of one of the par- ties, and is entirely consistent with adherence to a pacific ideal. The case for war is not concerned with averting from either side the blame for war; it approves war, either in itself or as a necessary and beneficial element of social adjustment.

It is significant that such a thoroughgoing justification of war scarcely appears before the nineteenth century. Not until a pacifistic ideal and program appeared which threatened to attract consider- able approval did the institution of war become the object of theo- retical justification and emotional glorification. Although condem- nation of war has existed since the early Christians, until recently it has been of practically no influence. Objection to war has been upon religious and moral grounds, but the dominant religious or- ganizations—the Roman Catholic Church, and since their rise, the major Protestant bodies—have consistently sanctioned war under appropriate conditions. The pacifist program has consisted of the

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° @ exhortation individually to abstain from war, on the ground that violence is an evil of such magnitude as to outweigh every possible good which it might secure, even justice. This proposition the bulk of men have always rejected. They have supported, rather, the moderate view that the evils of war, great as they are, are yet pre- terable to loss of national independence or territory by conquest, ot to the sacrifice of the honor or vital interests of the state. This position, which justifies defensive war, is still generally held and 1s institutionalized in the military forces of the various states. With the development, however, of a pacifist doctrine which sought means of securing peace consistent with justice and without de- manding that men abstain from war under every condition, the one-sided argument which could justify war merely for whichever purty was in the right ceased to be an adequate response to pacifism, and a radical militarism developed, capable of justifying war irre-

spective of its use to secure justice.

The less radi¢al but more persuasive pacifism which proposed the securing of just peace through international organization found “ccasional proponents from as early as the fourteenth century. But not until the nineteenth century did it give sufficient promise of suiluence to evoke a positive justification of war. That such an iJeal first prospered in the nineteenth century is to be attributed both to the intellectual milieu and to the actual international situa- tion. The idea of progress—that human conditions are not static ut that men may deliberately create institutions better sutcd’to

romote their happiness—which emerged in the Enlightenment of

“ccighteenth century, was congenial to such proposals. Of greater ‘portance was the increasing interdependence of nations resulting trom the division of labor on a larger scale in consequence of new micthods of production and transportation, and the consequent <rowth of varied international relationships, made possible by the inventions and new tecliniques in communication. The develop: scat Of numerous public and private international organizations cfleched the mulfiplication of human interests which overstepped national boundaries, and suggested that still otheg interests, includ- ig even that in national security, might be administered and pro- �[Page 224]224 WORLD UNITY MAGAZINB

tected by international agencies. With the ideal of peace throug: international organization being given plausibility by the mecting of international conferences for pacific purposes, by the practice of arbitration, and the development of international law, it is not surprising that radical justification of the established institution of war appeared.

Such justification counters the pacifist indictment of war by minimizing or even completely denying its horrors, by presenting suffering as glorious and conflict as ennobling. The pacifist’s «s sertion that justice among men may be approximated better by the political process than by periodical contests of arms in the wor! sphere just as within the nation, the militarist opposes by magnit; ing the national interests which war protects or promotes or even by viewing them in a mystical way as being of transcendent im: portance.

i

Much that is commonly accepted as unconditional justification of war is logically inadequate. The pacifist’s condemnation of wat has received many answers which serve to lighten the picture rather than to show that war is actually good. Such mitigating considera: tions have been advanced not only by those who radically justity war on other grounds but by nationalists supporting military pre paredness, especially, of course, in times of crisis.

The costs of war are minimized in various ways. For example. the annual military and naval expenses of a national are compared with its national income and with particular expenditures, as tor liquor, tobacco, entertainment, or fire and theft insurance, in order to show that the costs of military preparation are not as high as often supposed. A favorite device is to represent the cost of pre- paredness as no more than a reasonable “premium” upon the “na- tional insurance” which armaments provide—another illustration of the tendency toward a one-sided view in which war appears as always defensive. The annual financial cost of the wars of a nation, when averaged over the intervening years of peace, is shown to be small in comparison with income and expenditures in the same �[Page 225]THE CASE FOR WAR ioe 5

tushion, Similarly, the human costs are minimized by comparison with the toll of industrial accidents.

Military training and peace-time preparation for war have etcat values, it is claimed. Military training is of genuine educa- tional value due to its inculcation of discipline and obedience, punctuality and teamplay, and the Icssons in personal hygiene and sinitation which it teaches. Universal service broadens the horizons of many who would otherwise be condemned to the provincialism of their own localities. War and preparation for war quicken men's ingenuity, stimulate invention and scientific research, and promote industrial expansion. The development of steel and high explo- sives, of precision instruments, of air craft, of medicine, surgery, and chemistry—all have been advanced under the stress of military competition. Society has benefited historically through the con- struction of military roads and more recently of canals and railroads tor the same purpose. Army engineers and medical services have rendered valuable service in time of peace. These benefits are con- tessedly incidental, nor is it claimed that each desirable end could not have been achieved at least as well and more economically if it has been sougit directly. Historically indeed, the motive of mil- itary necessity may have produced important incidental advantages «lich would not otherwise have appeared; but today scientific re- scarch, engineering, the construction of public works, and educa- ton are intensively cultivated without the military motive.

Attempts have been made to show an historical corrclation be- tecen war and the flourishing of culture. The climax of Greek vilization, it is pointed out, occurred in the epoch of the Pelopon- nesiin War; Rome's Augustan age followed the civil wars; culture towered in Germany after the Thirty Years’ War, and in France under Louis XIV after the Wars of Religion. John Ruskin de- veloped the thesis that “all the p tre and noble arts of peace are tounded on war; no great art ever yet rose on carth, but among a nation of soldiers.”

The common notion [he said] that peace and the virtues ef civil life flourished together, I found to be wholly untenable. Peace aid the vices of civil life only flourish together. We talk of peace �[Page 226]226 WORLD UNITY MAGAZINE

and learning, and of peace and plenty, and of peace and civiliza. tion; but I found that those were not the words which the Muse of History coupled together: that on her lips, the words were—peace and sensuality, peace and selfishness, peace and corruption, peace and death. I found, in brief, that all great nations learned their truth of word, and strength of thought, in war; that they were nour- ished in war, and wasted in peace; taught by war, and deceived by peace; trained by war, and betrayed by peace; in a word, that they were born in war, and expired in peace.

Those who hold this view advance sufficient evidence to show that the assertions of pacifists concerning war's blighting effects upon culture cannot be accepted without qualification, but at most their evidence shows a coincidence of warfareand culture in the same period, not a cause to effect relation. It would be at least as plaus- ible to suppose that military vigor and achievement in art, literature, and other intellectual fields are diverse expressions of some undcr- lying energy or stimulation, as to hold that culture is a consequence of war. The cultural achievements in the smaller countries, the Scandinavian, Holland, and Switzerland, during the nineteenth century indicates that war and culture are not inevitably conjoined. War has been lauded also as an important influence in the dissem- ination of culture. Hellenism was extended by the conquests ot Alexander and Christianity by the campaigns of Charlemagne, tor example. This function of war is now principally of historical inv portance, however. Today war tends to cut off a nation trom foreign influences at least as much as the reverse; while in peacc the contacts of travel and commerce, the interchange of books an: periodicals and of students, the mectings of international associ. tions proceed in increasing measure.

Condemnation of war on moral grounds is controverted bi the defenders of war. The battlefield is portrayed as the theatre o: the highest morality, where selfishness is uprooted and union and discipline are inculcated. If permanent peace should be realized. “where then would be the steeps of life?” inquires William James Militarism is the great preserver of our ideals of hardi-hood, and human life with no use for hardi-hood would be contemptible. �[Page 227]THB CASE FOR WAR 227

Resolution, courage, endurance, obedience, comradeship, heroism, sclf-sacrifice—such are the virtues said to be evoked in peculiar measure by war.

“Except for war there would be no heroism. Discipline, au- thority, obedience have been cradled upon the great battlefields. In war have been born virtue and the heroic spirit. The virtues of war are the se gaa non of lite and the daily bread of human nature.”

“The noblest virtues of man are developed in war: courage ind renunciation, fidelity to duty and the spirit of sacrifice; the soldier gives even his life. Without war the world would stagnate and perish in materialism.’"”

“We have learned to perceive the moral majesty of war through the very processes which to the superficial observer seem brutal and inhuman. The greatness of war is just what at first sight seems to be its horror—that for the sake of their country men will overcome the natural feelings of humanity, that they will slaughter their fellow-men who have done them no injury, nay, whom they perhaps respect as chivalrous foes. Man will not only sacrifice his life, but the natural and justified instincts of his soul; * * * When we pursue this thought further we see how war with all its brutality and sternness, weaves a bond of love between man and man, linking them together to face death, and causing all class distinctions to disappear.’

That the sterner virtues find expression in war is readily ap- parent, but that war should stimulate the converse qualities of hu- man brotherhood appears so paradoxical that it is often especially emphasized. While pacifists stress the cruelty and brutality of war «s between combatants and the hate which animates civiliaft popu- tions, defenders of war point to the drawing together within each nition, the weakening of class lines, the willingness of all to be of service in a common cause, and, above all, to the idealism and self- suctifice of those who offer their lives for their country. It is this quality of self-sacrifice which permits reconciliation of war with

\ von Boguslawsky. Hiclmuth KR. B. von Moltke, lie nrich von Treitschke. �[Page 228]218 WORLD UNITY MAGAZINE

Christianity. As an example of such a reconciliation the following is quoted from a sermon in defense of war by the Reverend Janis B. Mozley before the University of Oxford in 1871.

“There is one side indeed of the moral character of war in special harmony with the Christian type—-I refer to the spirit of sacrifice which is inherent in the very idea of the individual en- countering death for the sake of the body to which he belongs. There is a mediatorial function which pervades the whole dispen- sation of God’s natural providence, by which men have to suffer for each other. * * * And it is this serious and sacred function which consecrates war. Without it, indeed, what would war be but carnage? With it, war displays in spite of its terrible features, a solemn morality.”

It is true that many admirable qualities are displayed i in war. Nor are they only those of the sterner sort, for in time of crisis solidarity is increased within the national group and the sympa: thetic virtues play an important role. External separation is accom: panied by unification within. Here, again, however, as in the case of the coincidence of war and culture, the cause and effect relation is uncertain. War undoubtedly evokes desirable moral qualities (as well as others less desirable), but that does not prove that it creates them, or that they would not be present in society were it not for their occasional stimulation in war. The decline of morale as war progresses, which finally compels governments to accept terms which were unacceptable carlier, and the disillusionment and cynicism which follow serious wars, suggest that war consumes virtues rather than creates them. The eventuai decline of warlike nations would bear the same interpretation. While the vigor shown by Japan after its reformation in the nineteenth century following nearly three centuries of peace shows that even the capacity tor war does not atrophy in peace.

(Tu be comtinucd) �[Page 229]THE REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON ECONOMIC SANCTIONS

HE Committee* on Economic Sanctions, organized in Sep-

tember, 1931, on the invitation of the Trustees of the Twen-

tieth Century Fund, submits the following report on the

possible use of :neasures of non-intercourse by the nations of the world in the avoidance or suppression of hostilities. . .

The Pact of Paris, which is sometimes referred to as the Kel- logg-Briand Treaty, pledges some sixty nations of the world to renounce war as an instrument of national policy. Following its renunciation of war, the Pact of Paris expressly stipulates that the settlement or solution of all disputes or conflicts of whatever nature or of whatever origin they may have which may arise among the high contracting parties shall never be sought except by pacific means. This solemn and epoch-marking engagement puts an end to international war forever, provided each one of the governments signatory thereto keeps its word. It surely is not to be lightly as- sumed that any signatory power will break its word solemnly given in a matter of such great importance.

So much having been said, however, one crucial question re- mains, namely: What shall be the attitude and the policy of the other powers signatory to the Pact of Paris, if one or more of their number, failing to conform to the pledge given in the Pact, do bevin or threaten hostilities?

The Committee on Economic Sanctions is of opinion that the time has now fully come for the powers signatory to the Pact of Paris to declare, in answer to this question, what, under such cir- cumstances, will be their policy.

• “ holas Murray Butler, Chairman; Joseph P. Chamberlain; William IL. Crocker; John Foster Dulles;

sous R. Eastman; Alonson &B, Houghts m: Edward N, Hurley; James D. Mooney; Harold J. Moul- ‘ th jton Smith; Silas Strawn.

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In the present state of world opinion, it is highly probable that no people whose government is signatory to the Pact of Paris will desire the use of their government's military and naval forces in tlic settlement of international quarrels arising elsewhere in the world. Nevertheless, a chait amd de Osite violation of the pledges given in the Pact of Paris, may easily lead to another world-wide armed con flict, this time finally and fatally disastrous in its effects.

The Committee accordingly suggests that the signatories o| the Pact of Paris should enter into an appropriate protocol or agreement supplemental to that Pact whereby they will engage themselves, in the event of hostilities, actual or threatened,-prompt: ly to consult together with a view to determine upon measures oi non-intercourse which would be appropriate to prevent the threat. ened breach of the Pact, or if it could not be prevented, to end hostilities and to restore the status existing prior to the breach.

Among the measures of non-intercourse which could be ap- plied would be:

(1) Acessation of any shipment of arms or munitions or other absolute contraband;

(2) Such further economic sanctions and concerted measures. short of the use of force, as may be determined to be ap- propriate and practical under the circumstances of any given case.

