World Unity/Volume 10/Issue 5/Text

[Page 289]

WORLD UNITY

INTERPRETING THE SPIRIT OF THE AGE

JOHN HERMAN RANDALL, Editor Horace HOo.tey, Managing Editor

CONTENTS

Vol. X August, 1932 No. 5 "Knowledge to serve the Ends of Power” Frontispiece The Significance of Lausanne Editorial The Nature of World Unrest Horace Holley Orient and Occident: The Economic Problem Hans Kohn This Praying World—East India John William Kitching The Crisis in Germany J. B. Holt Man’s Search for Happiness Hugh McCurdy Woodward The Fundamental Problem of Pacifism Oscar Jaszi The Case for War (Continued ) Robert C. Stevenson The Psychology of Social Reform George Yeisley Rusk A New Epoch of Civilization Paul Hinner Books on the Orient Hans Kohn

Windows on a World in Revolution World Unity and the Crucial Year World Unity Discussion Groups

WorLD UNITY MAGAZINE is published by Wortp Unrry PUBLISHING CORPORA- HON, 4 East 12th Street, New York City: Mary Rumsey Movius, president; HorACE HOLLEY, vice-president; FLORENCE MORTON, treasurer; JOHN HERMAN NK ONDALL, secretary. Published monthly, 25 cents a copy, $2.50 a year in the (sted States and in all other countrics (postage included). THe Worip UNIty PL TISHING CORPORATION and its editors welcome correspondence on articles

‘J to the aims and purposes of the magazine. Printed in U. S. A. Contents

, Ytighted 1932 by WokLb UNITY PUBLISHING CORPORATION. �[Page 290]

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�[Page 291]THE SIGNIFICANCE OF LAUSANNE

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EDITORIAL

HE last month has seen some encouraging signs in the politi-

cal situation, if not in actual economic conditions. Foremost

in importance is the final agreement reached by the Lausanne

Conference which makes possible a new reparations pact, that will eventually write fiz7s over the whole vexing reparations problem. It must be remembered, however, that the agreements entered into at Lausanne are not now in eftect. They must first be ratified by the respective parliaments and governments of the na- tions concerned. And as clearly indicated, there will be delay in rutification until after there have been negotiations with the United States in regard to Allied debts. This was so well understood by Chancellor von Papen that he asked for and received a formal promise that if the Lausanne Settlement was not approved there could be another reparations conference.

In spite of all protests from Washington, it is clear that the next step forward must be taken by the United States. For years we have been advising the Europeans to settle the reparations ques- tion among themselves before they could expect anything from us inthe way of adjustment of war debts due this country. This pol- ics, publicly stated more than once, has established a corollary to the settlement of reparations in the mind of Europe; that corollary is the cancellation, or at least, some drastic revision of the war debts.

In closing the Lausanne Conference, Ramsay MacDonald said,

[he arrangements signed here must have a response elsewhere,” and “elsewhere” means in Washington. Whether it will be at the proposed London Economic Conference or through diplomatic channels the Nations that now owe us some $10,000,000,000. war

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debts are going to say “We have settled reparations as you advise! what about war debts now?”

This situation presents enormous difficulties for our govern. ment and there will be a long drawn out fight before Congress wil! agree to act on what the logic of events has decreed, namely, the frank reconsideration of the whole war debt question. Congress is still largely hostile to measures which President Hoover, Sccre- tary Stimson and a host of other intelligent citizens know should be taken. Under the circumstances there is small chance of any real action by Washington until after the November election. Al! this means the further postponement of the return of more normal cconomic conditions, that now hangs on the settlement of these grave international problems.

One of the most encouraging signs of the Conference was the length to which France went in doing away with reparations. Up to the last weck there was general doubt as to any agreement being rcached at this time. That France did finally agree to end repara- tions and on terms acceptable to Germany, represents a policy which is far and away from that which led her into the Ruhr. It may be that she saw in concessions to von Papen a chance to belittle Hitler's opportunity for success at the coming German Elections. But, more than that, for the past two years there has been a marked growth of a spirit of moderation in France, especially outside of Paris.

If this swinging away from the ultra-nationalism of the last few years, on the part of France, can become a permanent change of spirit and attitude, and can be extended to other nations, includ- ing the United States, then there is the chance for the gradual sct- tlement of all our vexed problems, through a genuine international cooperation, for which the world now waits.

J-HLR. �[Page 293]THE NATURE OF WORLD UNREST

by Horacr HOLLeY

THE EXTENSION OF THE PRINCIPLE OF WAR

ARFARE and strife have ever been present in human

society, but since the outbreak of military operations

in Europe eighteen years ago, the principie of war has

been enormously reinforced. The cessation of hostil- tics by no means meant the termination of war. The military period served to exhaust and destroy all the human and social resources at the command of governments, but the consuming flame was com- municated from the field of battle to the broader field of business, where its destructiveness assumed new forms.

In passing from the military to the economic domain, the prin- aple of wat escaped the control vested by society in government, «hich throughout history has served to confine the area and duration ot violent combat within the attainment of definite objectives. The rinciple of war today—that is, the condition of organized conflict

spreads throughout the body of society, engaging all civil activ- ies and setting not only nation against nation but class against ass and interest against interest. In this domain no government nor any other social institution is powerful enough to stamp out the names. Civilization has become one continuous crisis, a state of snending civil war. Meanwhile, under the steady pressure of fear arising as much from the possibility of domestic revolution as of ‘orcign aggression, the military establishments directed by all lead- “ig governments have accumulated means of violence sufficient -irtually to destroy the human race.

As long as war can be regarded as abnormal, a temporary hergency within the control of responsible governments, ended at

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will by victory or surrender, its operation does not interrupt t> social habits nor affect fundamental ideas. A people during » temporarily abandons its civil routine and its inherited moral . religious tencts, as a family abandons a house injured by storm, : re-enter it when the storm has subsided and repair whatever dania, has been done. But when the principle of war has carried over tu: the limited field of government operation to the unlin, ‘ted field | general social activity we have a condition in which the bletited capital of social loyalty and constructive idealism is readily imp.i: cd. The steady, relentless pressure exercised by a society divide: against itself and reduced to the elemental strugyle tor existen:. attects the torm and nature both of government and other resp sible institutions. It affects also the aims and habits of the muss «: the people. The tailure of social philosophies emanating trom cient religious teachings open the door to philosophies and doctrin, essentially materialistic in atm and outlook. These compete tor tx control of the state and its compiex agencies of legislation, finan. and public education, altering radically the traditional relations «’ political parties. Industry has the alternative of entering this po. itical struggle at the risk of separating the interests ot labor, capit. and consumer, or of concentrating upon its business task at the rs. of finding its international markets crippled by nationalist policies abroad and its domestic market interfered with by soc. istic programs at home. As materialistic philosophies spread amu: a contused, a burdened and disillusioned people, religious bod: follow industry in its effort to control legislation and education order to sateguard their special interests and values, with the res. that the power of the state to adopt broad and tundamental pub. policies is sacrificed to the clash otf determined interests. Only « casionally, and timidly, can the state rise above this interminab.. wrangle to consider its true relations to the world situation as . whole.

The individual, meanwhile, finds himself more and more con ditioned by this general, ever-changing and menacing competitio: He tinds himself becoming a lone being in a social jungle threat cning his welfare at many points. Isolated goodwill and person.. �[Page 295]THE NATURE OF WORLD UNREST 295

integrity tend to lose their meaning as he finds that they no longer »roduce their habitual result in terms of his life and work. He feels that there is no longer any connection between ultimate faith and todav’s shelter and food. He finds materialism in his church and idealism in his economic party. Above all, he witnesses the con- rounding of leadership in high places and recognizes that the bal- ance of competing forces is so complete that no social group can ‘srough political influence successfully enforce its will upon the «hole population. Under these conditions the final impact of world unrest upon the mass of people is anti-social, manifested in indiffer- ence, in uneasy fear or in determination to seek the short cut through Jirect action.

The combined and successive shock to human nature of the butchery during the war, the depreciation of currencies, the post- “ar revolutions, unemployment, public dishonesty, and the rise of materialistic philosophies to the stature of fully developed institu- tions, not to mention other vital factors such as the inadequacy of the education afforded by public school and sectarian church, and the social blindness exhibited by responsible leaders in all fields of human activity since 1914, has been underestimated in the promo- tion of plans promising general improvement. The ultimate tri- umph of the principle of war has been to reduce the richly varied capacities of people to the sheer instinct to survive. Society is no onger under control—it is a rudderless ship, an unpiloted plane. \o one can predict events, and no authority can deal properly with the emergencies that continually arise.

CONFLICT OF HUMANITY AND CIVILIZATION

An adequate social diagnosis, one on which a permanent plan ot betterment may be founded, can at this time scarcely afford to »verlook these three essential facts: first, that through their inabil- ity to establish real peace and their endorsement of universally de- ‘ructive instruments of warfare, governments no longer protect ste and property, but, on the contrary, have become the chief ources of peril to mankind; second, that as the result of the concen- ‘ution of the means of production and distribution, without corres- �[Page 296]296 WORLD UNITY MAGAZINE

ponding social policy, industry and commerce no longer tec: clothe and shelter the people, but, on the contrary, have incre.

the arca and intensity of poverty and destitution; and, third. ti throtigh the diversity and strife of creeds, and their materi. flisti dependence upon civil authority to enforce moral principles, est.) lished religion no longer intensifies cooperation and sincere cor sultation for mutual protection and general betterment, but, on t!x contrary, poisons the very sources of loyalty and understandin. and fans the flame of competition and dissension which, passin. out from the church into life, sanctioned nationalism in the stu: and self-aggrandisement in business affairs.

By gradual, imperceptible stages, the constructive instrumen:, of civilization have acquired destructive aims. The condition callc ; “peace” is one in which antagonisms and strifes grow to the brew. ing point within each nation; the condition called “war” is the on’. one in which people in each nation attain solidarity and exercs: collective will. The logical end of either condition is the same.

Regarded from the institutional point of view, this age marh> the end of a civilization which no longer serves mankind. From t!: point of view of human experience, it marks the complete and tin. frustration of the instinctive, irrational “struggle for existence. which man shares with the beast, as the dominating social moti. Both statements reflect the same truth, for it is the instinct of pls ical self-preservation which throughout history has impelled hum.: ity to organize the competitive institutions of state, industry an church which are miscalled “civilization.”

Disillusion, however, would only be justified if human socict. could be successfully established on the war principle. An acc which has fully proved that war ne longer leads to the fruits of vi. tory, and that a competitive economy no longer produces welt is an age permeated and sustained by providential forces. |). complexity of the problem, and the greatness of the crisis, 1s : itself the true measure of human capacity.

To realize that antagonism aid hatred, no matter how mss fied by the leverage of social institutions, no matter how gilded «: renned by cultural and doctrinal philosophies, threaten the s. �[Page 297]THE NATURE OF WORLD UNREST 197

existence of humanity, is to perceive that human life functions un- der other and higher laws than those which condition the life of tlic brute. It is likewise to perceive that, all along, the external man- made world of civilization has had no true inner correspondence with the spiritual nature and infinitely varied talents, desires and thoughts of the race. Only by continuous suppression of one entire espect of his being—his latent and passive reality-—has man, acting trom emergency to emergency, made competition the dominant motive In Comparison to cooperation. Both motives are always present; if competition has created governments and industrial s:stems, the vision of unfilled love has supplied the power and in- spiration for true music, art and poetry in every age.

The rise of science in the modern age has enormously reinforce: cd the latent powers of men in comparison to those facultics devel- oped during the era of external struggle against the physical envir- onment. Important as its technological achievement has been, the ultimate value of science lies not in its inventions but in its asser- uons of yet-undeveloped resources within the mind and soul. The ‘culties that make for discovery in the realm of the material uni- verse can, and will, be employed in the more important realm of spiritual reality. Science restores the balance between man as being ind man as desiring and doing. It reveals a new measure of human cipacity, and confirms the integrity of the race as the vehicle for turther evolution. While the eftects of science so far have been negative no less than positive, a spiritual science concerned with tue central problem of human welfare can provide the agencies necessary for the functioning of the spirit of cooperation through- out society,

The providential character of the crisis actually consists in the ‘uct that it is a crisis—a challenge to human understanding not to oe diverted or put off to a more convenient season. Because it is « ntuwide, it lays its burden as heavily upon America as Europe, pon the East no less than upon the West, upon government as upon dustry, and upon religion as upon government, Humanity shares oc universal experience of suffering and grief,\bears one unavoid-

ic responsibility, reacts to one supreme stimulus serving to quick- �[Page 298]298 oie WORLD UNITY MAGAZINE

‘ t

en the slumbering, passive “inner’’ powers—hence humanity gro. 5 in understanding of its fundamental reality and is trained to fur tion through collective resources and instruments.

The present unrest has no real meaning or ultimate value unti! it is recognized as a movement in humanity and only secondaril, « disturbance in the institutional elements of civilization. Politica u exigencies and economic depression have become so acute taat the symptoms are mistaken for the actual disease. The first principle, and the foundation upon which the new order stands, is the or.encss of humanity—the interdependence of the race in a common ortyiii and destiny. The social organization that now fails to function s one constructed upon the assumption of diversity and separateness, which has produced a society motivated by competition.

THE ANALOGY OF ROME

Fortunately, the history of our own civilization offers, on 4 smaller scale, an era closely paralleling the present condition.

The Roman Empire, at a certain point, also established a civil ization opposed to the best interests of humanity. Its institution.! society likewise entered a time of “transition” when the competitive instinct began to fail, faced with political, economic and religious problems too complex for solution by traditional means. But throug’: the power of the Christian faith, those problems were transmuted into a higher human process. The claims of that faith no douls remained consistently ignored or condemned by those indoctrinated with the social science of the period, but the fact remains that the stream of human evolution abandoned the institutions of civiliz.: tion and flowed onward through the channels of a movement re- flecting the needs and capacities of humanity. The restoration 0: society came about through the loyalty of regenerated individua's welded in a cooperative group, not through the reorganization « tariffs, wages, public statutes and trade. Up to the limit of humun capacity, the people of faith constituted a society in which a bon. and relationship, like that animating the members of a family, rc- place the formal procedures and unfeeling contacts sanctioned ) the political and economic science of the ruined state.