In order to give an international basis for consultation and possible action along the foregoing lines, it is recommended that the Government of the United States, as an initiator of the Pact ot Paris, call a conference of the signatories of that Pact with a vicw to their adherence to a supplemental protocol or treaty which shall provide for such consultation and action as are here suggested.

The Committee submits these proposals in the firm conviction that such an international undertaking as is here urged upon the signatories of the Pact of Paris will promptly and powerfully ac vance the cause of international peace. �[Page 231]THE COMMON MESSAGE OF THE WORLD'S GREAT TEACHERS

by HucH McCurpy Woopw arp

Department of Philosophy of Education. Brigham Young University

A Morat Orpber As EXACT AS THE PHYSICAL ORDER = NOTHER striking similarity in the great philosophies is that they all assume a moral order in nature, a moral order as exacting and immutable as the physical order. In fact, the ethical program proposed by each of these great teachers rests squarely on the idea that a moral order is a fact of nature. All these philosophies assume that a moral order is fixed upon man by the very nature of the characteristics which inhere in his being.

By the moral order we mean that there exists in nature a uni-

rmity or cause and effect relationship which extends to and con- ccrns all of man’s characteristics, thoughts, acts and experiences as hey relate to his ultimate welfare and development or to his detri- vont. It means that the elements and characteristics which make up on organized intelligence are so related to one another and to other srcnomena in nature that their exercise or lack of exercise are fol- wed by definite results to the individual, Among the character- istics Which constitute man a part of the moral order are: conscious- wess of self and of other selves, ability to acquire knowledge, wareness of relationships between self and other phenomena, ab- ‘tract reason, independent choice, conscience and will.

What the law of the conservation of energy is to the physical world, the law of compensation is to the moral order. Emerson nukes a clear statement of the principle when he says: ‘This law ot compensation will not be balked of its ends in the smallest iota.

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It is in vain to build or plot or combine against it. Things refuse to be mismanaged long. If the government is cruel, the governor life is not safe. If you tax too high, the revenue will yield nothing.

. Has a man gained anything who has received a hundred favors and rendered none? The borrower runs in his own debt. A wise man will extend this lesson to all parts of life and know that it is the part of prudence to face every claimant and pay every just de- mand on your time, your talents, and your heart... . Always pay. for, first or last, you must pay your entire debt. Persons and events may stand for a time between you and justice, but it is only a post ponement. You must pay at last your own debt.”

The idea of a reign of law in nature running from the physica! plane to the moral plane together with the scientific method of ap proach 1s coming to constitute the dominant religion of our public school system. With these two concepts, the dependability of God in the laws of nature and the scientific method of approach once thoroughly inculcated into our religious and educational thought. much will be done to help man find the truth and give him courage to face the facts. From the building of machines to the building of character thev will constitute the foundatton of his theory and practice.

That there is an established order in nature seems quite com- monplace to the average thinker of today, but it has not always been so. Even today, to many, the order in nature applies only to the physical world. The concept of a moral order, however, grad. ually forces itself upon the minds of those who think the problem through. It is in the realm of ethics, morals, and character that the scientist of this century is likely to make his greatest contribution Until the teachers of the world realize that there is a moral order in nature as exact as the physical order, the business of character building will remain in the realm of uncertainty.

While this principle is slowly being recognized because ot development in all the social sciences, it was taught by the great teachers of the race centuries ago. From Hindu literature we read “The law of Karma is the counterpart in the moral world of the physical law of uniformity; the law of the conservation of mor. �[Page 233]WORLD'S GREAT TEACHERS 233

energy.” According to the principle of Karma there is nothing un- certain of capricious in the moral world. We reap what we sow. The good seeds bring a harvest of good, the evil of evil. Every ttle action has its effect on character.

Buddhism is equally explicit on this point: “One thing about this universe we do know, namely that it ‘s fundamentally moral. The Law of Karma, of strict retribution is the most fundamental law in it; and all other laws, chemical or physical, are bound to conform. ... According to the seed that’s sown, so is the fruit ye reap therefrom. Doer of good will gather good, doer of evil, evil reips. Sown is the seed and thou shalt taste the fruit thereof... . To the universal law of composition and dissolution men and gods torm no exception.”

Confucius makes much of this moral law in nature. He savs: ‘The ordinance of God is what we call the law of our being. To tulfll the law of our being is what we call the moral law. The moral law when reduced to a system is what we call religion. The moral law is a law from whose operation we cannot for one instant 1 our existence escape. A law from which we may escape is not the moral law. Every system of moral law must be based upon man’s Own consctousness. It must be verified by the common ex- perience of men. The life of the moral man is an exemplification of the universal moral order. The life of the vulgar person, on the other hand, is a contradiction of the universal moral order.”

With reference to the moral order as it relates to everyday ute, he said: “The moral law takes its rise in the relation between men and women; but in its utmost reaches it reigns supreme over heaven and earth. The moral law is not something away from the .tuality of human life. When men take up something away from ‘c actuality of human life as the moral law, that is not the moral

When a man carries out the principles of conscicntiousness

reciprocity he is not far from the moral law. What you do not

| others would do unto you, do not unto them.”

The relation which the moral order sustains to the physical

«tis set forth by Confucius in the following: “These moral

- torm one system with the law by which Heaven and Earth �[Page 234]234 WORLD UNITY MAGAZINE

support and contain, overshadow and canopy all things. ... It is this system of laws by which all created things are produced and develop themselves each in its order and system without injuri., one another; that the operation of nature takes course without con. flict or confusion. It is this—one system running through all— that makes the universe so impressively great.”

Zoroaster’s entire system is based upon this idea of a mori order in nature. Throughout nature there runs a constructive, cre- ative, and integrating principle. Morality is to keep in line with this constructive integrating principle. As stated in his teaching. the aim is ‘to raise God’s best and fairest work,-—man, to a level ot human perfection by good words, good thoughts, and good decd; to a plane where man discovers God within himself.

Again we have the idea reinforced and emphasized by Jesus. He says: “Do men gather grapes of thorns, or figs of thistles? Even so every good tree cannot bring forth evil fruit, neither can a cor. rupt tree bring forth good fruit. And he said unto them; Take heed w hat ve hear: with what measure ye mete it shall be measured to you.

No greater blessing can come to man than to acknoutled ge thi moral order and to have the courage to face its decrees, It is te uli ingness to acknouled ge the Law of Compensation and sii: one’s life to its demands that constitutes the very foundation « moral accountability, Man comes to recognize that God, throice mature, is a very efficient paymaster. He never short changes i. neither does He make the mistike of giving back more than we a: serve, By this principle one comes to know that the way to an. reward is through effort. He ceases to expect something for noth ing, or to think that he can be carried on the shoulders of others The recognition of this law is a sure cure for the worst of all mu. adies—self-pity, because in accepting it the individual learns t expect only that which he earns.

This idea of a moral order in nature assumes that man is mors because of certain characteristics which inhere in his very nature If it is true that man is a moral being instead of an unmoral cntit such as the rose or the bird, what are the characteristics which mah �[Page 235]THE WORLDS GREAT TEACHERS 235

him moral?

The fact that all moral individuals of developed or undevel- oped races hold themselves responsible for at least part of their own conduct is at the very center of the moral problem. These in- dividuals also hold others responsible for at least part of their conduct. .

The problem of why man is moral has been one of the major problems of philosophy through the ages. We raise the question again in this chapter because of its importance. Why does man hold his fellows responsible tor their acts but does not hold the animal responsible? No other characteristic in human nature can be more universally observed than the fact that man does hold him- self und other human beings responsible for his and their own acts. This characteristic is so universal that were it in most fields of science it would be looked upon as an established fact of nature.

All religions, all svstems of law, all al in society, assume that the individual's failure to comply with law places upon him the responsibility for that failure.

Now, just what are the characteristics which make a moral man moral but which are lacking in unmoral entities such as plants and animals? There must be something definite in man’s nature which makes for this universal tendency. Most students of ethics contend that the problem of personal responsibility for one’s own acts is at the heart of the problem. If we can discover the charac- teristics in the nature of men, in nature outside of man, and the r nce which cxists between the two that give man this tend-

to hold himself responsible, we shall be able to find the an-

-er to our problem: Why is man a moral being?

From the quotations cited in this chapter we see that these wrcat teachers assume that all nature including man is moving for- ward according to certain fixed and definite laws. They assume (ot nature or God moving along the line of constructive principles

constantly creating more complex and more perfect entities; that cpon certain fundamental laws these entities exist and move in the rection of their greatest possibilities; that as long as the entities, acther they be trees, fish, or men, move in the direction of the �[Page 236]236 WORLD UNITY MAGAZINE

constructive laws of their own natures, they are doing what nature ort God intends them to do.

It is for this reason that one school of thought, embracing tic fundamental principles of these philosophies and known in Amer ica as the Great School of Natural Science, defines morality as “Thc established harmonic relation which man as an individual intelli. gence sustains to the constructive principle of nature.” A bricter statement of the same thought is, “Morality is man’s established harmonic relation to the constructive principles of his own being.” Many other great teachers besides those discussed in this volume are in agreement with this definition of morality, i.e., Pythogoras, Socrates, Plato, Aristotle, Roger Bacon, Francis Bacon, and others.

If this is moral then immoral would be the failure on the part of the individual to establish a harmonic condition with the con- structive principle of his own best nature. All this assumes that there are certain principles which govern man’s physical health, certain principles upon which his aesthetic, moral, spiritual, and intellectual development depends. It also assumes that man hus certain capabilities and powers which enable him, if he properl uses them, to bring about a harmony between the life he lives and the constructive principles on which his higher and better self de- pends. If he did not possess these capacities and powers to bring his life in line with these constructive principles, he would be un- moral rather than immoral or moral.

It is now time to ask what are these capacities and powers which enable man to hold his life, his thoughts, his feelings, and conduct, in line with the constructive principles of his highest pos: sible development? Before answering this question, we will do well to survey the principal characteristics in the four great king: doms of nature. In the mineral kingdom we have a union of par- ticles and an aggregation of groups of particles. From the making of an atom to the making of a planet this tendency for similar par ticles to unite explains the chief characteristics of creative activits in the mineral world.

In the plant kingdom we also have this union of particles anc aggregations of groups of particles into various forms. Added t �[Page 237]THE WORLD'S GREAT TEACHERS 237

this we have that wonderful thing we call organization and growth. With the plant world it is not just a mere coming together of like particles as 1s the case in the formation of a rock or a crystal but tere is a power in the entity which enables it to reach out and get the clements of nature, and work them into entirely different forms. ‘There is also that wonderful capacity to reproduce itself.

Throughout the animal world there exists all that is found in the plant world plus a highly specialized set of characteristics known as appetites, passions, emotions, impulses, consciousness, and a certain kind of volition.

In the kingdom of man we have all the characteristics enumer- ited for the other kingdoms plus a marvelous set of characteristics unique to man, characteristics which, so far as we can tell, are not tound below him. Man, therefore, seems to be a combination of «ll the major elements and characteristics found in nature. He has « purely chemical nature. The characteristics of organization, growth and reproduction found in the plant constitute part of his cquipment. He has a full and complete set of appetites, passions, cmotions, impuises, and desires found in the animal.

Man can truly be said to be an animal, but he is an animal-plus. But what is this plus? What does the animal lack which enables society to hold man responsible for his own conduct? What does the animal lack which enables man to have literature, science, art, philosophy, religion, societies, states, and nations? Are these things just an extension of something possible to the animal or do they represent other unique and definite characteristics not found in the animal? Does the animal have power to control its own appetites, passions, and emotions? Can it become master of these or must it cver remain a slave to them? Is there something in man which proves Henley to be right in the theme of “Invictus” which is not inthe animal or plant? If so, what is it? Could any or all of the characteristics of plant or animal life account for the following stanza: “It matters not how straight the gate, How charged with punishment the scroll, I am the master of my fate, �[Page 238]238 WORLD UNITY MAGAZINE

I am the captain of my soul.”

Can we explain man’s religious nature on a basis of ani! characteristics? Can we explain his passion to know the truth. to become aware of relationships in nature on the same basis? Wi do we say the animal is unmoral? Tf man is an animal plus som: thing more, what is the something more?

Among the characteristics unique to man are the following:

1. Man is aware of his own personality. He has selt-consciou Ness as contrasted with mere consciousness found in the animal. 1. is aware that he can say to himself, “Tam that 1am.”

2. Man has ability to extend his own knowledge, to become aware of the nature of himself and the nature of things about hin

3. Man has the power of abstract reason by which he can com: pare different groups of facts and determine the relation which exists between them. He can by this reason also determine the 1 lation of these tacts to his own welfare. To a marked and incre. ing degree he can see the relation which his own conduct bears to the laws of his own best development. Man reasons about himse!: about his life, about the world, about God, about reason itself, and about the relation he bears to them all. Through this power ot ab stract reason he becomes conscious of his possibilities and also o! the relation that certain modes of conduct bear to these possibilities

4. Another of these unique characteristics which we find in man is the power to make a choice as to what his conduct will be This choice is made on a consciousness of tacts and of relations which exist between facts. There are many who deny to man t): power to make a choice. But regardless of what our theories are all men move along adjusting to lite as though they had this powc: To argue that choice is merely response to the most powertul sts ulus is to fail to appreciate the most important clement in the prop lem. The ability to make a choice because of awareness of abstract relations between facts is quite a ditterent thing to a response | immediate stimult.

5. A fitth characteristic which is unique to man is his will t mastery. Regardless of what vou call it, man has a power of sp tancity and initiative by which he can control and organics �[Page 239]THE WORLDS GREAT TEACHERS 239

cements of his own nature. Whether we call it free will or some- thing else, the power remains the same. By virtue of this power man can control his appetites, passions, emotions, and even his thoughts.

It is in these abilities to know one’s life and to be able to con- trol the elements of one’s nature that man differs from the animal. [he animal follows its own appetites, passions, and emotions. In tact, so far as we can tell it is a slave to them. Man, by the proper

se of these characteristics that are peculiarly human, can control ‘iy animal tendencies and thercby become master of his animal na- These strictly human powers and capacities were designated

. the great teachers as soul powers. It is a question whether any ‘odern term describes them more scientifically or more accurately.

It would appear that Nature, or God, in giving to man these ciliary Capacities and powers bias shifted the responsibility for

ane a success of life onto man's own shoulders. By the very

iy of mature man ts able to extend his knowledge of the prin-

los and Laws upon which his growth, unfoldment, and enlight-

ont depend. Because of his awareness of these relationships he , wele to choose his course of conduct and shape his life.

It is in these higher capacities and powers that we meet the ements in the nature of man which are at the foundation of the oral order. These elements briefly summarized are:

i. Capacity to extend one’s knowledge, or awareness of the cts involved.

Power of reason by which to see the relationship which sts between facts and between the facts and his own relation to TCM,

s. Ability to make an independent rational choice.

A power of will necessary to enable the individual to con- mn his conduct to his choice.

It is evident that man could not hold himself or anyone else consible if any one of these powers or capacitics were actually cat. At this point we are reminded again of the words of Con-

“The ordinance of God is what we call the law of our be-

To fulfill the law of our being is what we cail the moral law. �[Page 240]240 WORLD UNITY MAGAZINE

_.. The moral law is a law from whose operation we cannot for one instant escape.” The reason we cannot escape it is because thc characteristics upon which it depends are laid in the very heart «1 our nature. By these gifts from nature we arc moral or immor. according to the right application or proper use of these gifts.

It is as impossible for man to fail to get the rewards of the right use of these gifts as it is to escape the penalties of their im proper use or disuse. As pointed out in all of these great philv phies, Nature, or God, has made man a moral being subject to « moral law by virtue of the elements which inhere in his very natu: He is man because of these unique characteristics and he is mor. because he is man. Because of these inherent characteristics he ': comes part of a moral order, an order as exact and irrevocable wi the physical order. �[Page 241]ORIENT AND OCCIDENT by HANs KOHN

Doctor Juris, University of Prague THE ECONOMIC PROBLEM

Industrialization

HE significance of the Orient in world economics during the Nineteenth Century lay in the fact that it was a market for the finished products of a rapidly expanding industry in Europe, and later in America, and was at the same time a source of supply for the necessary raw materials. The economic policy of the Occident with regard to the Orient was the result of tliese conditions. Capital was invested in the Orient to encourage the production of raw materials and, through the technical facili- tution of transportation, to reduce the cost of exporting them. The customs policy of oriental governments was such that only a very iow fiscal duty was levied on merchandise imported from Europe. China, India, Turkey and Egypt had no self-determination in the matter of tariffs. The growth of native industries in oriental coun- trics, so far as there was any such growth, was impeded. Cheap suchine-made products imported from Europe destroyed the na- tive oriental crafts and corrupted the innate artistic talent of the pcople. In the Eighteenth Century India was still exporting to ‘'urope her beautiful, gay-colored prints and fabrics produced by ome industry. The importation of cheap goods from Manchester ‘stroyed this home industry. Gandhi sees this destruction as the Juct cause of the great impoverishment of the country population ot India, and for this reason has been tirelessly propagandizing tor ‘ae reintroduction of the spinning-wheel. 241 �[Page 242]WORLD UNITY MAGAZINE

tf + tr

This economic relationship between the Orient and the Ox dent is slowly beginning to change. Cotton goods still occup: place, by far, among imports to China and India. Far more thu, twice as much finished and partly finished merchandise is importe. into India as is exported, as against six times as much raw meter. exported as imported. But since 1927 China has been struge! in successtully for self-determination in the matter of customs, and. India this has already been realized. On February 17, 1030, !gy;: put into effect for the first time a modern customs law which sate guards the interests of the country and the growth of Egyptian i dustry. India’s struggle for economic emancipation within the last hitty years expressed itself, for the most part, in the effort to put through an import duty on foreign cotton products, and on Britis: cotton products in particular. The first cotton mill in India was established in Bombay in 1851, and is still the center of the Indias textile industry. As a sequel to the founding of this first Indian industrial enterprise the import duty on cheap English cotton was repealed altogether in 1877. When, for fiscal reasons, it became Necessary again, in 18y6, to impose an import duty of three and one-half percent on English cotton, a tax of the same rate wis im posed upon the Indian cotton industry at the same time. Not unt! during the World War did the national customs policy of Indis attain results. In 1917 the import duty on foreign cotton goods was raised to seven and one-half percent, and in 1921 to eleven percent. without any simultaneous increase in the tax on domestic manufac tures, and in 1925 all taxes on domestic cotton products were re pealed. In the spring of 1930 the proposed budget of the Indias government provided for an increase of the import duty on forcign cotton goods to fifteen percent. This customs policy has rendere: possible a rapid expansion of the Indian cotton industry. It now operates more than 9,000,000 spindles and 160,000 looms, emplos more than a half million workers and produces 700,000,000 pounds of yarn and 500,000,000 pounds of cloth annually. The jute in: dustry, centered chiefly in Bengal, is just as prosperous. About « quarter of a million workers are employed in the steel and iron industry. The leading enterprise is the Tata Works at Jamshedpur. �[Page 243]ORIENT AND OCCIDENT 243

which produce 400,000 tons of steel annually. These works were established only in 1912, with Indian Cap sital exclusively. They grew rapidly during the World War, since they su; pplied the In- jon government also during this time and fu tnished the ordnance dees in Mesopotamia. The World War gave a great impetus to ndustrialism in the Orient. During this time the countries of the Orient were cut oft from European imports. Ja ipanese industry, al- ready developed, profited by this most of all. Lven the years imme- diately after the World War were still years of great economic

srosperity in the Orient. Japan's indus trialization served as a model tor Chita and India. tieadess of national movements were begin- ning to see that a political emancipation without an economic emancipation could be only a half success, and t! +t political equali- zation is Meaningless unless it leads to economic equalization. The struggle for economic emancipation in the Orient assumed negative iorms as well as positive. The boycott, in particular, served as a negative weapon. In India the economic boycott against British products was extensively adopted for the first time at the close of ij05, When Gopala Krishna Gokhale, as president of the Indian national congress in Benares, justified it. Two motives actuated this Swadeshi movement: one was to injure British trade and British industry, and thereby achieve a political victory; and the other was an educational motive—to awaken in the masses a recog- nition of their economic dependence, and to organize them for a struggle against it. From 1905 to 1907 the importation of cotton ,.utn fell from 46,000,000 pounds to 32,000,000 pounds. In 1907 Gokhale declared at Lucknow: “Swadeshi is not merely an indus- trial movement; it affects the entire life of the nation. Swadeshi, nightly understood, is a deep, impassioned, ardent, all-embracing ove of the mother country. This love not only endeavors to make elf felt in a sphere of outward activity, but takes possession of tue entire inner being in everyone, and does not rest until it has

wilted it. This movement will remain with us, and we shall find ‘it the true salvation of India.” Through the introduction of the , inning-wheel Gandhi has since perfected the boycott movement > 4 national expedient. “The true Swadeshi movement consists in �[Page 244]244 WORLD UNITY MAGAZINE

the introduction of the spinning-wheel into every household, w! will spin its own yarn.” He extended the boycott movement c:

to garments made of foreign materials; and under his direct many such garments were burned, since he also held that it \.. wrong to give to the poor what you were not willing to wear you: self. Gandhi's disciples all wear the Indian garb, made of nati.¢ white linen.

But the positive efforts which are being made in the Orient encourage domestic enterprise by modernizing and industrialivi: it are more important than these negative expedients. Turkey a: and Persia are turning their attention to these problems. In Egypt the establishment of the first purely Egyptian bank—the Misr Bank. whose stockholders, according to law must all be Egyptians marks a turning-point in the economic life of the country. ‘Il. bank has also played an important part in the founding and finan cing of Egyptian industrial, commercial and shipping enterprises It has just opened a branch establishment in Syria—the first bank in this country in which oriental capital only (Egyptian and sy. rian) is employed. To the states of the Near East Japan appears as the exemplification of a thoroughgoing economic emancipation Japan’s industrialization has produced huge cities like Osaka, which: resemble the great industrial centers of northwestern England. | China industrialization has shown no marked advance as yet. Th he genius of the Chinese seems to lie much more in the realm of trade and the minor crafts. The steady expansion, without the aid of an; political or military means, which is slowly beginning to make th Chinaman the true master of all East Asia, is worthy of remark. Outside of China—in the Dutch East Indies, in British Straits Sct tlements and Malay States, in French Indo-China and in Siam: live many millions of Chinese who, in many departments of vc- tivity, have already become the deciding factor in economic lic. Thus Singapore today is virtually a Chinese city; considerably mor Chinese than Malays live in the Straits Settlements; and even in the Malay states of the peninsula the number of Chinese alread: amounts to somewhat more than halt the number of Malays. ‘Ihe Chinese in southeastern Asia distinguish themselves not only be: �[Page 245]$5 ORIENT AND OCCIDENT

« \

suse of their adaptation to the climate, which renders them su- -crior to the Japanese in this respect, and because of their economic ‘rats, but also in the thoroughness of the education which they ove the children of their communities at their own expense, and in ‘ie acceptance of western culture, including even sports. Their .tuation is similar to that of the Greeks who, at the beginning of ‘.c Nineteenth Century, were accustomed to carrying on trade out- Jc of Greece and showed, in comparison with the Greeks of the otherland, an advanced stage of westernization, yet for this on felt themselves most closely identified with the fortunes of -.¢ motherland. The Chinese in southeastern Asia “have, in the . option of western ideas and western customs, thoroughly proved ‘emselves of equal rank with the European. But beneath all these ater changes there remains untouched that intense race-conscious- sess Which binds the Chinese together today more strongly than ver before. It is a very widespread error to believe that, because ‘tev are divided into cliques, speak various dialects and have ‘ought one another in China, the Chinese in foreign countries are capable of a common national feeling. I have found everywhere ‘nat the national consciousness was singularly strong, that opposi- tons were forgotten, that linguistic difficulties were not taken into count, and that the one controlling ideal of everyone was the ‘egencration of China.” (Walter B. Harris). The fact that in 1926 «one, 348,600 Chinese immigrants settled in the British colony of ‘.ngapore is evidence of the importance of this Chinese colony in vitheastern Asia. Along with this southward migration of the ‘iunese there is a corresponding southward migration of An- sanutes into Cochin-China and Cambodia. The Annamites are ‘cially related to the Chinese and are similar to them in their racial ~ sculiarities. These migrations are creating new problems in the untries of southeastern Asia, but they are weaving about them at Pesume tec a vottying bond or economic enterprise and dawning «tionalism, The processes of economic transformation through which se countries are passing are made possible only because of odern technical developments in transportation and communica: �[Page 246]246 WORLD UNTY MAGAZINE

tion. These countries are becoming more and more dependent up«in one another and upon Europe and America. Modern trade hus opened up isolated areas which were inaccessible a few decodes ago, and has gradually drawn them into the common commerce. net which is beginning to close more and more tightly about thc globe and is encircling it with ever- increasing rapidity. Means of Transportation and°Communication

Modern means of transportation, which penetrated into the Orient only after the World War--the automobile and the ai: plane—have opened provinces which were only barely accessih' a short time ago and had no part in current intellectual and cco: nomic exchange. In view of the scarcity of railroads in the Oricn:. the automobile and the airplane have considerably reduced dis tances in this part of the world. The sparse population of Atric.. Asia Minor and Central Asia renders further railway construction unprofitable, and the desert in these regions, which separates the " fertile lands from one another again and again, presents great tec: nical difficulties in road-building. Modern means of communic.. tion have made their way across the desert. For the first time the. have made a more highly organized affiliation of greater areas at all possible. In the kingdom of the Wahhabites the automobile, 1: facilitating the pilgrim traffic from the coast te Mecca, provides new amenities to the throng of pilgrims on which the public anc private revenues of the country mainly depend. But it has more than an economic significance. Only the automobile made it possi: ble for King Ibn Saud to hold together his great desert kingdom extending from the Red Sea to the Persian Gulf. For these reasons the number of automobiles had mounted rapidly, even in He}.7 While in January, 1926, there were only four automobiles, whic! belonged to the roval family, there were as many as 1,500 by tix middle of 1929. The automobile is crowding out the camel «: Hejaz, as in other countries of the Near East. In order to increas the efficacy of the automobile as an auxiliary means for the adm istration and contro! of his kingdom, King Ibn Saud, at the begin ning of 1930, added aircratt. In the Orient, and especially int desert, airplanes have greatly simplified the problem of carry oo �[Page 247]ORIENT AND OCCIDENT 247

. In the place of numerous and costly troops in far-flung gar- nsons and expeditions they have substituted the presence and mo-

bility of the smallest possible number of highly trained soldiers.