The essence of that experience was the triumph of human::: �[Page 299]THB NATURE OF WORLD UNREST 299

over civilization. The early Christians dipped themselves in the eternal stream of human reality, recovered the vision of God, and armed only with devotion and faith, stood fast against the shocks of a collapsing society and eventually laid the foundation for a “new age.” Their faith in Christ released the mysterious forces of the spirit within; by sacrifice they were able to re-create society on a higher moral basis, nearer the ultimate aim of a cooperative world,

The early Christian world was, however, a definitely limited tea, hemmed in by barbaric hordes and prevented from expanding the Christian experience to include humanity. The movement out- ward came to an end; Christianity organized itself for defense, ad- mitting within itself the fatal influence of dissension and force; the new social body after it had repudiated the law of universal love revealed the presence of spiritual disease by dividing on issues of scientific truth; this fissure gradually widened until Protestantism made it permanent, and modern civilization, with its inner conflict between “‘secular” and “religious” values was the inevitable result. Nothing in this gradual decay can be made to serve as argument against the true significance of religion. Christianity restored the power of the heart.

The “truth” of Christianity, and of all religions founded by a prophetic spirit, is, however, not a constant but a variable; a rise toward the vision of God, followed by a darkening and degenera- tion, It is a spring time of spiritual fertility, followed by summer and the harvest of autumn, and terminating in the cold of winter. Civilization may be likened to a clock that must be periodically wound. The historic process that reduced Christianity from a source ot inner renewal to a mere institutionalism operated also in the case of Judaism, Muhammadism, Buddhism and other religions. Lach regenerated an area of humanity, revived civilization, created new and better conditions for mankind and slowly died, to yield p.ice to another prophet and a renewal of faith.

OBJECTIVES OF SOCIAL PROGRESS Chaos and revolution will continue, with increased momen- �[Page 300]300 WORLD UNITY MAGAZINE

tum, until social justice, inspired by a new universal faith, croutcs an instrument of world governinent, a government possessing 1): sovereignty of mankind, to which the national states are subord::: ated as provinces having only local jurisdiction. This is the centr! issue of the world today, the unescapable obligation written :1 financial, political, social and moral terms that all may eventual), read.

For world government differs from the present national gov. ernments not merely through an extension of the physical area ot jurisdiction, but in the dimension of social responsibility as wel! It alone can effect disarmament, create a safe currency, reconci' the discord of classes, establish an education conforming to basi human needs, and overcome the sinister peril resident in the disc: gent theories of capitalism and communism. Not until world go. ernment exists can the divorce between “religious and “secular values be ended, the greatest curse in human experience. Wor! government implies social administration by the elect of mankin! —men whose executive talents are imbued with moral principles. It is the partisan politician who maintains social disunity that he may have the privilege of fishing in troubled waters.

World government is the only possible source of stability tur local communities in all nations. The local community today is thc victim of the evils of civilization, dragged as it is by the char wheels of national politics and large scale industry. In the uncer plovment prevalent in larger towns and cities, and the prostration of agriculture which saps the life of small towns and villages. 1: sec the brake applied which is gradually bringing civilization to «: absolute standstill.

As world government is the first, so a regenerated local com munity is the second objective of social progress. The essenti. human relations are. all maintained locally. It is our communit: environment which finally determines the quality of human 1! Here our inner attitudes begin that cycle of social influence culms: ating either in peace or war. Here takes place the impact of cduc. tion upon the unprejudiced child soul which produces the motiv« and reactions of adult life.° �[Page 301]THE NATURE OF WORLD UNREST 30!

‘The transformation needed to make the local community over om the condition of a diseased cell in a disordered social body, to the condition of a healthy cell in a sound organism, is the tension of the social relationship from the political to the eco- nomic realm. In a vital social organism, the individual would have sot merely the inalienable right to vote and receive the protection t the courts, but also the inalienable right of economic livlihood— not insulting charity but fundamental human right. The political structure today is a sieve through which runs away in loss the noblest aspirations and the most eftective motives and qualities of

unkind. Nothing can redeem the fact that modern government

onginated as an agency for the conduct of war rather than for the muuntenance of peace.

This new and higher human status, moreover, does not depend spon the success of socialism and far less upon the success of com- .unism, Both these social theories fail to correspond to the stand-

rd of human reality. They are, at bottom, an effort to organize ‘terials and processes and not an eftort to unify human beings. [hie emphasis is entirely upon the mechanism instead of upon the suture of man, Their complete application might produce the sem- lance ot external order, but this would be at the expense of the umn spirit, Only after we have uncovered the spiritual principles ot human association can we evolve a social order corresponding © the divine reality.

Both world government and regenerated local community are osstbilities in human evolution the realization of which depends

oon the existence of a’new scale of personal motives and a new cove of social understanding. The ultimate goal of a world econ- . therefore has a third objective, correlated to the two objectives ‘cady outlined. The third objective is the need of spiritual edu- tion the reinforcement of man’s passive idealism to the point uere people consciously strive together for mutual ends, and are » longer socially indifferent, waiting for ‘good times” to come of sclt or to be received as a gift from a few bankers, manufacturers ia statesmen. ihe profit motive will not sustain a balanced, enauring civil: �[Page 302]302 WORLD UNITY MAGAZINE

ization. Far stronger, far truer—in fact, far more humanly natur.! —is the motive of self-expression and fulfillment found in child ren and surviving in the few artists, artisans and spiritually con scious men and women who refuse to be molded by the extern.:! forces prevailing in their environment. The inadequacy of the pro::: motive appears when we imagine the result if it were extended to family life. Every family is a cooperative economy attempting to maintain itself in a competitive community. The dissolution «: the family marks the end of an age.

Spiritual education has little connection with the systems 0: education developed by churches for partisan ends. It is education of the whole being for useful life in a united society which derives its laws and principles from the universal law of love. It is cduc. tion conscious of the modes of social evolution and hence subduing the means of life to its true purpose and outcome. One single gen- eration raised by spiritual education above the false guides wh« rationalize class, race, national and religious prejudices can give humanity foothold in the new age of cooperation and unity.

These three objectives—world government, a regenerated com- munity and spiritual education—are interdependent. Neither can exist without the other two. Al! three are latent in human socicty at the present time. They are emerging to the degree that the high. est type of people in all countries recognize one or more of thera .s the most worthy values for idealism and eftort. The sheer inertia ot past evolution, however, still carries the race in other directions. By comparing the numbers and resources devoted to the promotion of these three ideals, with the numbers and resources available tor the promotion of all vested interests dependent on a competitive order, we appreciate anew the depth of the crisis wherein we live.

What is needed above ll at this time is a valid source o! conviction that, whatever the immediate future may be, bright or dark, the reinforcement of universal truth stands behind the move ment toward world order and peace, and that the opposition is 11 esscnce negative and will ultimately be overthrown. Conscious faith alone can turn the scale between evolution and revolution, between order and chaos. �[Page 303]ORIENT AND OCCIDENT

by HaANs KOHN Doctor Juvis, University of Prague

THE ECONOMIC PROBLEM

Development of Transportation

fW ODERN means of transportation and communication, and

, the deeper and deeper penetration of both Orient and Occident, have made possible, during the last decade,

the realization or the approach to realization of a num-

ber of important trade routes which, until a century ago, seemed impossibly bold projects. Between Europe and the fertile provinces ot Central Africa and Southern and Eastern Asia lies a broad belt ot land, extending from the Atlantic Ocean far into Middle Asia, which is inhabited chiefly by Muhammedan peoples. On account of deserts this belt of land presents a barrier to trade, and in fer- tility and natural resources is inferior to Southern and Eastern Asia or Central Africa. Formerly the plan was to intersect this stretch ot land with great railway constructions. This plan is not yet re- «ized. The British railway from Cairo to Cape Town, which is to open up and join in a single unit the entire area of British influence in the southern and eastern parts of the Dark Continent, is still not quite finished and must be supplemented by boat and automobile. The scope of the British colonial policy is being exicnded farther «nd farther into East Africa in order to link together administrative .tcas hitherto separated. This can be accomplished only through «n extension of trade routes. The great French cross-line through Itench Africa is to extend from Constantine across the Sahara to luke Chad, and from there to Stanleyville in the Belgian Congo,

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where it will connect with the Cape-Cairo line. Thus South Afric. would be connected with the Mediterranean by a railway line wit!, two branches, with one branch leading by way of Algeria to Pars, and London and the other by way of Cairo to the new railway 5); tem to be completed in Western Asia. The conquering of the dese: area with the aid of modern means of transportation is a matter ot vital importance to France’s colonial real. The most importa: provinces of this realm, North Africa and West Africa, are now to be connected with each other and with France by air lines. ‘Thi: European-African air line will make connections for Norther: Brazil by way of Dakar in West Africa, and will thus be an adjunct of the southern transatlantic line. Of greater importance to thc region of the Orient is the extension of this line to Madagascar bh. way of the Belgian Congo and Mozambique. In East Africa 1: crosses the air line between Alexandria and Cape Town, and thus presents a parallel to the railway lines which intersect Africa, Thx newer means of transportation do not supplant the older; the. supplement it. But in the newer countries of the Orient they wer put into operation along with the older, and are for this reason « symbol of the simultaneous cooperation of factors in the Orient 0: today which have appeared in Europe over a longer period of time In transcontinental importance, however, the African trans portation network is second to that of Western Asia, which cs tablishes connections with India, the Far East and Australia. Unt. a short time ago the sole means of transportation over this rout: was the sea-going vessel, which originally took the route around Africa, and later the route through the Red Sea and the Suez Cana. For decades these ocean lines have determined the expansion poi: of the maritime powers in the Orient and have served as their tu. crum. In the development of many coast stations and islands in the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific Oceans the deflection of the cv griphical lines of political power is most clearly demonstr.ite ' Solitary islands in the ocean have frequently been brought out «: total obscurity into the foreground for a few decades, and has: then disappeared again and new ones have become important .- cable stations—or, lately, as airports. The political far-sightedics �[Page 305]ORIENT AND OCCIDENT 305

of Great Britain has perhaps proved itself to be of the first order in the detection and utilization of such points—definitely impor- tunt, strategically and economically, as points of communication— and has often suspected their importance in advance when it was not vet apparent under existing conditions of transportation. Dur- ing the developments of the last ten years land routes, by rail and hy automobile, and air routes, have begun to be as important as sca routes. In the transcontinental traffic of the Old World a sea route always means a roundabout course. The aim of the traffic policy is to proceed, as openly and as directly as possible but at the same time with assurance and without opposition, in the building of toads between the great centers of population and the centers of economic wealth. The necessity that these routes be safe has this result, that the strategic advance of the powers is carried on along the projected routes. The safety of the communications de- termines the course of world politics in the Near Orient, which is chiefly the region of through traffic. The mutually opposed interests ot English, Russian, German and French political and economic expansion in the Orient found their outward expression in the lay- ing out of railways and thoroughfares and in the choice of harbors and ait routes. The fact that Great Britain was able to eliminate Russia and Germany from this region during the World War has strengthened her already dominant position before. The trans- portation problem of the Near East is the problem of British im- peril highways, of the opposition offered in the way of its solution, iid of the attempt to overcome this opposition—by force, by diplo- macy or by the mapping out of new routes.

Only modern means of transportation have made possible the crossing of the belt of land in‘Western Asia between the Mediter- rancan Sea and the Indian Ocean. Ancient caravan routes have tuken on a modern significance. Bagdad, which had slumbered trough many centuries, apart {rom the trade and the politics of tic world, in a peace wrapped about by legends, has again assumed “cr ancient réle as the focus of western oriental trade routes and volitical interests. Bagdad has become the central junction for the

‘id and air traffic of the Middle East. She rivals the ancient mari- �[Page 306]306 WORLD UNITY MAGAZINE

time centers of Alexandria and Singapore, which are becomi:z centers of air traffic. At Alexandria the airways and the sea route from Europe branch off into the land and air route to South Afric. on the one hand and to Southeast Asia on the other. With thc evacuation of the Egyptian capital by the British troops, the origin. role intended for Cairo is being transferred to the seaport and it, environs, which are always within range of the English battleships Egypt is already accessible today by railway from Europe. Tic Orient Express continues its run, by way of Constantinople, to Aleppo in Syria, and from there, by way of Tripolis and Haita, to the Suez Canal. From the new harbor to be built in Haifa the Mediterranean will be connected with Bagdad by a railway throug) the Syrian Desert and across the Euphrates, parallel to a route from Haifa and Beirut on which regular postal communications between the Mediterranean and Mesopotamia have been maintained b, automobile for years. The projected road to Bagdad from t!« region about the Suez Canal, which is under British control, wil! have only one terminus on the Mediterranean. The other will be at the northwest corner of the Red Sea, where the harbor of Akab. is to be connected by rail with Ma’an on the Hejaz line, from which point there is already a regular railway service to Haifa and D.- mascus. These cities will then be linked to Bagdad also. Bagdad already has a regular railway connection with Constantinople. the Taurus Express, which runs along the old Bagdad road to Nisibin. Over the still unfinished portion of the road, from Nisibin to Kir kuk, automobiles are used. From Kirkuk the railroad continucs to Bagdad and to Basra on the Persian Gulf. Thus the original s\s- tems of the Bagdad and the Hejaz railways, planned before the World War in the interests of Turkey and Germany, are to be merged and extended to the Suez Canal and the Red Sea. Th: new transportation network no longer serves the original interests. but serves the British imperial policy and opens up and establishes the route to India. |

Only one regular automobile road leads eastward today from Bagdad into Persia. The Persian government has already begun to build a great transverse railway line from the Caspian Sea to the �[Page 307]x ORIENT AND OCCIDENT 307

Persian Gulf. This line will doubtless be connected later, at Kir- kuk, with the railway system of Mesopotamia. In this way railway connections will be established between the Mediterranean, the (Caspian Sea and the Indian Ocean, and all West Asia will be united ina single transportation system. This unification exists today only in the field of air transportation. Bagdad is the junction point on the air line from London to India by way of Egypt. The Imperial Airways began this service fortnightly a few years ago between (iro and Basra. The trip from Cairo to Bagdad was made in less than twelve hours. Planes also take off at the sea of Galilee in Palestine and at Rutba in the desert, which is also the stopping pluce for automobile traffic from the Mediterranean to Bagdad. On and after April 1, 1929, this western Asiatic air service was ex- tended from Egypt on to London—frst by way of Athens, Genoa and Basle, and later through Central Europe—and from Basra, by «ay of the southern coast of the Persian Gulf, to Karachi in North- west India. In this way an ancient route from India to the Mediter- ranean Was again opened up. In 1798, over the land route to the Mediterranean, the Indian government established a mail service ‘rom India to England. The trip took several months, but was more rapid than the trip by sailing vessel around the Cape of Good Hope. This mail service continued for thirty-five years, until the iter and more rapid route by steamship put an end to it. Before ‘he World War there was a mail service by camel across the Syrian Desert from Bagdad to Damascus, which took about eleven days. An automobile needs hardly more than a day to cover the same “stance now, and an airplane hardly five hours. The first air-mail vice between Egypt and Bagdad was put into operation by the british air forces in 1921, and was followed by a passenger service

the Imperial Airwavs. The regular mail service by automobile ween Bagdad and the Mediterranea began in October, 1923, wid in 1929 it was being patronized by 18,000 persons. The ex- ‘cnsion of air service from Mesopotamia to India struck serious ticulties which the Persian government put in the way of the Isritish, since the Persian government was anxiously intent upon -crmitting no diminution of its sovereign rights through the es- �[Page 308]3 as WORLD UNITY MAGAZINE

tablishment of British air stations in this territory in southern Pers. which was occupied by England until t921. The Persian govern ment wanted the air line continued by way of Teheran, while the British government held out for its continuation through southern Persia, along the coast of the Persian Gulf, where it would be under the protection of the British naval forces. After further negotia- tions Great Britain was accorded for three years the right, under certain conditions, of flying over southern Persia. Great Britain intends to establish air stations on islands in the Persian Golf dur. ing this interval. These stations will make possible the flight from Basra to Karachi by way of the Persian Gulf. Until that time the air line extends from Basra to Bushire, Bander Abbasi and Karachi. From Karachi it is to extend further within a few years, to Sinz. pore, and there branch off to the Dutch East Indies, Australia and Hongkong. The Imperial Airways will then encompass the entire Old World with its system of transcontinental air-lines. Through this reorganization of the technique of transportation and commu: nication the British World Empire will be able to seek new wavs of strengthening its development and cohesion.