The commercial importance of modern means of transporta-

son and communication in the Orient and their political import-

ce. from a geographical point of view, are being proven every- shere, The French colonies of North Africa from Morocco to unis had already attained a unity among themselves and with runce by means of steamship lines and railroads. The Mediter-

nean had joined rather than separated. Air service across the

Mediterranean and automobile roads in North Africa have only .ccentuated this unity. But until a short time ago there was no con- section between North Africa and French West Africa, although soth these provinces formed a continuous block. Here the Sahara

sroved to be a barrier, and not a connecting link like the Mediter-

sncan, Only recently are automobiles and airplanes beginning to

cuke a unit of these two most important provinces of the French lonial realm, The distance from Paris to Timbuctoo on the Niger,

nce so far away, has been reduced by airship from one and a half

sonths to a few days. Automobile and airplane have played a vmular r6le in the crossing of the Syrian Desert, and in so doing

«ve brought the once fabulously distant Bagdad within a few

cours’ distance of the Mediterranean. In Persia all administrative od economic reforms would have been of no avail if the building

(

t the projected Northern and Southern Transverse Line from the aspian Sea to the Persian Gulf had not been hastened by airplane | automobile, upon which will devolve also, after the comple-

“on of the projected railway, the decisive rdle in the unification of ‘nc Persian provinces which have been so lacking in roads hitherto,

od have for this reason been uncontrollable. The German Junker ‘poration organized an air service between the cities of Persia, “ina short time was pleased to note the constantly increasing de- id for passenger and merchandise bookings. The corporation now concerned with organizing a service in Afghanistan. �[Page 248]THE PATH OF HISTORY by PAUL HINNER

THE ORIENTAL EPOCH OF CIVILIZATION OF PASSIVE INDIVIDUALISM

ONG before the Roman era a high state of culture prevaile. in the Orient, the beginning of which, however, is only din ly visible in the distant past. This Oriental civilization startc. on the Great Plain of China and grew until it reached from: the tablelands of Tibet to the Behring Sea and from Indo-China t Siberia, but China proper always was and still is, the center of t! culture and the name, “The Empire of the Center,” is therctor very appropriate. In the appraising of this Oriental civilization however, the present state must be correctly estimated not as it normal condition but as the result of the process of dissolution The seemingly unusual long life of this civilization is due to the fact that it consists of two successive epochs. The first one w. based on a belief in an impersonal deity which loved virtue «: hated vice but which did not require love nor worship, In th. belief already lay a tendency towards the passive view of life whic became the dominating feature in the succeeding epoch. About tx time of the beginning of the Christian era the teachings of Con fucius, Lao-Tze and Buddha displaced the old religion and usher in a period of spiritual growth which became the foundation ¢ the civilization existing in the tar East today. Confuctus impress: a sense of duty on his tollowers through ancestor worship, whi. Lao-Tze advocated a passive stoical conduct towards the mutation of life in the conviction that in the end good will always overcoms evil. Buddhism, which has the largest number of adherents, recoe

248 �[Page 249]THE PATH OF HISTORY 249

es the equality of the individuals and admonishes them to seek ‘Nirvana through the conquest of desire. This religion has many sunts in common with Christianity and consequently has brought -sout the same result: The abolition of slavery and the establish- sent of political equality.” The distinctions between these three ‘cigions are not sharply drawn and their combined effects have .cloped a passive view of life in the people of the Orient which sakes them cheerful and easily contented, in sharp contrast with ‘oe restless and aggressive disposition of the people of the West. The Europeans penetrated, as eloquent missionaries or bold .plorers and conquerors, unknown parts of the world and made

accessible to their ambitious countrymen. The Oriental on

‘© other hand, lacking the aggressive impulse, was satisfied to re- win a tradesman or a plain worker in his native land. The Euro- Lan nations established the doctrine that offense is the best defense

| resorted to arms on the least provocation. China on the con-

ry built a wall many hundred miles in length as a protection cvinst troublesome neighbors and resorted only rarely to violent thods. In the European countries the original professional sol- is. the knights and their descendants, the nobility, constituted chest social strata, but in the old China the professional sol-

vas despised and occupied the lowest social level. Even med- practice developed in different directions. When the European

‘crs from bodily ills, doctors are called immediately and forceful ods and means are applied to restore the health of the sover- person. The Oriental with his passive view of life is far less

‘ive towards bodily ills than the European and bears them with

- resignation. The medical profession in the Orient, thercfore, not develop any violent methods but contined itself to less ctul means and mild stimulating medicines. The maintaining wdily health is valued higher in the Orient than the treating of os. The aggressive and quarrelsome disposition of the west- stions is further reflected in their over-developed systems of rudence with numerous laws and a multitude of professional

— evils Which were wholly unknown in the old China. How-

hoc passive behavior of the people of the Orient must not be �[Page 250]250 WORLD UNITY MAGAZINE

taken as an indication of cowardice. They are just as brave and fear suffering and death no more than the Europeans, but the w .: like qualities have not been developed in them, as the organs « their civilization were adapted only to peaceful growth. It is a sivn of the wisdom prevailing in nature that of two parallel epochs v: civilization only one was aggressive; so that it might explore thc balance of the world without coming in conflict with the other.

As a consequence of the prevailing ancestor worship the in stitution of the family was highly esteemed in China and served «s a model for the organization of the government. The political in religious head, the son of heaven, ruled the family of subjcets through a graduated officialdom. The officials of the different branches of the government were renewed originally through « selective educational system which draw the best minds from .: classes. In this way the government was kept in close contact wit! the people even without a parliament. Socially the population w.s divided into stratas according to their education and the import ance of their occupations. Scholars were the highest class, then followed in succession cultivators of the land, artisans, merchants and soldiers. The fact that merchants and soldiers were rated lowest reflects clearly the difference between the Oriental and Occidental viewpoint. An hereditary nobility did not exist outside of the im: perial family, neither was slavery ever practiced in such harsh forms as in Europe. The prevailing views and social usages had a tend: ency to place certain limits on the materialistic pursuits of the 10: dividual and prevented a rapid centralization of the wealth of the country. The custom to include the families of the sons and of the servants in the household and to support needy relatives without question made the accumulation of great riches very difficult. The circulation of the currency was therefore maintained without in terruption.

Despite the many good qualities this civilization of the Orient did not remain free from unhealthy developments. In the cours of time the religions became permeated with superstitution anc degenerated to a form without substance. The des‘ :e for offspring ig by which to be worshiped after death, overstimulated the impuls« �[Page 251]THE PATH OF HISTORY 25!

for race-propagation and prevented the development of sexual self- Jenial. This produced overpopulation and moral and mental in- dolence. The officialdom lost connection with the masses and as it icld all power, created for itself a favored position and fell into a rate of extreme corruption. The inclination of the Oriental people towards voluntary isolation and the aversion to the contact with foreigners prevented them from safeguarding the existence of sur- rlus population through colonial expansion or foreign trade and as 4 consequence many thousands of liyes were destroyed through pe famines or epidemic diseases. The continued division of ne farmlands among the heirs of the deceased owner led to the mpoverishing of the rural population. Geographic position and the resistance with which China met the approaches of all for- cigners saved the Oriental civilization from being absorbed by the aggressive individualism of Europe. Towards the middle of the. ‘oti century, however, the never resting energy of the European nations overcame all obstacles and penetrated the long maintained solation. By force of arms the Europeans secured concessions in all places that were of value as centers of trade and created for them- «lves a favored pusition above the natives. Through the large in- custrial plants which they erected in order to exploit ‘“‘cheap labor,” conditions were created in the centers of population which were ‘oreign to the nature of the Orient and an impoverished proletarian multitude was the result.

In consequence of the unhealthy developments, the Oriental uvilization fell into a slow decline towards the end of the Middle Ages. The intrusion of the aggressive individualism of Europe and America hastened this decline through the fostering of materialistic tcndencies and through intensive political and commercial exploit- suon. As a result the Oriental civilization is now in dissolution

multaneously with its parallel of the Western Hemisphere. Japan, nich in consequence of the isolated geographic position had often ‘slowed its own inclinations, became part of the body of aggres- ve individualism and embraced the western civilization with re- atkable facility. China, the main part of the Oriental civilization, > been ravaged in recent years by a succession of conflicts be- �[Page 252]25$2 WORLD UNIFY MAGAZINE

tween different currents of selfishness. However, the suttcr. growing out of these conflicts have aroused the masses out of indolence and are preparing them for the influence of the collec principle, a process which represents the petural reaction to dissolution of the individualistic order.

A review of the Oriental civilization Shows that during ascendency a threefold spiritual inquiry was in progress and th: spiritual interests dominated the people. As these three religic: . practised the utmost tolerance their teachings became interming|: : and drew their adherents together to a living organic unit. Att: passing the zenith, the selfishness and materialistic desires of th: ruling class and the mental indolence of the masses brought abu: its decline and dissolution. The passive individualism of +! Orient, however, demonstrated that the elevation of culture an: well-being of a people as represented in the abolishing of slave: and the establishing of political equality, could be reached not on through forceful and aggressive means but also without the use « violence through a passive participation in the process of life. 1: attainment of its object by peaceful means is the great lesson taug!. mankind by the Oriental civilization. It is a sign of the importance of the present time, that two great epochs of civilization which he: governed the affairs of mankind for nearly 2,000 years have simi: taneously reached the period of their dissolution. It would indee: be an aspersion on the justice and wisdom of nature if we were to question the possibility for further spiritual and social growth o: mankind in response to new principles of conduct. �[Page 253]THIS PRAYING WORLD by JOHN WILLIAM KITCHING

Author of “Acrubaal and Lamorna, ete.

Amertea Father, have pity upon me! | am weeping from hunger; There is nothing here to satisfy me.

The above is an Arapaho praver and is frequently, when food > warce, sung to a plaintive tune, sometimes with tears rolling own the cheeks. The American Indians have two kinds of prayer: 1.) spells and oaths and pleas addressed to the lesser, the environ-

ental powers of nature, expressed in a magical or hortatory mood; 01 (2) true spiritual supplications directed to a power variously sterpreted as the Great Spirit, the master of life, the Heavenly bather. “Father’ is a frequent epithet in their invocations. J. Mooney says of the Arapaho ‘niga’ or ‘aniqu’ that it is a term of rev- contial affection; the ordinary word for ‘father’ is quite different.

Alice G. Fletcher gives this account of the initiation of the maha youth to the spiritual life:

“The -tite (is) known by the name of Nonzhinzhon. The

‘tal meaning of the word is ‘to stand sleeping’; it here implies “ut during the rite the person stands as if oblivious of the outward tld and conscious only of what transpires within himself, his stimind.” The rite takes place at puberty, when the mind of the it has ‘become white’ when the youth is at the verge of his scious individual life, is “old enough to know sorrow,” it was sidered time through the rite Nonzhinzhon he should enter into ‘sonal relations with the mysterious power that permeates and otrols all nature as well as his own existence. �[Page 254]254 WORLD UNITY MAGAZINE

The youth could repeat this rite from time to time unti! : came to marry; then, unless he were a priest, he gave it up. 1: Omaha recognized other powers besides Wakonda, as the Fur: the Sky, the Sun, the Moon, but personal prayers were address directly to this higher power, penetrating them all.

A man would take a pipe and go alone to the hills; there | would silently offer smoke and utter the call, Wakonda ho! »! the moving cause, the purport of his prayer, would remain ur pressed in words. ... Women did not use the pipe when pravin. their appeals were made directly, without any intermediary.

O Great Spirit!

Thou hast made this lake;

Thou hast also created us as Thy children; Thou art able to make this water calm Until we have safely passed over.

The foregoing is a Chippewa Indian Prayer for safety in cros:

ing a storm-tossed lake. “Hail! Hail! Hail!

Listen, O Creator, with an open ear to the words of th: people as they ascend to thy dwelling!

Give to the Keepers of Thy faith wisdom rightly to do Thy commands.

Give to our warriors and to our mothers strength to pcr- form the sacred ceremonies appointed.

We thank Thee that Thou hast kept them pure unto this day.

Listen to us still!

We thank Thee that Thou hast spared the lives of so man; of Thy children to tuke part in their exercises.

We thank Thee for the increase of the earth

For the rivers and streams

For the sun and moon,

For the winds that banish disease,

For the herbs and plants that cure the sick,

For all things that minister to good and happiness

We pray for a prosperous year to come. �[Page 255]THIS PRAYING WORLD 255

Lastly, we give Thee thanks, our Creator and Ruler!

In Thee are embodied all things!

We believe that Thou canst do no evil;

We believe that Thou dost all things for our good and for our happiness.

Should Thy people disobey Thy commands, deal not harshly with them!

Be kind to us, as Thou hast been to our fathers in times long gone by.

Harken to our words as they ascend—

May they be pleasing to Thee, our Creator!

Preserver of all things visible and invisible!”

This is an Iroquois Indian prayer in the form of a Dance nant,

—_— �[Page 256]WORLD UNITY MEMORIAL To DAVID STARR JORDAN

The name of David Starr Jordan has become associated with fait! the reality of world peace. His contribution to the peace ideal was ma‘: at the highest level of human achievement, through the power of a pe: sonality uniting scientific intelligence and spiritual aim. In his life a:: work an age striving to throw off the intolerable burden of organize. conflict grew more conscious of its capacity for progress and more ¢: termined to attain the goal of cooperation and accord.

In order to give continuance to Dr. Jordan's vision and attitude, neve: more needed than in this period of confused purpose and ebbing cour. it is proposed by a number of his friends and associates to establis! World Unity Memorial to David Starr Jordan.

The purpose of this Memorial is to make possible the wider diffusic: of Dr. Jordan's important statements on peace and international cooper. tion by magazine and pamphlet publication, in a form rendering them available to peace workers throughout the world, and to encourage t+ rise of the peace spirit among the new generation of college students.

It is the privilege of World Unity Magazine to serve as the organ «: the David Starr Jordan Memorial, under the auspices of a Committe representing the scholarship of America, Europe and the East.

Friends of David Starr Jordan, and friends of world peace, may ass:v in the realization of the purpose of the Memorial by contributing towar: the modest expenses involved. A contributing membership may be secure. for five dollars; a student membership for two dollars; a life members!.:: for ten dollars. Copies of all Memorial publications will be furnis!c. members without charge.

In addition to the publication of David Starr Jordan’s most importa: statements on the subject of peace, the Memorial will offer an ann... prize for the best essay on world cooperation submitted by any colle, undergraduate.

WorLbd UNity MemoriAL To Davib Stark JORDAN

4 East 12th Sucet, New York City (Sponsored by Mis. David Sterr Jordan)

COMMITT&E HAMILTON HOLT, Chairman JANE ADDAMS SiR NORMAN ANGELL — BRUCE BLIVEN MANLEY O,. HUDSON SALMON QO. LEVINSON JoserH REDLICH

BARON Y. SAKATAN! HANS WEHBERG �[Page 257]WHAT IS PEACE EDUCATION? by FRANK WALSER

HROUGHOUT the whole world people are wondering why there is so little progress in disarmament. Disatisfaction is spreading among millions. A short analysis of what peace education should be like, is therefore timely.

A large number of lectures are given on international prob- ‘ems, on the League of Nations, and on peace generally. Churches and associations hold enthusiastic peace meetings. The continued state of insecurity does not however come from insufficient inter- national interest or a lack of religious desire for peace. It is due to vo specific causes, which are usually ignored, the one intellectual

I< Intellectual Cause: We have arrived at a period in our his- cry when we must either control scientifically the international change of products or allow the interdependence between States, ‘uch has grown up through our inventions and modern methods manufacture and transportation, repeatedly to disturb the tld’s peace. Uncontrolled, this interdependence is exploited in -orof the strongest nations. Existing organizations like the L. of ‘ang the I. L. O. cannot perform this scientific control based on ‘co study of actual world conditions, because at every step they are ‘iveed, and robbed of their authority, through insistent national 1 .nds. National prestige should not count in scientific problems orld control, Yet we all know that prestige of size and power onstantly interfering at Geneva. Another sign of a general ignorance of the present «orld ‘ependence and the urgent problem it presents, is the tragic ire of the world economic conference. In nearly every nation,

257 �[Page 258]258 WORLD UNITY MAGAZINE

politicians and masses of population still believe naively that» tection will cure their part of the economic crisis, still not reali. that customs barriers have become reciprocal and so ruin all ». trade.

If public opinion had been systematically educated on th, point, there would now be a general recognition of the need «: world economic cooperation. The public and governments wou. now be ready to make the necessary reorganization, and wou. consent to the necessary sacrifices involved. The truth that no ot!..: solution is possible would become obvious, and each nation wou: begin to increase that part of its production which it can best p: duce and sell freely.

The Moral Cause: This is a general weakening of the collects will of the community by an increasing habit of one-sided or op: ionated insistence. Our modern world, with its freedom of opini: still based largely on misinformation, is increasingly divided int numbers of distinct social and political groupings, which pursi: their separate programs regardless of one another. The impor ance which teachers, and even more parents, give to the child's i: dividual rank in his class, and to individual work over group work thwarts his spirit of cooperation. Collective work and collectis: thinking should be taught in the schools, the latter by the bev nethods of group discussion.

In such creative discussions, the pupils should first expr their opinions freely and clearly. Then, once the opposition | their opinions has become sharply marked, they may gradually ». led to learn—through two or three minutes of complete silence to overcome their one-sidedness. They will then sce the proble in its entirety and from a higher standpoint, giving equal justice : all the various points brought out by the discussion. Finaliy, t!. chairman, a pupil elected by the group for the term, after giving . summary of the points and considerations expressed, and definin. the issue, may receive proposals for the solution. By selecting an. combining the best into a conclusion satisfactory to the who. group, he leads the group work to a crystallized discovery or j: duction. This method has been tried in Vienna and elsewhere, a. �[Page 259]WHAT IS PEACE EDUCATION? 259

s shown itself fraught with the emulative stimulus of the best ccative work. Our unwillingness to cooperate, rooted in our inner resistance ' pride, aggressive instinct, inferiority complex, produces an un- .ithy social atmosphere which is fatal to our political and eco- “omic progress. It is as contagious as a physical disease, and every ay we can see it breaking up our will to act together.

Fither‘educators will become aware of this condition and will wpply themselves methodically to cure it, or new wars and untold storing will finally bring us to the necessary humility and self- cuumination.

The situation before us today is simply this: Our public opin- n has not received the education in recent history and economics

ich would help it recognize the present urgent need for world conomic control. And the modern man has not received at school vid at home the necessary training in cooperative discussion and ‘s consequent group action. The result is that disorder in inter- snonal trade, with all the opportunity it gives to selfish interests, - constantly—through press and propaganda—irritating popular ‘ccung, Which has never learned to overcome aggressiveness and o'ent insistence before opposition, and so can only aggravate a ation which would require for its solution the greatest calm and wodwill,

The task before teachers throughout the world is therefore n, In the two ways described above, they must supply what is ong. No other profession can do it. The work is their work.

\\cappeal for this to every individual teacher and to every organi- con of teachers, The purpose of our appeal is to place peace ition on a Clearly thought out and rational basis, and to place

Cicar analysis, with the responsibility that it involves, before the

~ ividual teachers of every land. Only by using such methods and ace can we save humanity from destroying itself. �[Page 260]THE ADEQUATE WAGE by

ERNST JONSON Asthor of “Toward a Modern Cultuve, etc.”

FE cannot hope to keep well in body by providing ant:

dotes for all of the endless varieties of disease. The

better wav is to see to it that the basic needs of life are

provided for. So also is it with the economic organism It may not be at all necessary to uncover each separate cause of de pression in order to eliminate it. Should it turn out that we have ignored one condition which must be fulfilled if industry shal function without interruption, it is possible that if we provide this one condition, Industry may be able to overcome all other obstacles by its own power of adaptation.

It is evident that people cannot spend more money than the take in. Industry is the people’s only source of income. There exists no other source of wealth. Industry is the only agency by whic! the raw materials of nature are converted into goods fit for human consumption or human use. Hence it follows that the people can. not pay Industry any more for the goods which Industry woul. have them consume, than Industry has payed them in the form o: wages, salaries, interests, dividends, rents, fees, and so on.

The consuming public is made up of various classes, each wit! its peculiar wants and tastes. Goods made for mass-consumption cannot be consumed by people of large income. When a cert.n schedule of production is adopted, the schedule of distribution 1s thereby determined. If the former is put into operation, and the latter fails to operate, there will result over-production, depressio: and unemployment.

Each class derives its entire income from industry, concer ing �[Page 261]THE ADEQUATE WAGE 2.64 vustry as the sum of all productive activitv. Thus the wages dis- hursed by industry constitute,the bulk of the income of the w age- arning class. The money w hich this class pays to Industry for the coods which Industry makes for them is the very same money which adustry has paid to them as wages. Hence, if the sum of wages said by Industry to the working class should fall below the sum which Industry demands from them as payment for the goods which it makes for them all these goods cannot be sold. Distribu- ion will suffer a check. There will result over-production, unem- slovment and hard times. In other words, when the schedule of roduction has been adopted, the real wages of the working class are thereby determined, for the goods which Industry produces for ‘hat class constitute their real wages. Industry places a certain money value upon these real wages, fixes upon them a certain price, Jemands a certain sum in payment for them. This sum can be raised only from the money wages which Industry pays to the work- ets. If the money wages do not equal the money value of the in- tended real wages, the distribution of these real wages will be checked. Hence the sum of money paid as wages to a class must aot be less than the money value of the real wages produced for ‘nat Class. This is the basic law of economic equilibrium. On this oasis only can industry be stabilized. But what of the profits? If Industry pays the workers as much » they pay for the goods which Industry makes for them, where «the profits come in? The goods produced by means of the labor the wage-earners are not all for their use; part of these goods se made for use by the owning class, and another part consists of suchinery of production, These two kinds of goods, together with crsonal services rendered by men and women whom the machine » tcleased from the task of providing means of livelihood for the -cople, constitute the profits which Industry, and the owners of it, ove from the industrial process. These are what the owners of ‘ostry get out of their investments, the only things that in the < run it is possible tor them to get. When they try to get money ot industry, and to hold it, they choke the channels of distribu- © and bring production to a stand-still. tadustry can afford to �[Page 262]262 WORLD UNITY MAGAZINE

pay out to the people all the money it takes in, because it hus ; other right use for that money. Hoarding is bad business. But t! is not all; the total must be so distributed that each class ects thu part which is required to buy the goods made for it. There an many conditions which may be regarded as causes of business <‘c pression, but when these are closely examined it is found that th. tendency to expect a class of the consuming public to spend mor than they have been paid is at the bottom of them all. Our tr rites have come because Industry tried to grasp more profits than wo possible. For any given industrial situation there is a right prot: and this right profit is, in the long run, the maximum possihi: profit. It can be exceeded only for a time, and when exceeded there ensues a depression.in which the excess profits are lost. The ce pression forces Industry to make up the deficiency in its payments This it usually does by lowering prices, which is an indirect wa: of increasing wages.

“There is a sore evil which I have seen under the sun, namc!: riches kept for the owners thereof to their hurt.”

When a new and improved machine is put to use in an in dustry two things happen, the volume of the product is increase: and the hours of labor are reduced. This means that there is more goods to be paid for by the people, and less time in which to earn it. Therefore, if distribution shall keep pace with production, the rate of wages must be raised, not merely to balance the reduction o: hours, but also to correspond with the increase in the volume of th: product. If the scale of wages be raised less than that, there wi! result a deficiency in purchasing power, which will check distribu tion and cause over-production, depression and unemployment Hitherto Industry has regularly failed to raise wages to the ful. extent required tor economic balance, and this is the basic reason why it so regularly has fallen into depression. For a hundred years Industry has fallen into depressions because it has failed to balanc: money wages with real wages. Industry has been most liberal 1° its offers of real wages to its workers, but has tried to hold on t the money. Moneys which should have been used to increase ware have been diverted into profits, dividends, bonuses, large fees, hie! �[Page 263]THE ADEQUATE WAGE 153

nos, graft. And this is the basic reason why industry has fallen ro depressions,

Today an enormous amount of time and vital energy are being sted in trying to sell goods to people who don’t have the money oth which to buy the goods. If a small part of this energy were .cvoted to the task of financing the people there would be a very urge saving in the labor of selling. True super-salesmanship would sevin with a drive for bigger incomes and would then attend to the ending of the resultant increment of income. The present method suts the cart before the horse.

The people cannot spend more than they earn, not for any cncth of time. Could anything be more evident than that? And ct Industry has persisted in expecting the people to spend more ‘van they earn and has planned its production on the basis of such expectation. How could Industry commit a blunder so obvious?

In the first place the industrial mind has been so intent upon rroduction that it has given little or no thought to the need for economic balance. Unthinkingly it has become possessed by the absurd notion that maximum quantity production at minimum money cost meant efficiency. Profiteering came to be regarded as a ‘ich industrial virtue, and was liberally rewarded. It was rewarded because there was money in it for the company. From the stand- point of individualistic self-interest the idea] business situation sould be one in which all other business paid high wages, thereby »abling the people to pay high prices for one’s goods, while one’s

-n company managed to pay the least possible wages for the rcatest possible volume of goods. Under the compctitive system t business the individual concern stands a chance to gain an ad- vantage at the expense of the whole body of business. In part this -. wholesome condition for it promotes real efficiency which con- ‘sin producing a maximum of value at a minimum cost of labor, -t insofar as it encourages profiteering, which means secking to roduce a maximum money value of goods at a minimum money tit 1s most unwholesome and highly injurious to the general

‘. of business. The old craftsmen found this out; they formed ats so as to provent profiteering. The guild established a just �[Page 264]264 WORLD UNITY MAGAZINE

price and a just wage; the just wage being the wage which ena!) the people to pay the just price.

In the second place there exists no organ by which the indust:..

manager can ascertain what scale of money wages will aia real wages which he has set himself to produce. So that be he c: so earnestly devoted to his duty as the economic guardian of ti: owning class, and inclined to pay good wages, and actually payinc higher wages than most, he still may fall short of the adequat: wage.

We see, then, that if we would prevent industrial depression we must rid ourselves of the notion that scales of wages and salane are a matter of opinion. We must come to realize that wages an. salaries can be rightly determined only by a mathematical analy of the entire movement of industry towards increased efficicnc Every plan to produce additional goods for the masses, every in stallation of machinery for the production of such goods, impos upon Industry the task of increasing wages and small person. profits and salaries to the extent required to oftset the reduction hours of labor, and to enable the people to pay for the additions goods. Ever will Industry be confronted with the task of financin, each class of the people tor consumption in precise accord with the expansion of facilities to produce goods for the various classes.