Other air lines are also being pushed forward to Bagdad. The French have established an air service from Marseilles to Syria. A great harbor for seaplanes will be built at Tripolis, north of Beirut Out of Tripolis there is a quick service to Aleppo and Damascus The weckly air service from Damascus to Bagdad began in the spring of 1930. Aleppo was to be connected at that time with the Turkish air lines to Angora and Constantinople and with the lincs to Europe from there. Of still greater importance is the line trom Bagdad to Teheran, established by the Junker Air Corporation By means of this air line the British-Indian system of airways wii! be connected with the system of Russia and Central Asia, which extends from Moscow, by way of Vladikavkaz and Baku, to Te: heran and Kabul. Russia’s advance to the warm waters of the In. dian Ocean and the Persian Gulf, which she formerly attemptes through the building of the Transcaucasian and the Turkestan r.i: ways with their branches to the Afghan frontier, will be taken up again today by air. The Caucasian and Central Asiatic air roiite �[Page 309]ig ORIENT AND OCCIDENT 309

tuch has its center in Teheran, connects there with the British route to India, not only by way of the line to Bagdad but also through the line to Bushire. fhe British route serves Holland also,

«hich works in the East Indies, politically and economically, hand in hand with Great Britain. France is extending her air line from syria and Bagdad to French Indo-China. On the west coast of the Pacific Ocean—in Japan, at Shanghai, Singapore and Manila, and in Australia—the air lines from the west will, within a reasonable iength of time, interlock with those going out from Vancouver and Sin Francisco, for which America has already provided landing nelds in Hawaii and Guam.

The modern network of transportation and communication which is beginning to encompass the earth has, in a short time, changed relationships between the Orient and the Occident which had remained unchanged for centuries. It has mobilized an apa- thetic and socially quiescent world and will continue to do this in « stit] more intensive manner during the coming years. Economic relationships between Orient and Occident will become more and more intimate and are gradually becoming less one-sided in their organization. But the significance of the traffic system extends far bevond the economic field. Commerce is opening up new areas and transforming present areas and their relationships. In world politics the problems of the Orient are grouping themselves around two eteat areas—the Indian Ocean and the west coast of the Pacific Ocean. But both are part of the coming unity ®f Asia, which under the thoroughly new conditions of the modern world emerges again 1 the consciousness of mankind. �[Page 310]THIS PRAYING WORLD by JOHN WILLIAM KITCHING

Author of “Azrubaal and Lamorna,” etc.

East India

How shall I address Thee, O God? How shall I praise Thee How shall I describe Thee? And how shall I know The:

Saith Nanak, everybody speaketh of Thee, one wiser than t!. other.

Great is the Lord, great is His name; (it is only) what Hi: docth that cometh to pass.

Nanak, he who is spiritually proud shall not be b . ored or his arrival in the next world.

Praisers praise God, but have not acquired a knowledge o: Him,

As rivers and streams fall into the sea, but know not (it extent).

Kings and emperors who possess oceans and mountains 0: property and wealth

Are not equal to the worm which forgetteth not God in 1 heart.

Make contentment thine earrings, modesty and self-respect t! wallet, meditation the ashes (to smear on thy body).

Make thy body, which is only a morsel of death, thy begs. ifs coat, and faith thy rule of life and thy staff. |

Make association with all thine Ai Panth, and the conquest ©! thy heart the conquest of the world.

Hail! Hail to Him,

The primal, the pure, without beginning, the indestructibc. the same in every age! �[Page 311]THIS PRAYING WORLD 311

One Maya in union (with) God gave birth to three acceptable children.

One of them is the creator, the second the provider, the third performeth the function of destroyer.

As it pleaseth God, He directeth them by His orders.

He beholdeth them, but is not seen by them. This is very marvelous.

Hail! Hail to Him,

The primal, the pure, without beginning, the indestructible, the same in every age!

Make continence thy furnace, forbearance thy goldsmith,

Understanding thy anvil, divine knowledge thy tools,

The fear (of God) thy bellows, austerities thy fire,

[Divine love thy crucible, and melt God’s name therein

In such a true mint the word shall be coined.

This is the practice of those on whom God looketh with an eye of favor.

Nanak, the Kind One, by a glance maketh them happy.

The air is the Guru, water our father, and the great earth our mother; ;

Day and night are our two nurses, male and female, who set the whole world a-playing.

Merits and demerits shall be read out in the presence of the jpdge.

According to men’s acts, some shall be near and others dis- tant—(from God).

Those who have pondered on the Name and departed after the completion of their toil,

Shall have their contenances made bright, O Nanak; How many shall be emancipated in company with them!

This is the prayer of an East Indian teligious leader, who bore ‘ . name of Nanak, who lived in the fifteenth century, A.D. Na- » was the founder of that religious sect knowass the Sikhs. He «s born at the village of Talwandy, now called Nankana, on the ak of the river Ravi, near Lahore, India. The year of his birth �[Page 312]312 WORLD UNITY MAGAZINE

was about 1469 A.D. He belonged to the Kshatriya caste. He was first a shepherd and afterward became a government official in charge of the state’s granary. In his youth, he showed a tendenc, towards mysticism and in later years, he visited all the sacred places in India for the purpose of formulating the religious system | wished to introduce among his neighboring tribes.

A great influence was exerted over Nanak by Kabir (1; ; 1518) the mystic weaver of India.

Grierson says of Kabir: “What an extraordinary man Kab: must have been! A poor Muhammedan weaver, who gained «| mission to membership in a Visnu community by a clever trick universally despised and hated both by Muhammedans and Hindus. maltreated by a Muhammedan Emperor (Sikander Lodi of Delhi: 1488-1517) and persecuted by the Brahmans of Benares, he had the unprecedented boldness to make a stand against the two great rcligions of India in the fifteenth century and achieved his purpose.

Rabindranath Tagore has translated the songs ot Kabir into English, one of which follows:—

“O how may I ever express that secret word ? O how can I say He is not like this, and He is like that’ If I say that He is within me, the universe is ashamed; If I say that He is without me, it is falsehood. He makes the inner and the outer worlds to be indivisib!:

one;

The conscious and the unconscious, both are his footstoo!s He is neither manifest nor hidden, He is neither reveaicc _ nor unrevealed: There are no words to tell that which He is.” �[Page 313]THE CRISIS IN GERMANY by J. B. Hott

International Exchanye Student, University of Berlin

I. SOCIALISM—VICTIM OF THE NATIONALISTIC COLLAPSE

mann, of the Wilson school of international peacemakers, kept the political faces of Europe smiling. At home and in the

Assembly room of the League they harmonized the song of peace and talked about the political aspects of the Versailles Treaty. bankers and business men supplied skeptical but nevertheless sup- porting bases at the right places, and the world went on around the sun a few more times.

In the summer of 1929 Stresemann showed signs of failing. People began to ask who would take his place if he should die. stresemann died. There was none to take his place. Yet the politi- cal death of his colleagues indicates perhaps that even if Strese- mann had not died, he would just as surely have passed out of the picture. Poor Briand received the daily condemnation of both the lrench “right” and “left.” He was termed the friend of Bolsheviks ind Germans in the French daily press. For a while Arthur Hen- derson attempted to carry on the good work of Austen Chamber- ain, but under the new national governmedht he, too, now heads only the unpopular party of protest. In short, the Wilson school of international cooperation ths beerf thrust aside by a new genera- tion who term themselves the students of international economics, ostablishing their ideal of peace and prosperity on a pedestal of ans and credits instead of pacts and peace talk.

The new generation, while advocating disarmament and peace, iis marched in under the banner of national selt-preservation, ac-

313

I: was not so long ago that Chamberlain, Briand, and Strese- �[Page 314]314 WORJ.D UNITY MAGAZINE

tuated by the apparent necessity for conservative retrenchmen Britain's condition demanded a national government with its pro gram of reduction in expenditure. And inthe French mind, tort: fying the national economy is the only safe way to proceed. Ve: of an Anglo-American-German economic alliance at her expense of an Austro-German pact that threatened to turn political int! long run, and more recently the fear of a German-Soviet agreemu:, all at her expense, have driven France to’ break up these negoti. tions wherever possible, to insure herself against possible econom: isolation.

This whole reaction has assumed a war psychology, bitin. sochilistic government as ts supposed enemy, But the labor go. ernment in England and the socialistic government in France have been tramed. They are not guilty. In the United States, no sooner docs a democratic party find a depression on its hands than the whole country votes a republican landslide. In England and France. no sooner had the depression romped in than the people pointed to the socialist governments and said, “There's the culprit, the gov. ernment of waste, of corruption, of pro-bolshevik leanings, ot na: tional bankruptcy,” and have fallen over backwards into the tright. cned, alarmist conservatism that sees a Moscow agent behind ever. international minded scheme and irresponsible spending in ever, social benefit. The undetended heads of the old liberalism h.vc been declared public enemies.

It is uscless to try to convince the frightened reactiunaries that socialistic governments were not responsible for our plight. 1. them circumstantial evidence indicates the criminal, Socialistic gov crnments were in power when the depression consequences hit Europe. Therefore blame socialistic tendencies.

These reactionaries would not call it a fair analogy to point out that the republican party in the United States, which calls itse!: the party of prosperity, is left at present holding the basket in onc of the worst depressions the country has experienced. Yet it 1s actually true that world depressions have seldom been caused b: the party in power.

The new nationalistic governments have the opportunity now �[Page 315]THE CRISIS IN GERMANY 315

of rebuilding economic security either with or without creating opposition which will prove their own destruction in the long run. McDonald has set the right example by applying himself directly to his knitting without attempting to lay the blame on persons or politics. But others, less constructive, find it seemingly necessary to gush their prejudices and place the blame on socialism, deceiv- ing themselves into thinking that a return to pure laissez faire is the cure-all for depressions. It is inevitable that if they place the emphasis on laissez faire rather than on economy during the next decade they will more and more estrange the workers, whose so- Galism will turn to communism as the lot of the worker under the Sovict system becomes more favorable. 2. HITLER SPEAKS

Facing each other across the wide tennis hall were two long crandstands, filled with representatives of a body one hears a great Jeal about in Germany, especially from nationalists, das deutsche | o/é. There is an even greater difference between “Deutsche” and i) deutsche Volk” than there is between “Americans” and “the American People.” It is a difference of degree,—of nationalism. no dobt, although this does not describe what a German feels when ne teels himself a part of das deutsche Volk. Only a German can tcl it. He may think of Frederick the Great, Goethe, and Bismark. He may think of the Black Ferest, or his home street corner. One thing he feels is the difterence between his land now and what it used to be, spelled to him by reparations, tribute, annuities, unful- niledidisarmament obligations, economic thraldom.

Slogans expressing the resentments of this feeling encircled ‘he hall. “Work shall be free. The land shall be free.”

“Better dead than slaves,” a slogan that somehow reminded me ot Patrick Henry. ‘It is better to live a day as a lion than a hundre: ‘curs as a sheep.” “Germany must live though we must die.”

Elbow to elbow, lining the long aisle between the stands, rep- resentatives of Hitler’s favorite section of das deutsche Volk, the (;crman youth, stood at ease. In their black puttees, brown jackets, nd black visor caps with tightdrawn chin bands, they looked very much to a foreigner like chaufteurs off duty, but they took their �[Page 316]316 WORLD UNITY MAGAZINE

job as shocks troops desperately seriously. Where had they all come from? This was a student meeting, yet all there were not students. The majority were lean, sharp featured, and dark.— warm but roughly clothed. What classes did they represent? Sup. posedly all.

A man stepped to the microphone on the rostrum. The loud speakers roared out “Attention!” The “shock brigade” became rigid. A band struck up. The crowd rose to its feet, looking toward the entrance, arms raised, palms front, in salute. False alarm.

Five minutes later a group of men strode through the gauntlct of cheers and “Heil Hitler's” to the platform. Inconspicuous in the center was Hitler, medium height, neither stout nor thin, brown hair brushed straight across, broad forehead, heavy eyes, Charlic- Chaplin mustache, head not quite erect, a solemn face unexpressive of striking personality. For local color I quote the “Angrift,” a Berlin daily edited by Goebbel, who next to Hitler is the most in- fluential Nazi speaker.

“Adolph Hitler stood rigid and straight hefore the micro- phone and received again the enthusiastic greetings of thousands reluctant to stop cheering their leader. As a sudden quiet tell, his words rang cut through the room, carefully selected, built together like a bronze tower, rousing and sweeping like fite works.”

“German people and comrades!” Hitier emphasized ever word. His address was a plea for unity,—unity for the sake of ./.) deutsche Volk. This was the birthday week of the Reich’s tounding In 1871 in the Hall of Mirrors at Versailles was signed the treats unifying the German states, coincidental with the birth of German greatness. In the same room in 1918 was Signed a treaty which marked the resumption of German inner strife and German de- cadence.

Germany is divided, he continued, Marxists and nationalists. Since the National socialist party of Germany, which represents das deutsche Volk, cannot join hands with internationalists who are responsible for Germany’s position today, it must have a show- down with, the “Jewish, Bolshevic internationalism.”