If the goods which Industry makes for the masses of the peop are rightly proportioned among themselves and suit the popula: taste, they will be consumed by the people so long as the peop have sufficient money to pay tor them, These moneys can corm only from wages. The wage-carners have no other source ot 11 come. Hence, if Industry tails to increase wages in exactly the sum proportion as it increases the volume of goods made for popula: consumption the people cannot buy the entire increment of good made for them. There ensues over-production attended with dc pression and unemployment. Every business man knows that t. business depression comes because the people fail to buy the goocs he offers for sale, and that the people fail to buy because they ¢ not have enough money, and for no other reason at all. When thc do not have enough money it is because the basic law of econon:. �[Page 265]THB ADEQUATB WAGB 265

‘rium has been ignored. When, os the other hand, Industey ‘cases its disbursements to the various classes of the people pro-

nately with the increase of its power to produce goods for ~ classes everybody prospers.

The curious thing about the adequate wage is that the con- cd pavment of it would not involve any sacrifice by the owning sas a whole. Under the present chaotic conditions the indi-

‘aul profiteer, if he be lucky, may gain an advantage, but it will bo in advantage gained at the expense of the owning class. The _naciple of the adequate wage has no bearing upon the distribu- ‘on of the consumable product of industry among different classes and difterent individuals. Adherence to this principle does not in- solve any restriction upon the scale of living of the owners of in- Justry. The adequate wage means simply this: that after the own- crs of industry have taken for their own consumption what their clinations demand and their sense of prudence and desire for

susition sanction, the workers shall be paid enough to buy the remainder of the product. Failure to do this is inimical, not merely popular prosperity, but also to the prosperity of the owners of dustry. When the workers are disemployed the machinery of

roduction stops and capital ceases to yield revenue. Be it ever

‘membered that the modern large fortune is a by-product of pop- it prosperity, that it is rooted in popular prosperity, and that if prived of its native soil it would wilt and die. The only sacrifice uired of Industry is that it shall rid itself of the belief in max- im. profits as the supreme and final aim of industry. It is required ‘Industry that it substitute for this economic fallacy of maximym its another aim, maximum production of values at minimum

Cot labor.

it the owners can take for their own consumption as much as

want, Why, then, it may be asked, do they not take the entire ct of industry? Were they to try to take it all, or nearly all,

-cople would rebel. But there is another force which restrains

aiid keeps them, from even approaching this danger point, it ‘.c desire for the economic security and comfortable leisure «) in permanent ownership, and such ownership involves mass �[Page 266]266 WORLD UNITY MAGAZINB

production. ‘The lure of mass production is such that it.

men to renounce their personal wealth so that it may yield w for the masses. They call it investing, and they imagine that no: has been renounced, that the wealth belongs to them, and ti: they would they could consume it themselves. But the money t!. invested kas been turned into machixery of production, and s

no man can consume. And of the goods produced only a pat “ 8 to the investor; the bulk of it is consumed by the workers. ‘11. modern fortune, therefore, is not in any real sense personal Hee erty, it is public property. The accumulator of it is rewarded to his service, is paid interests and dividends, but otherwise it is 1 longer his property, its use is to enrich the people. 7 © modern fortune is the root of the prosperity of the people, and in that sens. it belongs to the people.

We hear much of the machine as a producer of wealth; seldon, do we recognize the fact that it also tends to equalize wealth. ‘The machine has turned the main current of industry's output towards the masses. As machines multiply it is the people and not th owners that consume the bulk of the product. The owning clas becomes more numerous, and it gains a few new comforts, but on the whole it is little better oft than before the advent of the mu. chine. The new prosperity belongs to the masses—almost whwol\s Machine production means mass production, production tor th: misses.

The basic reason why workers are frequently underpaid lic in the fallacy that workers should earn their w ages. Nobody knows what they carn, nobody can ever know. Under the order of mechan ized industry wealth can be-produced only when Capital and La bor, Invention and Management work together. No one of thes separated from the other could produce wealth. Hence it is im possible to compute the just share of each. The problem of division of the product of industry between the different economic classe: therefore, is one which is not amenable to legal solution. Neve: theless we imagine that we have a just idea of what the worker carn, We form our opinion of a just wage upon the fact that ti growth of efficiency of industry is due mainly to improvements i �[Page 267]THi ADEQUATE WAGE 167

wichinery of production, and to better menagement. Only 3

part cain it be credited to creased efficiency of the Secrfteks - this reason the owners of industry feel that the bulk of the cctits should go to them. They forget that the reason why they wages is to enable the workers to buy the goods which Industry akes for them, and that therefore it is the value of these goods

‘at should determine the scale of wages, and not opinions about CAMMINGS.

| ‘

The American Federation of Labor has now come to realize tutility of the so-called living wage, and is firmly resolved to

cert the full force of its influence upon the realization of the ade-

ite wage, and therefore they have become more truly the friends

Capital than the profiteering industrialist who, by paying low

sages, indirectly robs Capital of its legitimate dividends.

When Industry increases its disbursements to the wealthy at a

rate which exceeds their tendency to spend, the residue gocs into

vestments, and these investments augment Industry's capacity to

-roduce goods, mainly goods for consumption by the masses. But

‘the incomes of the masses have not been correspondingly in- ‘used the additional product cannot be sold to them. There en- «) over-production and depression. In apportioning its disburse-

“cats between dividends and wages Industry must look to the

moter Consequences of this apportioning, must see to it that it ne able to take care of the resulting increment of capital of-

‘rod for investment, which means that it has increased the income

‘ the masses sufficiently to enable them to buy the increment of

ssumable goods which will result from the proposed enlarge- ent of its powers of production, In other words, economic equi- suin requires that the sum disbursed as wages and small salaries | bear the same proportion to the sum disbursed to thewyere sperous Classes as the value of the goods made for mass con- otion bears to the sum of the value of the goods made for these »y and the amount of money for which Industry can offer prof- ve tivestment, ihere are some things, natural necessities such as foods, that be produced in excess of the people's natural capacity to con- �[Page 268]268 WORLD UNITY MAGAZINE

sume them; there are many other things which may be produc «. excessive proportion to other things upon which they are depend ent for their consumption; but it is inconceivable that the tor.) product of industry, if in all its parts it were rightly proportionc.. could exceed the people's natural capacity to consume it. When the people fail to consume the entire product it is because they havc not been paid enough wages.

The depression may be delayed by selling on credit, on thx installment plan, but such delayed depression, when it final!) comes, will be one of extraordinary severity. The severity of t!x present depression seems fo be due in part to this condition. During the past decade the people of the United States have bought sore six billions of dollars’ worth of goods on the installment plas. which means that the people's capacity to consume goods increased during this period from this cause alone at the rate of some hun. dred million dollars a year. When this sudden growth of popula: credit reached the limits set by the people's capacity to earn, In dustry found itself producing more goods than the people were able to buy; there ensued over-pzoduction and depression.

Some would extricate us from the depression by lowering wages, but if lack of popular purchasing power is the root anc marrow of depression, the lowering of wages can be but a ten. porary expedient. It is possible, nay likely, that owing to the shrink age of the volume of credit which the depression has caused, low oe: ing of wages is the only practicable way out. But if the resultine increase of production be not promptly followed by a correspon: ing rise in wages the people will not be able to buy the increase: volume of produc’, and no good will come out of the stimulatio: of production. The only possible way out is to increase the sum «: wages which may be accomplished in two ways: by increasing t! sum of money wages, or by lowering commodity prices. Any 1 duction in wages would have to be offset by a corresponding adc: tional lowering of commodity prices. The indirect way of raisins wages, by lowering commodity prices, seems to be the easier w.: for it is the way Industry hitherto has extricated itself from its dc pressions. For example, Industry extricated itself from the depre �[Page 269]THE ADEQUATE WAGE 269

wii of 172-22 by 2.23 per cent cut in the cost of living and thus the cess gains of 19tg-20 were lost in 1921-22. It had cost Industry -o more to pay when payments were due and by so doing it would ave saved the Nation a loss of some ten billions of dollars, to-

ether with much worry and suffering. To see the adequate wage as the indispensable condition of Justrial equilibrium is one thing: to get it actually paid is quite sother matter. To get this done under the competitive system -cins quite hopeless. Under that system the profiteer will have the ».antage when business is good, and when the depression, which _ has brought about, overtakes Industry, he will suffer no more ‘un his competitor who has paid the adequate wage. Under the supetitive system the profiteer tends to survive while the employ- ‘ who pays the adequate wage renders himself liable to failure. ‘ie adequate wage presupposes cooperation, and cooperation is ossible only where there is organization. Employers could afford pay the adequate wage only if they formed themselves into a ald and thus placed themselves under guild discipline. Indeed 1 a guild would make it clear to them that they could not afford pa) any less than the adequate wage, that is to say a wage which teases at the same rate as that which Industry increases its pro- .tion of goods for mass production, for this is the only rate «hi can enable the working masses to consume the ever increas-

2 volume of goods made for them. �[Page 270]LATIN AMERICAN STUDENT OPINION AND THE UNITED STATES

by Prutiep LEONARD GREEN

N THE United States, the indifference of students to social «:

political questions is proverbial. It is only within recent so:

that students here have become more interested in ser

subjects and have even given some promise of becoming . social force in the life of the nation.

Not so in Latin America. There, not only students themselye almost from a tender age, are intensely interested in such question: but they are more instrumental than probably any other force uy the press, in shaping what there is of public opinion.

For years, the students have been organized into national tc erations. Many of these are surprisingly strong. The one in Mu ico, for instance, consists of twenty-six local organizations thro. out tic republic. Moreover, the student movements are uso. popular with the peopte. |

When we appreciate their far-reaching influence, we are in. better position to understand what follows and to realize that \ the students of Latin America think assumes an importance : at first recognized by an uninitiated outsider.

The ruling classes of Latin America have long ago learned | appreciate this importance. Certainly their reaction has not be one of indifference. Student meetings have been broken up | soldiers and police. Students have been imprisoned in many 1. American countries. Leaders have been exiled. On the other }: some governments have come to the conclusion that prudence the better part of valor and have listened to the students’ gic: ances and acceded to all or part of their demands. �[Page 271]+

LATIN AMERICAN STUDENT OPINION AND THE U. S. 271

Xcalizing the tremendous power that Latin American students din shaping | public opinien, one naturally asks: “Just what their grievances and their demands?”

Lo the students orate just to hear themselves talk? Do thev rite just to see themselves in print? Many outsiders who have not ken the trouble to investigate, are certain that the students who gage in these great movements are nothing more than seekers of

artvrdom and publicity. Some of these may have crept into the ovements. After all, don’t many of the older generation also ock PC (without martyrdom), in their “altruistic” activ- - Yes, there may be some who are intoxicated with their own tory, there may be some who are exalted by sceing their names srint, but on the whole, an impartial observer cannot help ving that within recent years, these student movements have een ae ing something of far greater significance.

Lach national student federation, of course, has a different sect

vaditions to meet and some sort of program with which to meet om, but there are certain fundamentals on which almost all of um agree; and it is these which will form the subject matter of study.

In the first place, the students are one in their demand for free obligatory education. They denounce favoritism in the award-

- ot degrees and titles. They favor the abolition of final examin- sand giving more attention to seminars than to class work. «il tor more courses in Spanish and American (a// Ameri- Istory and for “courses in anti-impertalism.”” They are inter- 1 development of extension teaching and volunteer to a active part in extension programs. They clamor for parti- in university councils and for complete autonomy of the ersities, Which, in most Latin American countries are still

> with the governments.

so much tor what might be grouped ander the heading of aca-

‘ctorm., But the students, realizing that they are to be the cuders in the economic and politico-social life of their

‘ics, have developed certain, definite ideas with regard to

.cims with which their countries are beset and have not hes- �[Page 272]7a WORLD UNITY MAGAZINE

§ oo

itated to make their opinions known.

They realize, perhaps more than any other group, that ¢! cursions into their countries are only made possible by corrus venal officials, conniving with foreign interests. Hence. they c. no uncertain terms for the birth of a real patriotic, civic spirit | shall place the welfare of the country above selfish interests. O: ly opposed to imperialism, they also throw their influence a any form of oppressions from within. They fight incessantly: the abolition of child labor and against the exploitation of © Indian within their borders. They not only believe in equal ric’: tor women politically but that women should be admitted to: professions on an equal footing with men. Last but certainly 1° least, they are bitterly opposed to all political dictatorship; and is here where their troubles usually begin.

Since the formation of the Ibero-American Student Confede:. tion, this opposition to dictatorships has taken on a new angle. I: merly, each national student federation fought the dictatorshi) : its own country if one existed. Now, the impact of all students : Latin America is brought to bear on any and all cases, as the st. dents consider dictators common enemies of their cause. Studen who are expelled from any one country for political reasons arc t receive aid in studying elsewhere in Latin America during « period of their exile.

Regarding the attitude of Latin American students towards «: ternational questions, a definite trend is noticeable—namely Ibe: Americanism, a union based on race affinity of the peoples orc: ating on the Iberian Peninsula, now occupied by Spain and Portu.:.

While many national student federations of Latin America «: members of the International Student Confederation and wer number of vears ago members of the Pan American Student Lec: the greater part of them now support the Ibero-American Stuce: Confederation, with headquarters in Mexico City. At this ssa the national federations of the following countries are either » bers or about to become members: Argentina, Bolivia, " Columbia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Gu. emala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Pe: �[Page 273]LATIN AMERICAN STUDENT OPINION AN” THE U. S. 273

<ilvador and Uraguay. In addition, the students of Spain have been avited to come in. It is also planned to have the students of the Philippine Islands and Porto Rico enter as national units. One need not do much conjecturing to make out the trend of this movement.

If there is any doubt as to the trend in question, it would be dispelled by the following declaration, which states as one of the ibero-American Student Confederation’s objects: “Spiritual, eco- nomic and political union of Ibero-American countries and pfo- ‘ction against outside attempts to throttle them.”

Late in 1930, the First Ibero-American Student Congress was

. Jd. The Congress declared itself as being against Pan Ameri- anism, the Monroe Doctrine and Article 21 of the Covenant of ‘ie League of Nations. It commissioned the Salvadorean Student icderation to investigate ‘crimes committed by the North Ameri- an Invading Army” in Nicaragua. It expressed disapproval of mperialistic control of the Panama Canal.” In the field of eco- nomics, the Congress placed itself on record as favoring high ‘arts and laws against foreign capital, in order to offset the eco- comuc superiority of the United States. The formation of an loero-American network of land, maritime and air communica- ns’ was advocated. It was decided to organize exhibits at which “|, goods produced in Ibero-American countries would be shown. ()t course, the international contacts of Latin America students not limited to the Ibero-American field. For instance, not so -< ago, a delegation of British students visited Argentina. Re- tiv, the students of Japan visited those of Mexico to repay a houner Visit.

This may or may not have anything to do with the fact that at

otaccting of the Mexican National Student Congress, the students ~tcaico declared themselves in favor of Mexican neutrality in ~« cvent of a war between the United States and any power of cone or Asia.

i.vcn between congresses, the students are in almost constant

They send cables to dictators demanding that their col- cues be set free. They make demonstrations before Embassies �[Page 274]174 WORLD UNITY MAGAZINE

-;

and Legations of offending governments. They strike. (©: positive side, they have established classes for the workers an Indians. They have tried through their publications, to a: Civic spirit and to awaken the people to dangers from w ithin a without which they consider real. While in some respects. 1 show their youthful inexperience, they certainly do not lack sinc: ity of purpose—and that is a healthy sign in a world ridden « so much insincerity.

Towards the students of the United States, their attitude is. of covert tear. In discussing a proposal of the North Amc: students represented in the National Student Federation of Nox America, to hold a Pan American Student Congress at Miu: Florida, this year, they stated that: “Despite the undeniable ;' of equality on which we stand with all students, we are not romantic as to believe that the North American students, in: event of our grouping ourselves with them, would refrain tr: attempting to impose upon us their ambition to dominate, wiv, in them is a fundamental biological trait.”

They have frankly advised the National Student Federation North America that before any closer relations can be establishe: between the students of Latin America and those of the Unites States, the latter will have to come out openly and declare just wh.: is their attitude with revard to North America imperialism.

Much depends on t.¢ answer, If the situation is handled ©: rectly, the students of the Americas may be the means of brinwin. about a new era of inter-American understanding. ¢ Nisth “America hat just sent to the There Amerieat Stevens’ Ce Cnfederaticn, a. thutttest tg Pe A ea att of socalied ‘fraternal’ offjeial declarations, we slesite te nation agaiist anotiier, As studekts, we belicee that the atu areata ena

he, has the supreme mission to defend Feason, Which should govern nations as well as 1.1... igainst force, a relic of the savage ages. �[Page 275]THE MEETING POINT by Royal WILBUR FRANCE

Professor of Economics, Rollins College

HE most impressive figure in London at the Round Table

Conference on India, was the man who was not there. More

real than any other voice, more dominating than any other

person, in the background of all that took place loomed \{ahatma Gandhi.

What is going on in India is more fundamental than a political olution. Two great systems of life and thought have come to cips. “Master your environmenc,” says the West, ‘Find the way ‘ought invention and the organization of economic processes to tisty all the desires of mankind. This way lies our salvation from cudgery and monotony.”

In the quest of happiness along this route the West seems to ave been blocked by an ever mounting tide of desires. The more

ive the more we want. The very machine that we have created cars to thwart its own purpose. It produces beyond our capacity -urchase and consume and we are impoverished by the very sundance of our material wealth. Our strained faces reveal our owatd fears. Only a few individuals among us have found the »..ce.wnd happiness that the abundance of our life seemed to ofter. (ten they are the ones who lack the abundance. Not thus shall you attain the goal,” the East answers to the oss striving of the West. “Not through the endless creation of ‘os tnd the vain attempt to satisty them, will you win through opiness. Inthe elimination of desire rather than in its creation wustaction lics the way to peace and to God.” wama Krishna, a Holy Man of India, expressed the Eastern

“se . �[Page 276]276 WORLD UNITY MAGAZINE

viewpoint. “Have vou noticed the steady flame of a lamp?” }. asked. “The slightest stir in the air will make it flicker. Just as de! cate is the task of secking God. No matter how selfless your dee: —outwardly they may appear perfect—but if within you stirs th< slightest teclin; of self or desire it will destroy your realization | God as the wind blows out the candle.”

It is the challenge of this philosophy that India, under th: leadership of Gandhi, has thrown into the face of the West. Gan dhi’s physical body shrunk almost to nothingness, sopease the unimportance of the physical. He covers it with a simple garmen: woven on a hand-loom by his own labor. Why bother w th a bod; at all? A handful of food and a little water suffices. What if it does shrink? The mind widens. The spirit enlarges. That is what counts. The Jain vows are significant. They give us a clew to tl: inner feeling. The physical love for a woman’s body even for on woman, even for a wife, detracts. It narrows desire. It is aspiratio: that is carnal, not spiritual. We see that asceticism expressed in the vows of the Catholic priesthood. The very joy in sex condemns it. Joy must come from something else. Paul, the apostle of Chris tianity, its chief exponent before the Occident took it up, consid ered the sex relationship a ‘‘filthiness of the flesh.” The flesh was lusting against the spirit. Gandhi is the incarnation of the Eastern ideal. The millions may not follow him indeed in his merging o: his individual identity and personal desire into the spiritual whole Appetites will continue to find satisfactions in India as elsewhere No doubt they will. But what is the ideal? Those same millions come remarkably close to worshipping Gandhi. At least, he stancs for what their hearts believe. To the extent that they can follow his lead in refusing the matecial things of Western civilization anc confronting physical weapons with a spiritual force, India will triumph in the present struggle.

Gandhi's technique is typically Eastern. If the masses can apply it, the British Lion may as well lie down with the lamb wit! as little roar as possible. Armaments are clearly impotent. Ln willing people cannot be made to buy. No Power can long continu shooting down those who will not resist. The machine and the �[Page 277]THE MEETING POINT 277

cut face a perfect stymie. If India follows Gandhi, it will win. That is already written 4 the book. But what of the victory? Will it be a gain for civili- sion of a loss? Here we touch something fundamental. Does rocress toward the goal of human achievement lic in renunciation t accomplishment? The answer is confused. Keyserling and Rol- and and Spengler are afraid of the machine. They would scrap t and all its works and lead us back to primitive simplicity. They xe our life not as richer but only as more complicated. Instead of nereasing our mastery of life, we have become the slaves of our wn machines. There are plenty of comments like that in the West. Hu Shih thinks otherwise. Our success or failure as a race depends .pon our ability to use intelligence for the invention of necessary .nd effective tools. The civilization is not materialistic which is amited by matter, not the one which masters it. Hu Shih is not wiated in that opinion in the Orient. Japan has adopted it as a working theory en masse, quite furiously. Our own intensity seems quite mild in comparison. China yawns and stretches its long limbs and the sleepy look in its eyes is becoming concentrated. Gandhi and India remain unconvinced. Shall we continue to improve our machinery and our organiza- tion tor the satisfaction of our material desires or shall we rid our- cives of the desires? Gandhi is explicit. But his triumph in India ‘ili not be a final answer to the question. It will provide a point ‘departure. It will afford to the East an enormous testing ground ‘or working out the Eastern philosophy. There is no sign that the West will follow in the footsteps of ‘ic hast. We ate just not made that way. Our destiny follows dif- rent lines. But there is a question that neither the Western world cor the Eastern has sufiiciently examined. Are we both right and oth wrong? Is the road to follow neither East nor West? Is there iatger synthesis which will include two points of view which at “rst vlance appear irreconcilable? Must the West be forever rest- “ss and unsatisfied and the East forever hungry and squalid? Can raise human life to altogether new levels by combining the effi- uv. of the West with the calmness of the East? �[Page 278]278 WORLD UNITY MAGAZINE

Our chance does not lie in going back, Keyscerling, Spenglc: and the whole chorus of defeatists notwithstanding. We will no: lose our attachment to material things by destroying the machine, that produce them. That would make their getting harder. But their scarcity has been the trouble. They have been much soug!:: It is within the power of the machine to make the getting cas, Suppose that we carry the mechanics of this thing to its logical con. clusion. We do not see men obsessed with the struggle to possess blue sky or sunshine or fresh air. They are valuable. Undeniab!y. Even for the briefest time we would not be without them. But there are no consolidations between Fresh Air Corporation anc Ozone, Incorporated. The explanation is obvious. Abundanc thwarts exploitation. If we ever gear up the machine to produc: all kinds of wealth so freely that it is as cheap as dirt, it will lose its significance. At least it will have no recognizable connection with wealth are now considered. Granted that such a conception 1s purely theoretical, chimerical even, yet it is within the possibilities It may even be the goal toward which we are blindly stumbling.

Man lives in a mental medium. His thoughts create his world What he dreams one day is a reality the next. What he demands happens. If he knecks at a closed door it opens for him. He .« tually possesses Aladdin’s lamp. Today our children are born with wings. Their voices span the world. Their ears are attuned to nev. vibrations. They explore curiously the minute and the infinite anc nothing bars their way. Nothing unless it ts their own limitations What are we after?

Wealth comes to us almost for the asking, It pours trom loon: and soil, from machines and from the very air itself until the stor of the manna from heaven no longer interests us. Yet we still ls. in the fears of the past. We retain the psychology created in ou: race by a past era when struggle was more than a mild exercis: We are still obsessed with the idea of accumulating material things You can see the “chip-munk” look on every other face in Wu: Street or on Fifth Avenue. We still push and shove at life’s ove: loaded table as though there were not enough to go around. Wo © are we afraid of 2 Is there any way of escape? �[Page 279]THE MEFTING POINT 279

lhe East, incarnate in Gandhi, says, “Renounce! Destroy the hines that your ingenuity has created. Rid yourselves of the Joure for material things and find your joy in the things of the spirit.” But we have physical bodies to be fed and clothed and .ept clean and in good working condition. Is the East fed? Is it Jothed? Is it even clean? If Gandhi's philosophy will not provide . sound material foundation for the spiritual life, we will have none of it in the West. I doubt whether the East will accept it for ong. Men everywhere are beginning to realize that a fuller life » possible for mankind on this planet than we have ever yet at- caned. But what is it How can we secure it? © The East calls us back to the things of the spirit. Let us grant cut that is a fine phrase. All right. What of it? Just what does it scan? Does it mean that in order to get poise, a sense of beauty, . reilization of the unity of life, in a word, peace, we have to stop tng bacon and eggs for breaktast? Does the type of loom our c.tments are woven on affect our spiritual content? Do we see -cauty more widely or only less clearly because of the enlargement

our motor abilities? If the later, is there any law of the machine

stuch prevents us from going wherever we want to go in our ex- ‘ended radius and then stopping the motor? If spiritual life be .onsidered in terms of altruism are we more charitably inclined on full stomach or an empty one? We are making a real attempt in -.ucation today to define our meanings. One of my student sis a poct and an aesthete. He sympathizes “h Keyserling. He feels oppressed by our mechanized civiliza- We pin him down to facts. Does he object to bathtubs? No. tic refrigerators? No. We go through the list. He does not ike, in fact, labor saving or time economizing devices in and ‘ ¢ themselves. What is it then? He thinks hard. He wants quiet. ‘iv objects to the noises of motors an. machinery. It disturbs his ».hological balance. Now we begin to agree. The group that anted to go backward to simpler conditions again and those who ve that the machine represents progress have found a common tive. The motors which make quiet lakes hideous should be iced. We feel that noise is no necessary part of the machine. �[Page 280]28o WORLD UNITY MAGAZINE

Some of the greatest instruments of power are almost silent. If w« have our way the factories of the future will resemble sylvan groves in their quietude.

“But what of the joy of creation?” asks another. “Can th. monotonous acts of repetition at a machine ever satisfy the artisar in us?” Someone suggests a pleasure in studying the task to find a way to simplify it still further but our Keyserlings are not con vinced. Not only is there no creative act for the machine operat«: but the things produced lack the individual touch and artistry that handcraft gave to the simplest objects. There seems to be no wa: out until we think of time. Suppose that the machine should be so efficiently used and our economy so perfected that no one had t spend more than two or three hours a day at monotonous tasks an: that the remaining time was free to the individual to create what ever he pleased? That is within the power of the machine. Wit! inventions breeding idle men like gnats, it is already in sight. Are we not just in the crude beginnings of the age of power? If we 2 forward instead of retreating in despair, may we not releax through leisure and training, a new fecundity?