When a weaker nation attempts to cooperate with its cred: �[Page 317]THE CRISIS IN GERMANY 317

tors, It is always on the terms of the creditors, to the weaker nation’s ultimate loss. “What will fourteen more years of weak indecision do to das deutsche Volk?” “We want no proletariat, no bourgeoisis. We want a healthy deutsche Volk.”

Hitler asked the students to forget theories and remember that it is people that matter. Better for this generation of youth to die than for thirty generations of German youths to be emasculated. Nationalize the universities and their science, for with one false move a weak government could wipe all sense and wherefore out ot research and learning for das deutsche Volk.

The throng cheered. The Hitler anthem rose and fell twice as the flag battalion goosestepped grimly out,—fourteen red flags, black swastika crosses on white infields, strong young men, tight black chin straps, heads high. A pinched faced old woman pushed by me to the edge of the crowd. A swastika cross necklace dangled out her neck. Hitler and the guests of honor marched past.

Hundreds who came to hear Hitler went away doubtful, with this uncomfortable conflict in them. Which was the crime,— to oreak with international cooperation, making a defiant attempt to sve one’s land economic ruin at the hand of international credit- ty who'cooperate”’ by leveling reparations which require ever in- casing borrowing, ending finally in bankruptcy? Or is it a crime ‘cling to international cooperation, to let one’s country continue

‘be the economic whim toy of its political creditors, be a martyr ‘s « cause of international cooperation that those nations which ald best afford it seem in no way inclined to carry out?

or those who can afford international cooperation, militant s.tionalism is a crime, but for a bankrupt nation to cooperate with .reditors who have only their own immediate good at heart is simp-

_ treachery to itself. It is the greater crime.

Wo nation needs world cooperation more than Germany, and 40 nation is in such a poor position to put it into practice. No na- “on isin such a good position to begin world cooperation as France, wid no nation is less inclined to begin it. �[Page 318]THE COMMON MESSAGE OF THE WORLD'S GREAT TEACHERS

by HucH McCurpy Woopw arp

Department of Philosophy of Faiucation, Brigham Young Universtty MAN'S SEARCH FOR HAPPINESS

a4 HE thief cometh not, but for to steal, and to kill, and

destrov; I am come that they might have life, and th.

they might have it more abundantly.” In fact, these mus

ter teachers all come with a message of life. It was lite which they were interested—a life that satisfied the full longing: of the human sou!. We saw how Buddha, determined to find th. good life, left his home of luxury, wealth, and social position search for happiness. He moved from a life of every physical cor fort to one of extreme privation. For several vears he tried to fine the life abundant by starving the physical senses. Not until }. accepted the way of temperance, moderation, and self contro! ¢ he find the road of happiness. These men have all appealed to th: imagination of men because they promised an abundant lite life resulting in extensive, intensive, and secure happiness. It i just this promise of happiness which makes their message one « hope and inspiration to so many millions.

While the struggle for selt-realization, with happiness as result, is the universal struggle of human inteiligence, the averay. individual lives, works, plays, struggles, and dies without knowin. the real motives which inspire his acts. Most people do not anal. carefully the motives which determine their daily conduct. Int). great world of human affairs this struggle for happiness passe under many names. Men seem to themselves to be doing an intin:: number of things. Ina very definite sense all are struggling for t!« sume thing. Happiness is the inner quest of the human soul. �[Page 319]THE WORLD'S GREAT TBACHERS 319

John E. Richardson, a modern writer on ethics says: “When vc declare that the main activity of human intelligence is the ‘ruggle for happiness we have only stated the struggle for com- -iction (self-realization) in another way; we have only stated the .ommonest fact of daily life, and the most familiar experience of ur own souls.” Mr, Richardson indicates the nature of this strug- cic in the following statement: ‘In men there are demands for -appiness which transcend the chemical requirements of the body - the physical satisfaction of passions and appetite. These higher ‘cmands rise out of man’s spiritual and psychic nature. The entire orld of art and literature, of religion, science, and philosophy are ‘csults of man’s efforts to satisfy these desires.” It is this better self or inner-man who struggles for self-realization and constantly leads ‘.¢ individual from the lower and baser pleasures to the higher, sore refined and enduring joys of life.

When the human mind becomes thoroughly conscious of the ‘ndanental nature of its own quest, of its own search for happi- -css, it instinctly turns to a study of the life which will insure that

ppiness. This rational search for the laws and principles upon ‘ich happiness depends is the beginning of wisdom. Once man comes conscious of his own inner struggle and of the real nature

the thing he most desires, all other things will become secondary

t. The sooner educators, teachers and parents realize the true ve of this universal quest, the sooner they will turn their sation to a vigorous search for the basic principles underlying suction and happiness. Man has studied scientifically much of physical realm, He has invaded the worlds of plants and ant- ‘. He has done something in the field of psychology. But be jet to apply the same scientific search for principles in the very cure of the individual upon which enduring happiness inevt- iy reses.

This search for satisfaction and happiness is evident not only

\ part of man’s effort, but in everything he does. It is as true in vcide as in the struggle to live; as true of the burglar as it is of the wister. The difference is not in the nature of the original urge » hich impels humanity on, but rather in the judgment of the indi- �[Page 320]320 WORLD UNITY MAGAZINE

vidual as to the means of obtaining the desired end. Man’s ignor. ance of the laws upon which happiness depends is responsible for the apparent complexity of the entire problem.

Florence Huntley in her book “Harmonies of Evolution” states that throughout the ages this “struggle for happiness has been sub- ject to every character of experiment which the imperious will and strong passions of man and the weakness and stupidity of woman could suggest. It has been subject to gluttony and lust, to fierc ambition, avarice and vanity. It has displayed every variation tha: animalism, cruelty and folly could suggest to ignorant men an women as means to an end.” Continuing Mrs. Huntley says: ‘Noth ing is more evident through all this experimentation than that hu: man happiness is a state of consciousness which does not depen: upon the gruiification of physical appetites and passions nor upor the acquisition of material wealth. Even power, position and fame seems to be no guarantee for it. If physical appetites and lust wer the means of happiness, man would never have lifted himself abov: the mere animal. If material wealth could insure happiness, thes the miser should be happy, but just the reverse is true.”

If the above is a true statement of the facts in the case, it : evident that the first great job of the educator of this century ist make a more careful and scientific study of the full nature of mas and of his relations to Nature, with the view of determining as « curately as possible the primary laws underlying enduring satist.. tion and happiness. In this desperate attempt to find the way o: secure happiness, it should be worth much to review the plan o: the good life laid out by these masters of wisdom.

Why do so many people fail to find happiness when they scer to be rushing madly after it all the time? The great teachers has: a common answer to this question. It is because they seck happines in those shifting, temporary satisfactions which furnish no guar.as tee for happiness. They seck happiness in selfish possessions .0. sclfish ambitions. As a result, notwithstanding they attain the: ends, they fail to find that soul satisfaction which comes with us scliish attainment and with helpful service to others. Nature « God scems to have determined that the great values of lite «: �[Page 321]THE WORLD'S GREAT TEACHERS 321

wtruistic in their nature, while the shifting temporary values are selfish and as a rule disappointing. It would seem to be a fact of nature that, “He who would find his life must lose it.” But it is not a loss except in the sense that one gives up the lesser temporary, shifting, and selfish values for the greater altruistic and enduring things.

In all times and in all places someone has been asking the question, “What ts the nature of the ‘Good Life’? “Among all the atisfactions of life, which should be chosen and which rejected?”

l'irst—There are satisfactions of the flesh, of the appetites, of te passions and of various physical comforts. These satisfactions have certain peculiarities which should be carefully noted by the individual in search of the most abundant life. As a rule these sutistactions are very intense. Some are so very intense as to weaken tic individual’s capacity to enjoy other satisfactions. They are gen- crally of short duration. They are all capable of being indulged ‘o,a point where they leave disappointment, disintegration and nusery in their wake. These physical responses are automatic in ‘cir nature. They are beneficial only if exercised in their proper ace under the control of the intellect in temperance and in oderation,

second.—There are many satisfactions which come from pos-

sing physical things, from obtaining wealth, influence, power od prestige. It is idle to say that these things do not give satistac- ‘on. Man's quest and struggle for them is evidence of their satisfy- .< power. There is, however, no group of values where the ul- “ovate result in happiness is so uncertain as in this group. Many they who are disillusioned later in life after they have chased

‘6 runbow of happiness through wealth, power and prestige. iucre seems to be something about the mere selfish desire for scalth which defeats its own purpose. It is the verdict of the -orld’s great teachers that every man who seeks his happiness ' tough a selfish desire for wealth, power, and prestige must some _ wake up to the fact that the way of lasting and abundant oiness lies along a different path. This does not indicate that

‘1, influence, and power do not have their place in the scheme �[Page 322]322 WORLD UNITY MAGAZINE

of a life well lived. It is the selfish quest for these things that f.:!. to deliver the much desired results. It is the individual who tc. alizes that wealth, influence and power are trusts to be used accord ing to the principle of equity, justice, and right who receives the satisfying result from this group of values. In the last meeting tor considering candidates for the Hall of Fame, the presiding otticc: made a statement similar to the following: “All men appreciate fame but he who consciously works for it, never achieves it.”

Third.—Man has an aesthetic naturc capable of many pleasing satisfactions which come with his response to the world of music. art, and beauty. These satisfactions seem to be less dangerous thu: the physical. The more one experiences these satisfactions the mor power one has to enjoy them. It is difficult to picture the end o: possible enjoyment in any of these aesthetic responses. They do not scem to have the characteristic of satisfaction as is the case with physical satisfactions. They lead us ever onward into the worlds o: harmony and beauty—in sound, color, form, friendships, and love

Fourth.—Man has an intellectual nature capable of unlimitec possibilities. Every new tact that he acquires, every new law o: which he becomes conscious, adds to his pleasure and enjoyment No one can even so much as think of the end of man’s capacity cnjoy intellectual pleasures. Day by day man pushes back the tron tie of the known into the territory of the unknown. Systems o: 1 cts and laws are discovered, new worlds come into view. N ‘aind, regardless of its advancement, will even attempt to set thc limits of man’s capacity to know the things of nature.

Fifth.—There are satisfactions in the realm of the moral o: ethical which come from a proper adjustment to one’s fellows satisfactions of kindness, courtesy, gentleness, and helpfulness. T! constructive and permanent satistactions which come from since: ity. honesty, and trustworthiness are so evident that everyone Ww!) has experienced them can testify to their value.

The practice of humility, tolerance, patience, and sympathet anderstanding would seem never to produce unsatisfactory results Both from the standpoint of the individual and of society, perse verance, frankness, and courage seem to be essential to a we. �[Page 323]THE WORLD'S GREAT TEACHERS 323

rounded life. The center of the color scheme of happiness is cheer- ‘ulness with hope and optimism closely related. The satisfaction hich come to the individual in his responses to Equity, Justice and Kizht are never disappointing. This is not the place to discuss the hilosophy behind this thought but there is something inherent in clpfulness and unselfish service to one’s fellows which seems to be the very key to the life most abundant. To do unto others as you sould that others do unto you, to be as desirous of living a life “hich is an answer to the prayer of those who need as you are of aving your own prayers answered, brings the strength which makes one feel a harmony with the constructive forces of all nature. lis is the joy that comes to a soul in harmony with the Law of Night because such an individual is supported by all the benevolent horces of nature. Sixth—The intense and lasting joys of self-mastery or the ‘cuter conquest, are known only to those who make the effort. ~ tstactions of self-effort, self-control and self-mastery, never fail ‘ turnish their share of real happiness. In fact it is upon these that -orthy satisfactions are made permanent. It is one thing to enjoy sutisfactions of an appetite, a passion, or an emotion; it 1s quite other thing to enjoy the satisfaction which comes from the ability ontrol those appetites, passions and emotions, to hold them in 4 until reason and intelligence can fit them into their proper KES, The joys of mere wealth, influence, and power may be intense | satisfving but there is a greater satisfaction in the self-control ih can hold these selfish emotions in check and adjust them to aw of right application and right use. One of the greatest satisfactions that comes to the individual + Lnow that he is a master of the energies of his own life, of the ons and appetites which press for attention, of the selfish de- » which would bring only temporary satisfaction. This joy of tery comes only to the individual with a will trained to fit the ics of life into a satisfying and permanent whole, to the indi- iil who can by reason hold his emotional life in its proper place. seventh.—There are the deeper joys which come from love. �[Page 324]324 WORLD UNITY MAGAZINE

To be able to be pals, chums, friends, and lovers are among tic great achievements of life. “To do unto others as you would thu: others do unto you,” gives one a feeling of harmony with all that is best in life. To see man’s evil ways as immaturity, as a discase o: the mind to be adjusted to with sympathetic understanding and .: spirit of helpfulness, it to know what Jesus experienced when Hc said of those taking part in his crucifixion, “Father, forgive them. They know not what they do.”

A study of this problem would seem to indicate that all satr factions are good in and of themselves. They are evil only whe they prevent the individual from enjoying satisfactions which ar: better. They are evil when they tear down the capacity or machinery necessary for living some satisfaction which would make for i): more abundant.

If these satisfactions all run parallel and did not conflict one with another, the problem of building up an abundant life would be very much simplified. It would resolve itself into a method and machinery to increase every satisfaction to its maximum capacity. Since there would be no conflict there would be no great problem of choice. Any response which resulted in satisfaction would be good. However, there is no fact in life more evident than that these satisfactions in all of their forms do not run parallel. The poor opium addict can enjoy to the “seventh heaven” his spree, but he cannot enjoy the satisfaction of health, of the confidence of his friends, or of self-control.

Man, therefore, is confronted with the necessity of choosing He must determine which of all these pleasures, satisfactions, ani joys he will select to build for himself a rich, beautiful, and abun- dant life, with real and lasting happiness as a result. �[Page 325]THE FUNDAMENTAL PROBLEM OF PACIFISM by

Oscar JAszi Department of Political Science, Oberlin Coliege

war that the most central problem of all such efforts is scarcely

discussed, The purely jural and contractual approach to this

question has made our international thinking shallow and one- sided. Whereas the really deep thinkers of the previous genera- tions clearly realized that purely legal machinry for the settlement ot international disputes alone could never give a guarantee of peace unless the real causes for conflict were eliminated, many of the influential leaders of the present generation believe that we cin establish peace without curing the causes of war. They hold the childish opinion that the only important cause of war is fear or bad government; and therefore that international agreements ot good-will will suffice to eradicate the oldest institution of man- \ind,—-war. These naive optimists are extremely desirous of peace; put thev will pay no price for it. They are not inclined to renounce their private advantages in the present system, and cherish the hope that the exploited majority of mankind will continue the status iv, Without war, and without murmuring.