The too!s for our economic salvation are already in our hands The wealth necessary to abolish want is now for the first time « human history available. The genius of America is for practic: solutions. Have we nowhere the ability to formulate a program The social mind is stirring. But it is functioning on uncmployme:: of results, not causes. We need to arouse it further from its let argy. to let it begin to function with knowledge to a defined pi: pose. Some day creative intelligence may triumph over physi. environment, the world may become a home to us and hum«: society a fellowship of free souls. To bring that about is wor’ considerable effort, cerebral as well as cardiac. �[Page 281]THE DAWN OF PEACE by ‘ABDU 'L-BAHA

H¥ fatherhood of God, His loving-kindness and beneficence are apparent to all. In His mercy He provides fully and amply for His creatures and if any soul sins He does not suspend His bounty. All created things are visible mani- ‘stations of His fatherhood, mercy and heavenly bestowals. Hu- an brotherhood is likewise as clear and evident as the sun, for _ate servants of one God, belong to one humankind, inhabit the me globe, are sheltered beneath the overshadowing deme of -cven and submerged in the sea of divine mercy. Human brother- od and dependence exist because mutual helpfulness and co- ‘ -ration are the two necessary principles underlying human wel- . This is the physical relationship of mankind. There is another thetlogl, the spiritual, which is higher, holier and superior to others, It is heavenly; it emanates from the breaths of the Holy rit and the effulgence of merciful attributes; it is founded upon mitual susceptibilities. This brotherhood is established by the ‘nitestations of the Holy One. The divine Manifestations since the day of Adam have striven ‘unite humanity so that all may be accounted as one soul. The tion and purpose of a shepherd is to gather and not disperse tock. The prophets of God have been divine shepherds of nant They have established a bond of love and unity among «ind, made scattered peoples one nation and w andering tribes chty kingdom. They have laid the foundation of the oneness i and summoned all to universal peace. All these holy, divine ‘estations are one. They have served one God, promulgated ine truth, founded the same institutions and reflected the same

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light. Their appearances have been successive and correlated: c. one has announced and extolled the one who was to follow and . laid the foundation of reality. They summoned and invited +: people to love and made the human world a mirror of the Wu: of God. Therefore the divine religions they established have vo: foundation: their teachings, proofs and evidences are one; in num: and form they differ but in reality they agree and are the sary These holy Manifestations have been as the coming of springtir: in the world. Although the springtime of this year is designate. by another name according to the changing calendar, yet as regar.: its life and quickening it is the same as the springtime of last veo: For each spring is the time of a new creation, the effects, bestow « perfections and life-giving forces of which are the same as tho: of the former vernal seasons although the names are man, various. This is 1912,* last year’s was rort and so on, but fundamental reality no difference is apparent. The sun is or. but the dawning-points of the sun are numerous and changing. |). ocean is one body of water but difterent parts of it have particu designation, Atlantic, Pacific, Mediterranean, Antarctic, ctc. Ii consider the names, there is differentiation, but the water, the occ. itself is one reality.

Likewise the divine religions of the holy Manifestations | God are in reality onc though in name and nomenclature they ¢: fer. Man must be a lover of the light no matter from what cs spring it may appear. He must be a lover of the rose no matter © what soil it mav be growing. He must be a secker of the truth + matter from what source it come. Attachment to the lantern is: loving the light. Attachment to the earth is not befitting but cnju ment of the rose which develops from the soil is worthy. Devoti: to the tree is profitless but partaking of the fruit is beneficial. Lus cious fruits no matter upon what tree they grow or where the may be found must be enjoyed. The word of truth no matter wh tongue utters it must be sanctioned. Absolute verities no matter « what book they be recorded must be accepted. If we harbor pre:.

(hoa acticle ts the text of an addrese delivered at Metropolitan Temple, New York ©‘) m.cy 2S lvle �[Page 283]THE DAWN OF PEACE 2$?

Vv)

it will be the cause of deprivation and ignorence. The strife: een religions, nations and races arises from misunderstanding. investigate the religions to discover the principles underlying cir ceed ations we will find they aercts for the fundamental re- ty of theni is one and not multiple. vy this means the religionists ‘the world will reach their point of unity and reconciliation, They | ascertain the truth that the purpose of religion is the acquist- von of praiseworthy virtues, betterment of morals, spiritual de- opment of mankind, the real life and divine bestowals. All the shets have been the promoters of these principles; none of them ascent the promoter of corruption, vice or evil. They have sum- ned mankind to all good. They have united people i in the love .! God, invited them to the religions of the unity of mankind and cxtiorted them to amity and agreement. For example, we mention Abraham and Moses. By this mention we do not mean the limita- ton 18 EES in the mere names but intend the virtues which these

‘osttion of divine pines, a center of human virtues, a source of eavenly bestowals to mankind, a dawning-point of divine inspira- ton and perfections. These perfections and graces are not limited names and boundaries. When we find these virtues, qualities and ‘tributes in any personality, we recognize the same reality shining trom within and bow in acknowledgment of the Abrahamic per- uons. Similarly we acknowledge and adore the beauty of Moses. ‘me souls were lovers of the name Abraham, loving the lantern ‘ad of the light and when they saw this same light shining from ther lantern they were so attached to the former lantern that did not recognize its later appearance and illumination. There- those who were attached and held tenaciously to the name \oruham were deprived when the Abrahamic virtues reappeared Moses. Similarly the Jews were believers in His Holiness Moses, witing the coming of the Messiah. The virtues and pertections

| Moses became apparent in His Holiness Jesus Christ most eftul- ty but the Jews held to the name Moses, not adoring the virtues pettections manifest in him. Had they been adoring these ‘ues and seeking these perfections they would assuredly have �[Page 284]284 WORLD UNITY MAGAZINE

believed in His Holiness Jesus Christ when the same virtues «1: perfections shone in him. If we are lovers of the light we adore + in whatever lamp it may become manifest but if we love the lam: itself and the light is transferred to another lamp we will neitlic: accept nor sanction it. . . . We must not be fettered. If we renounc these fetters we shall agree, for all are seekers of reality. The cour terfeit or imitation of true religion has adulterated human belic: and the foundations have been lost sight of. The variance of thes: imitations has produced enmity and srife, war and bloodshicu Now the glorious and brilliant twentieth century has dawned anJ the divine bounty is radiating universally. The Sun of Truth i shining forth in intense enkindlement. This is verily the centur, when these imitations must be forsaken, superstitions abandonc: end God alone worshiped. We must look at the reality of the prophets and their teachings in order that we may agree.

Praise be to God! the springtime of God is at hand. This cer tury is verily the spring season. The world of mind and the king dom of soul have become fresh and verdant by its bestowals. |: has resusitated the whoie realm ot existence. On one hand thc lights of reality are shining; on the other clouds of divine merc are pouring down the fullness of heavenly bounty. Wondertu. material progress is evident and great spiritual discoveries are he ing made. Truly this can be called the miracle of centuries for it : replete with manifestations of the miraculous. The time has com: when all mankind shall be united, when all races shall be loyal t one fatherland, all religions become one religion and racial an. religious bias pass away. It is a day in which the oneness of hums kind shall uplift its standard and international peace like the tr: morning flood the world with its light. Therefore we offer supp: cations to God, asking Him to dispel these gloomy clouds and up root these imitations in order that the East and West may becom radiant with love and unity; that the nations of the world shui. embrace each other and the ideal spiritual brotherhood illumin: the world like the glorious sun of the high heavens. �[Page 285]ROUND TABLE

In pointing out, in “The Case for War,” that a formal militar- istic philosophy (or rather, 77th) was not evolved until a phil- sophy of peace had been strongly established, Dr. Stevenson dicates the unique crucial and climactic character of this epoch.

The sheer fact is that this modern age has intensified each and very human activity to its extreme limit. The good and evil, the srotound and the superficial, the useful and the destructive, the -iritual and the bestial, the selfless and the selfish, the individual-

sic and the collectivistic, the vital and the mechanical, the demo- ‘tic and the tyrannical—all these innate human values, tendencies, traits, instincts, acquisitions, virtues and vices, have during the st two or three generations reccived tremendous reenforcement, se sceds fertilized by the past, prodigal and indiscriminating orgi- soc life of a jungle. To any one grasping the world situation as a whole—fee'ing « conflict of minds and wills behind the rapid movement of

• cores and institutions—the age has the very essence of nightmare,

rein the impossible, the unlikely and the inevitable, strangely “oustormed, change places with one another under the unseen scr of some new logic transcending the reach of reason. Not men ‘heaven and hell, as before ancient chaos, have become the pro- oousts of this “greatest drama of man’s spiritual history.” Human ous. save only a few, flee before the manifestations of their own ‘etal destiny—-flee into the vain anonymity of groups, to discover »¢ hiding place behind or within some theory or action capable ‘assuming the impossible burden of moral and rational responsi-

fe

'

Climix has become the unescapable order of this age, an age 1 culminates and fulfills every past era of mankind. Whether iow or the day after—whether this year or next—the climax

285 �[Page 286]286 WORLD UNITY MAGAZINE

cannot now long be staved. We may call it the struggle bets. democracy and autocracy. the strugele between capitalism and munism, or the struggle: between priesteraft and prophetic re! —the terms, in the last an alysis, mean the same thing. Opposit have become so acute in every department of life, on every plane being, that the chain of social security will break here or ther its weakest link. And once broken, no power can reconcile ¢! which has been irreconcilable since the first dawn.

What the world needs is a path to God—a source of Ro!’ above the ignorance and the compromise of a self-betrayed human: ——a source of renewed and regenerated being to cleanse us tr: the mire of our universally organized and rationalized materials: We need to climb a mighty mountain, high above this nightm.: struggle of classes, creeds and nations, a mountain of aspiration, «: faith, at whose foot we must needs leave these selves behind, fror whose top we can peer hopefully, gratefully, into an infinity not « space, not of time, but of love.

“A Moral Order as Exact at the Physical Order”—the gitt the prophets in their purer insight—here is the beginning of th.’ long lost Path. How long shall we turn to institutions, rooted + the bloody past, for that salvation that can only come from abov Modern socicty 76 man—man turned away from God.

Like an adult being among children, a matured, poised so. among those who had drunk the cup of Circe, “Abdu'l-Baha twen years ago reminded the western world that “The fatherhood | God, His loving-kindness and beneficence are apparent to all. . The divine Manifestation since the day of Adam have striven: unite humanity so that all may be accouated as one soul... 2A. these holy, divine Manifestations are one. They have served or God, promulgated the same truth, founded the same institutios and reflected the same light. . . . The time has come when . mankind shall be united, when all races shall be loyal to one tathe: land, all religions become one religion and racial and religious b:. pass away. It is a day in which one religion shall uplift its stanc.: and international peace like the true morning flood the world \ « its light.” �[Page 287]BOOKS FOR WORLD UNITY READERS

A WORLD COMMUNITY, by John Herman Randall

HE book tor those who seek to grasp the world movement as a whole, WD ves the inter-relations of economic, political, industrial and social ors, and a careful analysis of the trends making for international ization. |: has been included in the reading list issued by the National Committee ‘oe Cause and Cure of War.

NATIONALISM AND INTERNATIONALISM by Herbert Adams Gibbons

| . LHS book, Dr, Gibbons has infused his historical scholarship with a ime ot personal experience and participation in international affairs. cosult is a study accurate enough for the classroom and interesting 1 tor the average reader.

‘Nationalism and Internationalism” traces the evolution of political ¢ trom its first expression in the movement toward modern national- through the nineteenth century, to its present expression in inter-

nism as the true outcome of national ideals.

SEVEN GREAT BIBLES, by Alfred W. Martin

H KL, at last, are the essential truths about Hinduism, Buddhism, 2 /oroastrianism, Confucianisin, Tavism, Muhammadanism, Judaism ~(iristianity that demonstrate the underlying unity and harmony in ‘ats trom which these religions derive—a very history of the soul of lumined from age to age by inspired teachers pointing the path to erhood and peace. These three books have been published in the World Unity Library ‘nitiated and sponsored by this magazine. Per copy, $2.00. Any

one title, with annual subscription to World Unity Magazine, $4.00; subscription and two books, $5.75; subscription and all three books,

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(1 WORLD UNITY MAGAZINE. Annual subscription, $2 $2.00 to Libraries, Educational and Religious Institutions.

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(1) NATIONALISM AND INTERNATIONALISM, by Hert Adams Gibbons, $2.00. Book and annual subscription to World Un $4.00.

C1 SEVEN GREAT BIBLES, by Alfred W. Martin, $2.00. Book : annual subscription to World Unity $4.00.

(1) EDUCATION FOR HUMAN BROTHERHOOD, by Rufus Jones, 16-page reprint, $0.05 per copy. (Rate quoted tor larger quan on request.)

(] FOUNDATIONS OF WORLD UNITY, selections from the

dresses of ‘Abdu'l-Baha in America, $0.75. Book and annual subscript to World Unity, $3.00.

1) BUILDING UP THE INTERNATIONAL MIND, by Ha Allen Overstreet, 16-page reprint, $0.05 per copy. (Rate quoted for lar quantity on request. )

() READING LIST OF CURRENT BOOKS ON WORLD UNI £0.05 per copy. (Rate quoted for larger quantity on request.)

TOES seiicaccit a ortrnnasndi bene �