Space does not permit me to enter into a criticism of this super- nc1al_ conception. I only wish to say that the argument of the present article is based on quite the opposite philosophy, namely that only fundamental reforms in the economic, social and moral structure of an ever changing world can put an end to armed con- ‘icts. In other words the basic problem of peace is to establish efh- cient instruments of effecting continuous evolutionary changes in our international social and economic system. Without this, all

325

[; is strange in a world so devoted to the cause of eliminating �[Page 326]326 WORLD UNITY MAGAZINE

our treaties of amity, all our Kellogg-Pacts, all our internation.’ tribunals will be useless; they will only serve to hush up existin: conflicts without solving them. It is evident from this point o: view that the really basic problem of all peace policy is that 0: international information, because without knowing the outstan:! ing issues between various nations, the drawbacks, penalties and injustices under which they are suffering, (or believe they are sut fering) no serious treatment of their ills can be applied,—whic!: would mean the maintenance of peace. Furthermore, peace woul’ mean the creation of a world-wide public opinion, so sensitive and so just that it would not tolerate the continuance of conditions which would ultimately poison international relations and leo J to war.

It is my belief that the world today has little reliable inform tion, and that the lack of such information vitiates all work j. peace at its source. At the present time we have five different types of information. 1) Governmental information; contained in stat papers and similar documents. This information frequently has no bearing on the situation of the country because it reflects, especial: in countries under despotic rule-—and the great majority of coun tries are under such rule—only the opinions and desires of the ruling and exploiting class. 2) Capstalistic information. This 1s largely the type of information disseminated by our newspapers and periodicals the world over. They treat all international prob. lems exclusively from the view point of business interests; therc fore they support “strong governments” and all those politic. factors from which they can hope for support for a smooth anc profitable business. 3) Diplomatic information gathered by ou: diplomatic and consular stafts in foreign countries. This inform. tion is largely biased, both from the point of view of the native anc of the foreigner. Our diplomats are generally representatives the ruling class and have no connections others than with the repre sentatives of the foreign ruling class. Therefore they reflect « doubly distorted opinion. 4) Socéalistic information represente: by the press of the various Socialist groups and especially of the Second International, which, in the case of important internation. �[Page 327]THE FUNDAMENTAL PROBLEM OF PACIFISM 327

issues appeals to the parties and the trade-unions of the proletariat. This information is far superior to the three kinds previously men- uoned, because it gives voice to the views of large popular masses less influenced by nationalistic policy and imperialistic rivalry. However its class attitude is rather narrow and tends to simplify complex problems by exalting the interest of the proletariat. 5) Communist infornation, This, at the present, is the propaganda ot the Third International. It is not information at all, in the true sense, but, ably directed from a despotic center, it practices the old Machiavellian policy in the name not of princes but of the populace. There is yet another kind of information. This consists of small islands of honest, unbiased observation in the ocean of half-truths «nd propaganda. This is the work of some isolated writers, diplo- mats and scholars who are above the contending parties (both of lasses and nations) and who, animated by a true feeling of world ctizenship, try to do justice to all those who are suffering under an ‘njust and monopolistic system. Unfortunately their voices are wcuk and their efforts uncoérdinated. They face moreover enor- ‘ous difficulties, in that, in most countries, they are surrounded by covernmental suspicion, handicapped by the disfavor of fashion- able society, and molested by censorship. Not seldom, even their curnalisti¢ existence itself is menaced, and they are deported or siied by governments who regard their information as “unfair.” lhis for instance, happened in the case of the gifted and fair- cunded Paul Scheffer, whose visa was not renewed by the Soviet cuthorities. Mr. G. E. R. Gedye, one of those rare Anglo-Saxon urnalists Who study the Danubian and Balkan situation in a truly nternational spirit, recently described his adventures with the tious more or less autocratic governments which by intimidation, ‘ulse information and a complicated system of douce violence, of . romises and menaces, make his work very disagreeable. To these satortunate victims their respective diplomatic staffs rarely give ‘ny support, because professional diplomats are not interested in ‘uc solution of international issues, but rather only in the main- ‘nance and cnhancement of their respective social positions. 1 have _crsonally observed that most of the foreign diplomats become �[Page 328]328 WORLD UNITY MAGAZINE

100% Magvars in Budapest, Germans in Berlin, Italians in Rome. etc. A great Italian statesman now in exile told me recently thu: the Italian ambassador of one of the greatest powers, with whom he was in friendly relation for a decade, did not dare mect hi: publicly in the capital of his own country. Similarly I know of . case. in one of the Danube countries, of a foreign diplomat repre- senting one of the leading powers who dared not receive a leade: ot liberal public opinion, an internationally known scholar, |x cause his criticism had aroused the ire of one of the local potentatc In face of such circumstances as these, only heroes or saints can do a really useful job in the field of international journalism. . (This situation reveals the incomparable value of democratic inst: tutions. In the older constitutional countries of Europe there: practically no political secret at all; everybody knows all the.dctails of the inner and outer policy of those countries. The work of « journalist, in England for instance, or France, or Belgium, or in the Scandinavian countries is absolutely free,—limited only b, international decency. If all the world were as democratic as those countries, the world would know exactly where it stands. Were this the unique advantage of democracy, I would regard it as sutt. ciently important to counterbalance all the existing or alleged failures of popular government. )

Here is really a lamentable situation. It means that inter: national policy of most ‘ountries is built up on misinformation o: positive lics. The ignorance of the languages of countries outside the Latin or Germanic civilization makes the mutual blindness o: the peoples even more hopeless. It has often come into my minc that a complete translation of a single copy of a government. newspaper in Italy, Hungary, Poland, Russia, or any other openis ot hiddenly despotic country, would throw more light on the polit: ical control and life of that country than the reports of the diplo- matic staff for a decade. Of course a bald translation would not be enough, because to one ignorant of the traditional emotions and intellectual associations of those countries, the picture would te main incomplete.

It is evident that only by concerted and enlightened action o: �[Page 329]THE FUNDAMENTAL PROBLEM OF PACIFISM 329

tc part of those who have a truly international spirit (that is, fair- css and world-vision) can this situation be remedied. Unfortu- nately very little is being done in this direction. Our peace asso- citions and foundations do not care for this sort of work. I could cote several cases where eminent liberals and socialists of Europe ould not find a hearing under their auspices, whereas generally tic doors are wide open for the lecturing instruments of autocratic eovernments. In the same way the different exchange students are very seldom selected from really progressive young people, but they ate mostly delegates of military dictatorships or reactionary govern- ments Who have inherited the official ideology of the ruling group. | need not go into details. Every conscientious student of foreign rclations will agree with me that the great cause of international jcace can not be promoted by the overwhelming majority of ex- iting governments, because they are petrified organs of exploita- hitton and soctal injustice whose very continuance depends upon ive maintenance of the status quo. This continuously poisons inter- tional relations, Our only hope can be that the next generation, wnd those few enlightened citizens of the present who are fighting tor justice and social reforms, will ermbrace a more broad-minded toreign policy. Most of the so-called leaders of the pacifist move- ment, however, indulge in exactly the same attitude as our diplo- mats: they will maintain agreeable relations with the “best set” of pcople, will have a friendly breakfast with Mussolini or Horthy, | believe that “goodwill” speeches by the oppressors of their vasa peoples will surely promote international peace.

The foregoing considerations have received an almost labora- tory test, in view of the world wide excitement which the interview of Senator Borah with the French journalists has aroused. No one can doubt the impartial intentions of Senator Borah, or the sound-

ss of the principles which he advocated, since they demonstrate t.cton the basis of an unjust and artificial status quo we cannot intun peace, In spite of this it was curious to observe how some ‘is practical proposals concerning the situation in Germany and i! nuary have been interpreted in the most antagonistic way. It is oitest that most people have misunderstood the statement of �[Page 330]330 WORLD UNITY MAGAZINE

the Senator, and the Central European situation seems to be a mys. tery even to diplomats and writers who work in this field.

mix together hopelessly Magyars, Roumanians, Slovaks and Czechs and the fundamental meaning of a long ltistorical process is cn. tircly alien to them. The Icsson of this episode is manifest and . the same time very distressing. How can we hope for a just sv’ tion of the international problems of the world, when fundament. facts are unknown or misrepresented, and when study and person. contact is replaced by propaganda or the distorted gossip of t). dinner table. How can a sound world opinion be formed abou: Manchuria or India if the most acute and far reaching problem of Central Europe, a part of our own western civilization remains among joufnalistic ambiguities? What will reckless diplomats unscrupulous businessmen, future war profitcers, ambitious dem gogues, sentimental ladies do, for whom the clair-obsenre of th: international situation is the best hunting ground for their pc: sonal aims?

A final point may be emphasized in this connection, in th: light of recent events. This is the immediate and material intere:: of the average citizens in reliable international information. It» not an exaggeration to say that unreliable international informatic: has caused many hundred millions of dollars of losses for Americ.’ citizens. Though all conscientious students of Central and Easte:. European developements knew perfectly well that a great bulk o: the international loans will be dissipated and squandered by rec less military dictatorships and the extravagances of the ruling 0: garchics, nevertheless the whole capitalistic press was full of 1 formation for a long time, showing the stability and the solidnes: of these governments, and practically no adverse opinion was pe: mitted which could have hindered the so called “boom” of th: banking concerns. The present terrible crisis of the American ccv nomic life is to a large extent due to the conscious falsification « international information. �[Page 331]THE CASE FOR WAR

by Rospert C. STEVENSON Department of Social Science, University of ddako Ill

HE arguments in defence of war which we have mentioned

so fat are made in order to minimize the alleged evils of

war, rather than with the thought of completely justifying

it. True, some who assert the moral vaiues of war do so as ‘ough they were sufficient to constitute an absolute justification, i —— a view is profoundly mystigal. For the most part, the moral ‘tuvs evoked in war, like the material gains of invention and con- “tion, are presented as incidental, as qualifications and correc- -cs of an all-black pacifist picture. Although a critical view dis- ses clearly that the minimizing arguments are an incomplete tence of war, the practical effect of their presentation is not so ‘til. Much laboring of the point that war is not the greatest of .s. nor by any means wholly evil, produces the impression that cris hardly an evil at all, and that there is no particular need to

. remedies for it.

The essence of the case for war is the assertion that war is good,

rin itself or as a necessary means toward some other good of - magnitude that it outw cighs the admitted evils. Thorough- og detenders of war, though they may make much of the min-

‘ig arguments, in the last analysis justify war in the only way ‘it can be justified logically, that is by an ethical judgement, by «ssertion that it is directly or indirectly goc‘.

The assertion that war is good in itself is so contrary to com- usense and so inconsistent with normal human valuations that i be made only in a mood of profound mysticism, where rea-

331 �[Page 332]332 WORLD UNITY MAGAZINE

son abdicates and the inexplicable and painful command cn:. tured assent. Most of the defenders of war have at some time | the knot of its mixed appearance by an irrational affirmation ot immediate goodness, though generally they have also justified directly. A few illustrations of the direct acceptance of war follow -

“War is divine in itself, since it is a law of the world. * * * War is divine in the mysterious glory that surrounds it, and in th: equally inexplicable attraction which it has for us. * * # Wu: is divine in the protection enjoyed by the great commanders, even bh; the most daring, who are very seldom stricken in combat, and thes only when their renown could be no further enhanced and the:: mission is fulfilled. * * * War is divine in the manner in which it breaks out. The immediate authors of wars are not free in claring them, but are involved in a chain of circumstance. * ° War is divine * * * in its results, which often contradicts abs. lutely the predictions of human reason. * * * War is divine } reason of that indefinable force which determines its success. Inn other branch of life does the divine hand make itself felt mor actively.”

“Let me remind you that in human life as a whole there a: always elements and forces, there are always motives and idea's which defy the analysis of reason—mysterious and dark torc: Man shall not live by bread alone! And in war this element co. stantly tends to assert itself. * * * It is easy, for example, demonstrate that the glory of battle is an illusion; but by the sanx argument you can demonstrate that a// glory in life itself is ans. lusion and a mockery. Nevertheless men still live and go on pu: suing that illusion and that mockery. * * * Now I suggest to vor that one explanation of this extraordinary paradox in human his tory—the persistence of war in spite of what seems its unreason- is that there is something in war, after all, * * * that transcencs reason; that in war and the rights of war man has a possessic: which he values above religion, above industry and above soci. comforts; that in war man values the power which it affords to lit. of rising above life, the power which the spirit of man possesses t pursue the Ideal.”

1 Jeseph de Maistre, Sormdee de Satnt Petersburg, S21 oJ. AL Cramih, Germany and donuland, (14 �[Page 333]THE CASE FOR WAR 333

Hon a scientifically trained person trying to write scientifically of -. when confronted by its tremendous irrationality is driven to Sea of my sticism, ascribing it to something i in man’s na-

re decper and more abiding than reason. “As I reflect upon the intensive application of man to war in old, rain and mud; in rivers, canals and lakes; underground, in ‘he air and under the sea; infected with vermin, covered with scabs, ding the stench of his own filthy body to that of his decomposing comrades; hairy, begrimed, bedraggled, yet with unflagging zeal ‘riving eagerly to kill his fellows; and as I felt within myself the \stical urge of the sound of great cannon I realized that war is a cma state of man. The impulse to war is stronger than the desire ‘hive; it is stronger that the fear of death. * * * I do not believe ‘at war can eliminated from the web of life. It is not certain that +s complete elimination would be an ultimate advantage to man.’"

Defenders of war sometimes laud especially those aspects

» hich naturally appear most evil. Hegel, for example, rejoices that ‘nite pursuits” such as life and property, whose nature should be counized as contingent, are in fact rendered unstable by war,

| the ethical health of peoples is preserved.” By others it is the

‘ct of conflict which is most acclaimed, as with Treitschke, who

“The features of history are virile, unsuited to sentimental

‘ teminine natures. Brave peoples alone have an existence, an

-olution or a future; the weak and the cowardly perish, and perish

stly. The grandeur of history lies in the perpetual conflict of

tions, and it is simply foolish to desire the suppression of their

‘ waley ' The deliberate irrationality of such defences of war is cll exhibited in the statement of von Moltke:

No one can deny that a war, even though victorious, is a mis- tune for the people, for no annexation nor indemnity can com- nsate for human lives nor for the grief of families. But, who in 's world can escape misfortune which necessity allots? Are not

-<cessity and misfortune parts of our earthly existence in accord-

c with God's will? War is terrible, just as a plague from heaven, ‘itis is also good; it is our destiny like the other.’

» (rile, A Mechanistic View of War and Peace, 1916. �[Page 334]334 WORLD UNITY MAGAZINE

Such direct approval of war is an excellent illustration of man’s reaction to evils which he judges irremediable. Man seems inc. ipa. ble of accepting as ultimate, disharmony between his own ends an. the nature of things, between his own will and the universal wil! When he cannot bend the latter to his purposes, he usually prefers to will the inscrutable rather than admit himself a frustrated rcbe! against nature. The thoroughgoing indirect justification of wu: is fundamentally of the same character. For the condition of thing: which requires war as a necessary instrument is as disparate from the commonsensible ends of men as is war itself. The situation which is said to be necessary and good and occasionally to requir War as a means is this: a world in which human beings are dis tributed into a number of groups—states, nations, or races—unite: by no underlying community, but whose relations arise only from the mutual interplay of their respective powers. In such a situation there are two essential elements: the ultimate individuality of ca. of a plurity of human groups, and the mode of ultimate arbitr. ment between them, that of violent conflict. Some writers emph. size one element more than the other but both are present in al. radical indirect justifications of war.

IV

The view that human beings are divided into necessarily war ring groups found its first and most persistent expression in polit ical terms. Reason of state has been the commonest justification o! war. First to challenge the medieval doctrine which subordinate. rulers to a higher law and justified war only for the party in th right, was Machiavelli. The fundamental postulate of his politic. philosophy—that the state possesses an ultimacy which justifies th use of any means in its bchalf—was capable of sustaining a justit cation of war for both parties, irrespective of the “right” of the matter. Machiavelli’s conception of the “sovereignty” of the rule: gained acceptance with Bodin, Hobbes, and Spinoza, for it was «t once descriptive and vindicative of the secular states then emerging from feudal Christendom. The descended doctrine of legal so. creignty, influential to the present time, has always involved morc �[Page 335]THE CASE FOR WAR 335

r less clearly approval of war as a legitimate instrument of the tate. The chief expounder of the ultimacy of the state as explicit tification of war was Hegel, and subsequent arguments of this ‘pc have been merely restatements of his position. In Hegel’s philosophy the state was the ultimate extension of “aman association. “It is the absolute power on earth. As regards other states it exists in sovereign independence.” By contrast, the oterests of the individuals within it ure worthless and sacrifice on half of the state is a universal duty. The state possesses individu- ity in the highest sense; individuality involves separateness and ‘urther, it involves the coexistence of other like individuals, for it an be sustained only by being affirmed and its independence »intained as against other individuals, a process which Hegel ‘ls “negation of negation.” Hence the necessity of a plurality of ates. “Because the relation of states at one another has sover- city as its principle, they are so far in a condition of nature one the other. Their rights have reality not in a general will, which - constituted as a superior power, but in their particular wills. * * * hen the particular wills of states can come to no agreement, the mtroversy can be settled only by war.” The world order then, te evershifting equilibrium of power resulting from the conflict ‘ wills of sovereign states. The highest obligation which is of any cnificance for men is that commanded by the power of a state, or - it 1s prejudicially phrased, Might makes Right. The foremost English expounder of the Hegelian philosophy

the state is Bernard Bosanquet. Like Hegel Bosanquet empha-

.s the unique individuality of the state, the necessity of a plurality ‘states, and the inevitability of occasional conflict of wills resolv- only by war. In his theory it is truistic that war is an occasional -cssity among sovereign states. “States are particular independent oJies, themselves sole ultimate judges of their differences and ‘cit honor. No independent state w#/l brook an order from an- ther state; if it does, its independence is gone. And on such a -oint there can be no arbitration. War és the ultimate arbiter, and ‘.crefore springs from the very nature of states; and it does be- oove states to be strong.” �[Page 336]336 WORLD UNITY MAGAZINE

The opinions of the German historian, Treitschke, constitute. perhaps, the extremest justification of war along Hegelian lines. Bu. sic in all Treitschke’s thought was his exaltation of the state, whic): he viewed as a supreme personality whose most important charac. teristic was a will, which required for its realization power. Hence his emphasis upon the necessity of power, and the right of the stat: to exercise that power upon the slightest provation; for if a state fails to assert its power, its very being is in question. “We mistake the moral laws of, politics,” he said, “if we reproach any State with having an over-sensitive sense of honor, for this instinct must be highly developed in each of them if it is to be true to its own cs. scence. The State is no violet, to bloom unseen; its power should stand proudly, for all in the world to see, and it cannot allow even the symbols of it to be contested. If the flag is insulted, the State must claim reparation; should this not be forthcoming, war must follow, however small the occasion may seem; for the State ha never any choice but to maintain the respect in which it is held among its fellows.” As with Hegel, state personality implies plu rality of states:__

“Treat the state as a person and the necessary and ration! multiplicity of States follows. Just as in individual life the cgo implics the existence of the non-ego, so it does in the State. The State is power, precisely in order to assert itself as against othe: cqually independent powers. War and the administration of justicc are the chief tasks of even the most barbaric States. But these task: arc only conceivable where a plurality of States are found existing side by side. Thus the idea of one universal empire is odious the ideal of a State coextensive with humanity is no ideal at ai. In a single State the whole range of culture could never be tul!: spanned; no single people could unite the virtues of aristocrac: and democracy. All nations, like all individuals, have their limit. tions, but it is exactly in the abundance of. these limited qualities that the genius of humanity is exhibited.”

The conjunction of a multiplicity of such states, whose highes characteristic is the exertion of force, necessarily involves war.

This Hegelian conception of the state as an absolutely sove: �[Page 337]THB CASE FOR WAR 337

cign power, which is an ingredient of most radical justifications of wat, is fundamentally contrary to the conception of the state which is implicit in its present democratic organization and public service functions. The commonly accepted idea that the state exists as an gency to protect and benefit its members is directly contrary to the theory which alone can fully justify war as a means, with no im- putation of wrong to either side. For the conception of the state as a sovereign person obliged jealously to assert its complete inde- pendence at all times and bound by no principle of right beyond itself takes no account of the interests of its individual members. They are obliged to sacrifice life, property, and every other value, according to Hegel, not to protect their own interests, nor even the interests of future generations, but “in order to preserve the substantive individuality, independence, and sovereignty of the state. It is a very distorted account of the matter when the state, in demanding sacrifices from citizens, is taken to be simply the civic community, whose object is merely the security of life and property. Security cannot possibly be obtained by the sacrifice of what is to be secured.” As Treitschke put it, “If it existed only to protect the life and goods of its citizens it would not dare to go to wat, for wars ate waged for the sake of honor, and not for protec- ion of property. They cannot be explained by the empty theory \. hich makes the State no more than an Insurance Society.”

(Jo be continued) �[Page 338]THE PSYCHOLOGY OF SOCIAL REFORM by GEORGE YEISLEY RUSK

Commontecalth College, Mena, Arkansas

HE greatest obstacle to social reform is the fact that when a man earns money for himself and his family he seems to be taking it from others, with the result that he assume towards the others a competitive attitude. He either is no: concerned about their physical and mental health and technic. efficiency, or he positively rejoices in their illness and inefficienc: in the belief that under such conditions he will emerge ahead o: them in the race of life and thus prosper. He even finds it difficu:: to unite with his fellow workers to secure a decent standard o: living. Or, if he is an employer, he is unwilling to pay wages sut! cient to enable his emplovees to buy the goods which he is paying millions of dollars in advertising and in salaries to salesmen to sel. or to unite with other employers to put a whole industry upon ar eedered and humane basis. He is the despair of social reformers

nd his charities include not even a fraction of his abundance. Suc): is the psychology which money, in its present form, breeds in men But taking this essentially competitive attitude men leave ou:

of acc... a profound economic truth: that the good of every in- dividual is bound up with that of every other individual; in othe: words, that each man’s good is dependent in large measure upon the total wealth of the world and that the greatest wealth can bc produced by a population which lives under conditions conduciv¢ to ment..' and physical health and efficiency. A primary reason why men do not consistently realize and act upon this economi truth is that each dollar bill which each man receives has markec

upon it an absolute value. Therefore when considering and deal: 345 �[Page 339]THE PSYCHOLOGY OF SOCIAL REFORM 339

ing with his money he finds it psychologically impossible to realize that his wealth is dependent upon any extrinsic factor—certainly not upon the total wealth of the world.

It is true that when a man stops to analyze the economic laws at work in human experience, he realizes that if much goods have been produced by his fellow men, each article will be sold cheaper, and so each of his dollars will mean more than if production had been limited. But the inevitable effect of a hurried glance at his

Jollar bills as they are now printed is of an exactly contrary nature.

Such a glance seems to assure him that his w ealth is an absolute catty, Won in competition with his fellow workers, extorted from ‘.c pocket-books of employees or won by strong-arm methods from pusiness rivals, and completely separate from their wealth.

It follows, therefore, that the chief hope of teaching men that ‘cir wealth is largely a social product, and so of bringing about

itl reform, lies in the institution of a kind of money which will t claim any absolute value whatsoever, but will be stated share ‘ruction of the total wealth of the nation, or better still, of that ‘all nations of the world. Then every man would have impressed on him daily the bonds of interest with which he is bound to ery other man. Therefore he would give freely to beneficent ntics and vote for social reforms which would put healthful -Hucnees about every other man in order to increase the efficiency the others and so add to the real value of his own money. If a rser, he would unite with other workers to secure a decent adard of living. If an employer, he would readily pay a living ¢ and would cooperate with all other employers in his industry rganize it for the greatest possible benefit of society. Of itself —tional money would effect no change in social organization; ‘through its psychological effect upon the mind of man, in the

t would work the transformation of socicty.

An absolute socialism would go too far in the recognition of

social nature of wealth, at least in the case of a society com-

1. as is ours, of people not psychologically prepared for it. It ignore the individual effort, the wise planning and the sacti- which are generally necessary for the accumulation of wealth. �[Page 340]340 WORLD UNITY MAGAZINE

But fractional money employed in a society at least partly individu- alistic. would—after birth-control had restricted the itresponsib!c birth rate among the poor—give expression in essentially correct proportion to the individual and social elements in the production of wealth. It would adjust men’s actions precisely to the realitics of economic life. It would at length usher in that just society which some call the New Republic, and some the City of our God.

If the proposed fractional money were international in origin and validity, being sponsored by the League of Nations. it would lead men to renounce war. For every war, even though ending in victory for one’s own nation, would destroy property upon which the real value of every man’s money would evidently depend. And, in general, the destruction of a given amount of the property of a foreigner would not depreciate the value of any man’s money more surely or to a greater degree than the destruction of an equal amount of the property of a fellow citizen.

At the present time in several states of the Union corporations are successfuliy conducting their business by the use of shares which have no absolute monetary'values. These corporations adjust their production to the effective demands of consumers and to the price of raw products and machiney, and their wage scales to the effective demands of employees,—just as do other corporations. Theretcre there is no reason to doubt that all business could be conducted upon fractional money. Under fractional money the essential ot good business, stability of prices would have to be effected as it should be effected today but is not—by governmental control o: ownership—with all their inherent difficulties and dangers. Frac- tional money would not be a substitute for any form of govern: mental control.

We must conclude therefore that a currency without claim to absolute valuation, but explicitly dependent upon the prosperit of all men, would induce men to remove every barrier to efficiency in the lives of their fellows everywhere and to the renunciation 0: war. It would reconcile at the very foundation the good of the individual and that of society and thus would create a psycholog: of humanity which would make a reality of social reform. �[Page 341]THE PATH OF HISTORY

by PAUL HINNER

A New EpocuH oF CIVILIZATION

features in the dissolution of the western and eastern civil- izations. Normally leaders are persons whose intellectual

and emotional qualities are attuned in such a way as to en-

.»le them to perceive the natural trend of the development of a -ttain feature of life. This perception creates in them the urge to ‘runslate it into action and gives them the courage to proclaim their mviction through word and deed. Sometimes these great person-

. itics are conscious of their mission, but up to now they have more ‘ten accomplished their task without realizing its purpose in the -cneral development of human affairs. A lack or reversal of con- ‘ructive leadership is the natural state in a dissolving civilization. ‘hose who assume the rdle of leaders have no ideas which clamor ‘or translation into action. Instead they proclaim the wishes of ‘tun groups of individuals as their program in order to win a ‘.owing. This tendency is today clearly visible in the progressive «cay and impaired usefulness of the religious, political and eco- nuc institutions, The existing religion ceased years ago to exert . constructive influence on the development of the affairs of man- sind because the leaders abdicated in favor of the political and ‘onomic institutions. The constructive usefulness of individual- mon the political field ended with the World War. Instead of ‘sawing conclusions out of previous history and present conditions ‘or the future development of human aftairs, the statesmen have “.tted back into the same line of conduct which led to «var. They 341

T HE low state of leadership is one of the most outstanding �[Page 342]342 WORLD UNITY MAGAZINE

crush a war-weary world under new armaments and lose themse!\« in a maze of intrigue and conspiring treaties, in the effort to reali. the selfish aims of their followers. They are unable to act constr. tively and to conclude a true peace, because they represent hum.: sclfishness which is always destructive, and their actions inste. of restoring the existing order of society contribute to its dissolutio: Parliamentary government in its present form is unable to su: mount the obstacles which confront it and has already been d. placed in many countries by dictatorships. The so-called treats. which were concluded at the end of the war have not brought pe.. to the world but merely shifted the hostilities from the military : the diplomatic field.

Peace is a state of mutual good will, which sets in when : development of human affairs progresses in the same directs and at the same vate as the process of life. The life of mankind . part of the universal life must be in harmony with the latter, it is to be free from disturbances and violence. The greater num) of peace treaties which are recorded in history are merely the tu mination of a period of growth or of a disease in the body of « epoch of civilization. The obstructing or disturbing factors we: climinated through the activities of constructive forces and t). development of human aftairs was brought again into its natur. stride. The negotiations and treaties are only the form in whi nature clothes the process. In the few known instances of the tre: sition from one epoch of civilization to another, the records « history are misleading, because single events are over-emphasiz«. However, the sum of the experiences, considered in the light | present day knowledge shows that in order to avoid violence « suficring the extension of the new civilization and the developmc of its organs must be carried on in conformity with the progressi: dissolution of the old epoch. A return to the conditions which ha: been left behind in the natural course of development is impossib.. and not cven the magic formulas of modern diplomacy can tur the past again into the present. The re-establishment of the o. state of affairs, if at all possible, would necessarily lead again t hostile groupings of the nations and to another forceful and vic �[Page 343]THE PATH OF HISTORY 343

cnt liquidation in the form of war. The economic organs of the individualistic civilization failed .iso at the conclusion of the World War, but through the policy 1 the United States of loaning large sums to the European nations od through.the compulsory measures of relief, carried out at the pense of Germany in the form of the reparations, a complete otcakdown has up to now been averted. However, the financial sders failed to recognize the limitations of this policy and the «structiveness of the subsequent excessive inflation of values be- _cuse selfishness beclouded their vision. The reparations are weak- coing Germany to such an extent that its strength will soon be ex- ‘.usted and distintegration will take place. The collapse of Ger- “any in connection with the unavoidable consequences of the resent inflation of values and credit must wreck the economic ‘ructure of the world. Great hardships will ensue if the necessary »casures are not taken to modify the extremes of the situation and ‘ promote the development of human affairs toward a larger casure of economic security for all individuals. The world has enty for all and mankind need not suffer, but it must show itself ccptive to the impulse through which a new epoch of civilization being inaugurated and which reveals itself through the trend of storic development, and through currents of thought pointing ~owatds the establishment of economic justice. The Socialistic- ( ommunistic movement is the material expression of this impulse. shows itself as a stream of fore-runners which reaches from ivomas Payne over Carl Marx to Ulianof Lenin. These were the iders who in turn, ever more clearly, recognized the necessity ‘or the development of a new social order when the old one should .v¢ become useless. They proclaim their conviction to the world thout fear, despite persecution and in disregard of personal wel-

Laure,

Towards the end of the 18th century the increasing material- vc desires and the rapid growth of the population «. “urope, sed a corresponding development of the methods and means tor ~c manufacturing of the desired goods and necessities of lite. ‘The it cut of this process of production became available as new �[Page 344]344 WORLD UNITY MAGAZINE

capital. The prevailing individualistic viewpoint caused this prot: to be recognized by all people as belonging to the owners of th: means of production, although the workers were, at least in part its producers. Through this onesided awarding of the new capita. the contrasts between the upper and lower stratas of society increas ed until they reached the extreme state which exists today. The uy per classes wish to continue to enjoy the advantages of the indivi: ualistic civilization and endeavor to keep it in working brd:: through various reforms. Through the corruptive use of the accun ulating new capital, they have gained control over the religiou: political and economic organs and use their power to prevent th: natural development of human affairs as soon as it tends to endang cr their material interests. The broad masses of the people on thc other hand sink more and more into poverty and economic depen dance, through which in turn their political equality is being ix paired. Their sufterings, however, make them accessible to ide: which promise relief through the propagation of the ideal of cc nomic justice.

Carl Marx in his works has described this process and show: that in the course of time the necessity will arise to displace the inc - vidualistic civilization by a communistic order of society. Ath. time the efforts for the perpetuation of peace, which were ma.’ after the disposal of Napoleon, had subsided and the industri. | and colonial expansion of the European countries began to caus new military rivalry. A tendency towards the application of ton to the solution of the problems of mankind became general ar also influenced Marx. It caused him to conceive the idea of .: complishing the destruction of the old individualistic order and t: | introduction of communism through a revolution. He did not for’ see that inclination towards the use of force and increasing seltts: ness and love of material possessions would lead to a World W. ’ which would destroy the individualistic civilization and crystall:: the necessity for a cooperative order. Marx was impressed by t' fact that during preceding centuries as well as during his lifetir: the actions of most human beings were determined mainly by th sclfish-materialistic interests and he took it for granted that |

�[Page 345]THE PATH OF HISTORY 345

always had been and always will be so. He apparently did not study history sufficiently to see that spiritual interests outweighed the materialistic interests of the people in the beginning of every epoch of civilization. As a consequence his ideas about socialism and its introduction remained very inadequate, as the practical ex- perience of Russia since the World War has demonstrated. Marx siw in Communism only a man-made order of society and refused absolutely to recognize that other forces besides materialistic desires wre active in the social progress of mankind. He was an apostle of violence just the same as the militarists and imperialists of his time and therefore unable to recognize that all gains made by material turce can only be maintained by such force, while the gains made through moral force endure as an everlasting benefit to mankind. However, the Marxian revolutionary doctrine furnished the im- pulse for the birth of the communistic epoch in Russia, through which the moral force represented by the collective principle ob- turned a material body, and in this lies its justification. Its purpose ‘s not accomplished and it must be abandoned because after the stolence which accompanies the birth of every organic being, peace- ‘ul growth and systematic development is the natural order. The s¢ ot material force and physical violence is justified only if selfish ‘iterests persist in opposing the efforts for peaceful progress. In tie cternal flow of life the World War did not only accomplish the destruction of the individualistic order of society, but also _rcuted the conditions necessary for the birth of the successor. The Kussian Revolution and the war of the Allies against Russia were the pains of labor accompanying this birth. The Union of Soviet epublics is the physical foundation of the new order and the ‘ccognition of the epoch of civilization as a living entity is the first expression of its spirit. Just the same as the belief in a God before «fiom all men are equal and who not only gave every individual the right, but made it a duty to strive for salvation, brought about the individualistic civilization of today, so must the conviction that «i individuals, as interde pending cells in the body of the same liv- nic organism, have equal economic rights, lead to a cooperative “racr of society. However, mankind must recognize that the de- �[Page 346]346 WORLD UNITY MAGAZINE

development of this new civilization demands a revision of conduc: not only in political and economic, but also in moral respects anc that the destructive forces active in the dissolution of the old orde: must be displaced by constructive forces on all fields of huma: endeavor, if the new epoch is to develop naturally and remai: healthy.

It was the logical consequence of the past that Russia becam« the foundation for the epoch of communism. When after the grea: migration of races the Germanic people settled permanently i: Central and Western Europe, they were forced to overcome th: westward urge of the Slavic race. Present day Germany and Aus tria bore the brunt of this burden and battled with the Slavs fo: centuries. Finally the Slavic vanguard consisting of Czechs, Wend: and Poles, was shattered and through the extension of the Romar Catholic faith included into the body of the individualistic civilizs tion. Any ambitions which the Teutonic nations may have had t: exploit their victory over the Slavs for an eastward expansion wer: stifled ti.cough the appearance of the waves of Tartars under Yin ghis Khan and his successors. On the western border of Russia Germany and Austria developed into a living wall which reache from the Mediterranean to the Baltic and which was extende through the Teutonic Knights and the Finnish people into th: Arctic Region. In the South the Turkish people, reinforced by th Black Sea, the Caucasus and the Caspian sea, were an insurmoun: able barrier. Only the eastern border of Russia was open and As atic influence and an expansion in this direction was the logic. consequence. The subjugation of Russia by the Tartars injecte. some Asiatic blood into the nation, while through the influx « German immigrants the people also became related to the Ge: manic race. Russia therefore is not only in consequence of ge graphic position, but also through the racial makeup, the natur. link between Occident and Orient. In order to prevent a prem. ture development the cover of Czarism with its layer of forciz nobility was placed like a blanket over the Russian masses. Th cover was reinforced by the Orthodox Catholic Church which he. no connection with the religion of Central and Western Euro:

�[Page 347]THB PATH OF HISTORY 347

and was not affected by the Reformation. Instead of inspiring the Russian people, this religion stifled their mental development and kept the masses dormant. When Russia succeeded in penetrating the western barrier on the Bay of Finland, the nations of Western lurope were already strong enough on the seas to neutralize this success. An attempt to pierce the southern wall was frustrated through Russia’s defeat in the Crimean War. These different ob- stacles and conditions isolated the mass of the Russian people and xept them in a dormant state, secure from penetration by the spirit ot individualism. The invasion of Russia by Napoleon was the nest knock of destiny at the door; the World War brought the awakening and removed all obstacles from the Russian people. The wall of blood and iron on the western border, Germany and Austria, lies in ruins; the blanket of Czarism and foreign nobility nis been thrown off and the power of the Orthodox Church to stifle the mental progress is broken. This sudden freeing of the Russian people from all bonds can have but one eftect: ‘The recog- sition of Russia’s destiny and the application of their own unex- -austed power and vitality to its fulfillment.” In the process of -istoric evolution, the Russian masses were kept dormant at a level ot culture which still contained a vestige of primitive communism, snown as the “Mir;” through the modification of their racial tex- ture they had ben prepared for a closer union with their neighbors wud as a consequence of the enforced isolation the natural resources ot their country had remained unexploited. This combination of ‘cumstances together with the conditions brought on by the War, made Russia and Russia only the fertile soil in which the commu- «sti ideals could take root and develop into a physical foundation ‘or a new order of society, made necessary by the simultaneous “ssolution of the civilizations of Orient and Occident. The geo- saphic position of this foundation between the two old epochs cidicates that in the course of the future development, the aftected ‘aces and nations will be combined by this new civilization into ne unit. That this is already in progress is indicated through the “act that in the political organs of the Soviet Union the best features the parliamentarism of the West and of the selective system of �[Page 348]348 WORLD UNITY MAGAZINT

the East, are combined and that the countries adjoining Russi (China in the East and Poland and Germany in the West) are on the verge of economic and political collapse. This is the hand. writing on the wall and mankind has no other choice but to accc>t the dictate. However, it must be borne in mind that the epoch of civilization as an organic mass-being is subject to a process of slow growth, internally as well as externally, and that therefore evolution instead of revolution must be the watchword in the future. The state of affairs prevailing in the world today demands a territorial extension in a westerly direction of the new epoch, as represented by the Union of Soviet Republics. China in the present state would be a burden instead of a help to the new order and its addition must be deferred until the structure of the new epoch has been strengthened, so that it will be able to assimilate such a vast mul. titude of people. The joining of the Soviet Union by Poland and Germany, on the other hand, will strengthen the new civilization and make it self-supporting, because it will then combine the raw material with the necessary facilities and experience to manufacture all goods needed for the well-being of large masses of people. �[Page 349]BOOKS ON THE ORIENT

Fannie Fern Andrews: The Holy Land under Mandate. 2 vols., Houghton Mifflin Co., Boston 1931. The first chapters of this book are disappointing, they try to be a narrative about Dr. Andrew's trip to Palestine, about her meeting different people and being impressed by the picturesque country and people. These chapters scem to be written for the common reader who wishes to get im- pressions in the form of a not well ordered talk. The following chapters, starting on page 283 are of an entirely different nature. They are the outcome of a very serious and elaborate study of all the documents and all the evidence about the British Mandate in Palestine. The author has succeeded to give to any student of the complex and delicate situation in the Holy Land an invaluable ‘cutnentation. She has put forward the point of view of the Ksritish Government, of the Zionists and of the Arabs with an equal tuirmindedness and impartiality. Although the book is not well ordered enough to make good reading and to be a really great book, ‘tis certainly a high scholarly achievement and more helpful for .nderstanding the real situation in Palestine than almost all other books on this subject. Prof. James T. Shotwell has written for the book an important introduction where he shows that the Mandates ‘nthe former Ottoman Empire have been planned as a bulwark gainst the exploitation of defenceless peoples and as a frontier ot democracy in unfamiliar places. They are not a substitute for »rewar colonial government, but an extension of the principle of ‘cltdetermination which has not yet been given sufficient attention. Ihe aim so clearly expressed in article 22 of the Covenant of the icague of Nations must be a major consideration in judging the cicy and administration of the Mandatory. Judged from this oint of view the British administration in Palestine has complete-

‘ile, it fas done practically nothing for the political education 349 �[Page 350]3§0 WORLD UNITY MAGAZINE

and the selfgovernment nor for a true economic and social emanc: pation and modernization of the people of the country.

Norman Bentwich: England in Palestine. Kegan Paul, Trenci Trubner « Co., London 1932. This very well and pleasantly writ. ten book gives an authoritative account of the British administr. tion in Palestine, but it does not take into account the real funda mental problem of the situation, the irreconcilable political and economic aspirations of the Zionists and the Arabs. The book is an excellent statement of the point of view of British imperialist polic: in Palestine mingled with what could be called moderate Zionism The student of Palestinian affairs will be sincerely grateful to the author who during many years has filled one of the highest posts of the British administration in Palestine with rare distinction tor his excellent and lucid exposition of the administrative machin- cry of Palestine, but he will not always share the optimism and the benevolent judgement of the author. But a chapter like that on thé Executive with its detailed knowledge from the inside will rank among the masterpieces of the literature on the public life and institutions of Palestine. The statement that the government o! Palestine is a “benevolent” autocracy carrying on “the sacred trust of civilization” will probably be doubted by the overwhelminz majority of Palestinians, Arabs and Jews alike. Mr. Bentwici: quotes Lord Lugard’s statement that the task of the administration “is to foster that sympathy, mutual understanding and cooperation between government and people without which no government ‘ really stable and efficient” and that the motto of the department: of the government is “efficiency and economy.” There can be no doubt that the Palestinian administration has completely faile. judged by these standards put forward by such an authority os colonial government as Lord Lugard.

Sherwood Eddy: The Challenge of the East. Farrar & Rin: hart, New York 1931. Mr. Bentwich has in his book on Palestine remarked that “things move today with a dazzling rapidity in the changeable East.” Mr. Eddy’s excellent volume deals with man: �[Page 351]BOOKS ON THE ORIENT 351

countries of the East, their aspirations and their surprisingly quick Jevelopment, with India, China, Japan, Korea, the Philippines, Turkey and Palestine. These countries represent 850 millions of people, about one half of the total population of the earth. The author is sympathetic with the subject races of the East, with their new nationalism which is in revolt against the yoke of political, economic and social bondage, which retard the progress of Asia. hut the author shows also conscious sympathy with the baffling problems which confront the British administration in India, the torcigners in China, Zionism in Palestine. He is far away from the sentimental idealism and the glorification of the new nationalism which we very often find in anti-imperialist American writers. He wives a realistic presentation of the actual conditions in Asia and he iy tull of praise for the great achievements of the Japanese in Korea, the British in India, the Americans in the Philippines and the Zion- ists in Palestine. The situation in those Asiatic countries where there are vast contending forces in the midst of international com- plications constitutes a great challenge to the Western world, its political wisdom and experience.

HANS KOHN �[Page 352]WINDOWS ON A WORLD IN REVOLUTION

From the fire and blood of the European War, this generation picked up one pziceless jewel of truth—that the war-making power of the National governments, in an age of worldwide trade. has become an illusion and a self-betrayal.

From the War's bitter after-math of unemployment and pov. erty, the age has learned another truth equally important—that wealth and prosperity are no longer a matter of owning the instru- ments of production, but of creating markets able to use and enjo; the legitimate fruits of industry. !

The struggle between these two mew truths and the old truths which led to the present revolutionary condition in all five conti: nents, gives us the key to the existing transitional period, torn be- tween the conflicting claims of the future and the past.

People who can stand even a little apart from the rushing hurricane of startling events, know how much depends upon the successful and early outcome of this tremendous clash of forces—in reality, no mere struggle between two types of nations (France and Germany) nor between two types of economic systems (Capitalism and Communism) but the more fundamental con- flict between two states of mind in every human being: the min¢ motivated by cooperation, and the mind dominated by the law ot competition. :

Established on this basis, the deeper and more important issue of our generation will not be decided by force of arms nor by force of money and credit, nor by hurried legislation, but by the inner, spiritual capacity of people to understand, and understanding, to exert the mysterious force of will.

The only real enemy between us and the goal of world peace and true social justice is that state of mental confusion and moral division én ourselves which enslaves the will and hence keeps us in servitude to a degrading world situation. What we actually con-

352 �[Page 353]WINDOWS ON A WORLD IN REVOLUTION 353

front today is a conflict between /iving humanity and a dead trad- tion embodied in the system of customs and habits miscalled civil- ization.

Enlightened individuals here and there throughout the world have been aware of this fundamental issue for many years. Each in his own way has arisen to rid himself of the dead weight of economic, political and religious superstition inherited from the past. The modern world has its guides, its interpreters, its windows opened on the meaning of this sudden and unexpected upheaval and revolution. In thinking through to a sound world outlook, these pioneers have cleared the path for others, if we are of those who truly seek truth.

Many of these pioneers of a world order have used World l'nity Magazine, knowing its broad aims and purposes, as the med- ium to convey their ideas to the general public. The ten volumes ot World Unity published between October, 1927 and September, 1932, therefore constitute the most compact source of knowledge on all vital aspects of world affairs in existence today. Unlike other periodicals, World Unity is not a mere succession of monthly issues, cach perishing with the turning of the calendar. On the principle that a truth is deathless and enduring until assimilated by a deci- sive majority, the volumes of World Unity are more contemporan- cous, more Closely related to a human problem, than this morning's paper. Newspapers deal with events; World Unity with trends and with underlying meanings and with possibilities.

Take one topic of the most intense interest and importance— the situation caused by Japan in Manchuria and China. One can know all the concrete facts and yet miss the whole significance due to lack of cultural and historical background.

Here is that background in World Unity: “Why East and West are Different,” by Grover Clark; “Interaction of Europe and Asia,” by William R, Shepherd; “Orient and Occident,” by Hans Kohn;

ound the World Log of a Sociologist,” by Herbert A. Miller; Nationalism and Internationalism,” by Herbert Adams Gibbons— vc book-length serials by eminent scholars, not to mention a large number of single articles by other authors which throw light on �[Page 354]354 WORLD UNITY MAGAZINE

the vast problem of East and West.

Or the question of post-war political and economic develop: ments — World Unity contains these significant studies: “The League of Nations and the United States,” by Elizabeth Bassctt: “The Challenge of World Unemployment,” by Sir Norman Angell: “International Politics and World Peace,” by Dexter Perkins; “The Quest of World Peace,” by the same author; “Economic World Welfare,” by Amos Stote; ‘Fellowship and Class Struggle,” by A. J. Muste; “Youth Demands Peace,” by a number of college under- graduates; “World Citizenship,” by Carl A. Ross; “The American Peace Movement,” by Russell M. Cooper; and “The Case to: War,” by Robert C. Stevenson.

For the vision of the world movement as a whole—"“A World Community,” by John Herman Randall; “Progress by Telic Guid- ance,” by Mary Hull; “Racial Relationships and International Har- mony,” by Frank H. Hankins; “The Path of History,” by Paul Hin: ner; “The Coming World Order,” a symposium by leading educa: tors. (The equivalent of five books).

And the larger philosophic and religious questions involved in the restlessness of the age—Science, Philosophy and Religion, by Edwin Arthur Burtt; “Science and Religion,” by Kirtley F. Ma ther; “One Religion—Many Faiths,” by J. Tyssul Davis; “Sacrec Scriptures of Five Great Religions,” by Alfred W. Martin; “The Biological Sanctions of World Unity,” by Ernest M. Best; ‘ Chang ing Conceptions in Hinduism,” by Albert J. Saunders; “The Mes sage of the World’s Great Teachers,” by Hugh McCurdy Wooe ward. (As much material as in six books).

Biography—the life work of those who have laid the found. tions for peace and justice—W orld Unity has published articles on nearly forty leaders in America, Europe and the East, in the series “Apostles of World Unity,” written by various authors. In add tion—'‘“The Conscience of Europe,” by Robert Merrill Bartlett.

Finally, that elusive but all important human value, cult: has been re-interpreted in World Unity through the following titles “The Novel of the War Years,” by Evelyn Newman; ‘The Inter national Note in the Novels of the Pre-War Years,” by the sam: �[Page 355]WINDOWS ON A WORLD IN REVOLUTION 355

author; “Youth and the Modern World,” by representatives of the post-war generation; “The New Humanity,” an anthology compiled by Mary Siegrist; “This Praying World,” edited by John William Kitching: “Leaves of the Greater Bible,” edited by William Norman Guthrie; ‘““My International Family,” by Martha Taylor Brown; ‘Elements of a World Culture,” by Cassius J. Keyser, R. G. Tug- well, Harry A. Overstreet, Alfred W. Martin, Nicholas Roerich and John Herman Randall, Jr.

The foregoing summary lists only serial articles. In addition, It Urld Unity has published several hundred single articles by well informed authors in America, Europe and the East.

A number of readers, recognizing the value of the internation- al literature stored up so conveniently in the ten volumes of World Unity, have donated complete sets to Colleges, Public Libraries and other institutions, where they can be most widely used.

Whether as a gift to an institution, or as one’s own personal library of works on “a world in revolution,” these volumes consti- tute an invaluable force making for sound knowledge, broad sym- pathy and firm confidence—in every sense of the phrase, an edu- cation in world affairs.

World Unity, in brief, has made itself invaluable to those who tccl the need of a wider and clearer outlook on the vast panorama ot this complex, ever-changing era—who have outgrown the lim- tutions of the worst form of provincialism, the idea that “eco- nomics” alone, or legislation, or creed, or any other ove social factor is able to cope with a situation which affects humanity and civil- izition as a whole.

As many great sociologists have declared, there is room for a magazine endeavoring to follow the symphonic movement of the ce, and not merely strike one isolated note in the vast harmony of truth. �[Page 356]WORLD UNITY AND THE CRUCIAL YEAR 1932 - 1933

Amid the perplexing clamor raised by this or that “revolution,” the editors of World Unity stand with those who believe in the calmest and yet most useful of all ‘‘revolutions”—the substitution of knowledge and understanding for prejudice and ignorance as the mainspring of public affairs.

Continuing its firmly established editorial policy, World Un- ity will present throughout the crucial year to come a number of scr- ial articles, some in full book length, prepared by thoroughly re- sponsible scholars on subjects of general importance and real concern.

The key note of the next phase in the unprecedented world situation has been clearly struck by the recent remark of a close student of international affairs, who pointed out that the United States possesses decisive world power but does not know how to use it rightly.

World Unity endeavors to promote that broader field of know- ledge which can alone serve the ends of responsible power. It en- ables the American people, particularly, to meet the new moral obligation of modern citizenship.

Editorial Announcements

Present plans indicate that the October, 1932 issue—Vol. XI. No. 1—will be a special number devoted to the Orient. Many ar- ticles have been gathered on that subject, and} when the contents are finally decided the “Orient” number will represent a valuable contribution to that vital theme.

The Substance of World Cooperation, a symposium, edited by T. Swann Harding, containing articles by scientists and enginccrs outlining the neglected topic of the Scientist's contribution to so- 456 �[Page 357]WORLD UNITY AND THE CRUCIAL YEAR 357

cial unity and peace. Among the authors already arranged for are: Michael I. Pupin, Stanley P. Reimann, Maynard Shipley, Benjamin Cunzburg, Edwin Krieg, L. A. Hawkins, Wm. H. Barton, Jr., James Theron Rood, Samuel B. Ely, T. Swann Harding; others to be announced,

China's Changing Culture, by Frank Rawlinson, explaining the movement taking place within the largest homogenous popula- tion on earth.

The Common Message of the World’s Great Teachers, by Hugh McCurdy Woodward, continuing a series which goes to the roots of the spiritual problems underlying the intercourse of races, nations, classes and creeds. |

International Cooperation, by Manley O. Hudson, clarifying tor laymen the nature of the legal problems involved in the new -nternational situation.

Apostles of World Unity, continuing the important series of biographical sketches of men and women who have pioneered for Peace,

India's Problem and International Cooperation, by A. J. Saun- Jers, an American scholar, long resident in India, carries the true Christian point of view to the question of India seeking to fulfill her great desiny.

Whither Bound Religion? edited by Paul Russell Anderson, « series of interesting comments written by leaders of different luiths for a former member of the faculty at the American Uni- versity, Beirut.

The Economic Problem will be taken up from the constructive angle of the engineer in occasional papers by Ernst Jonson whose atticles have already commanded wide attention in World Unity.

World Citizenship, by Carl A. Ross. The editors hope to re- cive another series of articles from the American attorney who as developed the thesis that the League of Nations should be re- placed by a Federated State on the American model.

The Path to God, excerpts from religious literature of this age which provides a meeting ground for the historic religions and a source of new spiritual knowledge and faith. �[Page 358]WORLD UNITY DISCUSSION GROUPS

Many people, especially in the United States, feel the need o: intellectual stimulus and a more adult approach to the special soci: problems of this troubled age. They have become uneasily aware «: the fact that the possibilities of human intercourse are by no means exhausted by business contacts, golf, bridge, cocktail parties anc casual conversation.

Unquestionably, every community, however small, contain: matured men and women who crave the reinforcement and fulfil! ment of a congenial group which, without oppressive formality o: the limitations and expense of an organized club, can permit « mutually helpful exchange of opinion on important current event: and the general world outlook.

As a basis of common interest. a focal center for group though: World Unity Magazine has a distinct field of usefulness. Its article: mirror the richly varied events and subjects of the day, but aim ti set forth true principles without propaganda. It works for deepe: understanding and not to influence belief or promote action.

One alert individual in a community at this time can render « very real service to his or her friends and associates by forminz such a group and contributing the initial stimulus required to releas the latent powers of group discussion and consultation. Each issu: of World Unity will provide more than enough “starting points for an interesting evening of free mental exchange.

In making this suggestion, World Unity has no thought of «: tempting to organize any groups of this nature that may develo; The dynamic of the project is that each group remain both inform: and free to develop in its own way. —

The real point is, whether we are right in assuming that Ame: ica contains a great number of people who are unsatisfied by tx present childish arrangements of human intercourse.

Address correspondence on this subject to Managing Edito: World Unity, 4 East 12th Street, New York, N. Y.

358 �[Page 359]WORLD UNITY MEMORIAL To DAVID STARR JORDAN

The name of David Starr Jordan has become associated with faith in the reality of world peace. His contribution to the peace ideal was made at the highest level of human achievement, through the power of a per- sonality uniting scientific intelligence and spiritual aim. In his life and work an age striving to throw off the intolerable burden of organized vonflict_ grew more conscious of its capacity for progress and more de- cermined to attain the goal of cooperation and accord.

In order to give continuance to Dr. Jordan's vision and attitude, never more needed than in this period of confused purpose and ebbing courage, it is proposed by a number of his friends and associates to establish a

World Unity Memorial to David Starr Jordan.

The purpose of this Memorial is to make possible the wider diffusion of Dr. Jordan’s important statements on peace and international coopera- aon by magazine and pamphlet publication, in a form rendering them available to peace workers throughout the world, and to encourage the rise of the peace spirit among the new generation of college students.

It is the privilege of World Unity Magazine to serve as the organ of the David Starr Jordan Memorial, under the auspices of a Committee representing the scholarship of America, Europe and the East.

Friends of David Starr Jordan, and friends of world peace, may assist i the realization of the purpose of the Memorial by contributing toward «/e modest expenses involved. A contributing membership may be secured ‘or five dollars; a student membership for two dollars; a life membership or ten dollars. Copies of all Memorial publications will be furnished members without charge.

In addition to the publication of David Starr Jordan’s most important satements on the subject of peace, the Memorial will offer an annual prize for the best essay on world cooperation submitted by any college

adergraduate. Woritp UNITY MEMoriIAL To Davip STARR JORDAN

4 East 12th Street, New York City (Sponsored by Mrs. David Starr Jordan)

COMMITTEE HAMILTON HOLT, Chairman “NE ADDAMS Sik NORMAN ANGELL BRUCE BLIVEN ‘St \NLLY O. HUDSON SALMON O. LEVINSON JOSEPH REDLICH

BARON Y. SAKATANI HANS WEHBERG 359 �[Page 360]ORDER BLANK

“It has becn very encouraging to see the warm reception which Wor_p Ux has received and to note its constant progress. There was room for a maga: which should devote itself to a non-partisan discussion of the intellectual and m aspects of world cooperation and international movements, and Worip UNity met this necd in a most satisfactory manner."—John Dewey.

Wortp UNITY 4 East 12TH STREET New York Criry

I enclose $ for which kindly enter my order for the ite checked below.

(1 WORLD UNITY MAGAZINE. Annual subscription, §2. $2.00 to Libraries, Educational and Religious Institutions.

“J WORLD UNITY BOUND VOLUMES, ten volumes, six iss! in cach volume, per volume, bound, $3.50; unbound, $1.50.

(1) A WORLD COMMUNITY, by John Herman Randall, §2: Book and annual subscription to World Unity, $4.00.

1 NATIONALISM AND INTERNATIONALISM, by Herb Adams Gibbons, $2.00. Book and annual subscription to World Un $4.00.

(1) SEVEN GREAT BIBLES, by Alfred W. Martin, $2.00. Book a annual subscription to World Unity, $4.00.

[| FOUNDATIONS OF WORLD UNITY, selections from the. dresses of ‘Abdu'l-Baha in America, $0.75. Book and annual subscript to World Unity, $3.00.

(1) BUILDING UP THE INTERNATIONAL MIND, by Ha Allen Overstreet, 16-page reprint, $0.05 per copy. (Rate quoted for lar quantity on request.)

(1) READING LIST OF CURRENT BOOKS ON WORLD UNI $0.05 per copy. (Rate quoted for larger quantity on request.)

Address. �