World Unity/Volume 2/Issue 5/Text

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WORLD UNITY

A Monthly Magazine

for than who .mlz ti): world outlook upon present development: of pbilompby, science,

JOHN HERMAN RANDALL, Editor HORACE HOLLEY, Managing Editor

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religion, ethic: and the art:

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Editorial 0ﬂ5ce:—4 East nth Street, New York City

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WORLD UNITY MAGAZINE is published by WORLD UNITY PUBLISHING Coupo- RATION, 4 East 11th Street, New York City: MARY Ramsay Movws, president; Homes HOLLBY, vice-pruidmt; FLORENCE MORTON, mamrer; JOHN HERMAN RANDALL, newer]. Published monthly, 35 cents a copy, $3.50 a year in the United States, $4.00 in Canada and $4.50 in all other countries (postage in- cluded). Tm; Wonu) UNI'r'Y PUBLISHING CORPORATION and us editors do not invite unsolicited manuscripts and art material, but welcome correspondence on articles related to the aims and purposes of the magazine. Printed in U. S. A.

Content: copyrighted 197.8 by WORLD UNITY Punusnmc CORPORATION. ,

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ative in the fabric of life and history.

-—New Studies in Mystical Religion

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ISTORY—I mean the historical process— H is once more something which cannot

be reduced to a rigid causal series. There is a significant overplus—something overbrim- ming boils over and inundates the cold faCts of history. It is a dramatic movement. It is full of surprises. It has a meaning which can be inter- preted like a cumulative story or a work of art. It reveals and it verifies moral principles. It is not merely wild and fortuitous. It is not a series of ”repeatable" events. One act prepares for the next. The new continuously correlates with the old. It has its laws and rational order. But ever and anon persons of genius, or persons possessed of a unique dynamic quality, appear with some novel and unpredictable ideal which affeCts not only their own destiny but which, at the same time, alters the entire course of history and shifts the line of march of the whole race. Here once more the mind in us seems to correlate with and to be in correspondence with a deeper, foundational Mind that steers the majestic fleet of the ages. The moral nature revealed in us, and revealed in augusc fashion in the slow judgment days of history, implies and involves a deeper eternal moral nature of things, creatively oper-

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[Page 299]WORLD UNITY MAGAZINE

Von. II AUGUST, 192.8 No. 5

EDITORIAL em: ELEMENTS OF A WORLD COMMONWEALTH

2. Tbe New Power of Individualism

N THE general collapse of arbitrary authority which supplies

the keynote to the present decade, we are compelled to face

a condition of moral emergency such as would come upon

the soldiers of an army abandoned by its leaders in the field. Through the broken dikes of group discipline, incalculable forces have been released within the modern world, vastly extending every impulse b0th for good and evil.

The resulting individualism seems like the extreme of law- lessness to those who desire traditional institutions to continue unchanged, but can be interpreted far differently by those who realize the need for thorough renovation in the spirit of society as well as in its forms. From the latter point of view, it is inevi- table that institutions implying competition and conflict must somehow be removed or redirected before any sound basis for cooperation can be laid. ‘

What reaCtionary people condemn as fatal indifference or destructive anarchy may in reality prove to be the most vital assertion of the instinct of self-preservation which humanity could experience in relation to the existing social environment. For the total effect of the prevailing individualism, whether its expression be apathy or violence, is to immerse social forms in an acid bath whose aetior is powerful enough to dissolve the out- lines and profoundly alter the substance of every political, eco- nomic and religious organization. Previous to the war this process was confined to the conscious criticism of the few leaders of cour- age and insight, whose crusades apparently failed as tragically as the efforts of Don Quixote, but its real inﬂuence has now gained

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irresistible momentum in the firmly established outlook of the younger generation.

The search for the moral foundation capable of sustaining the weight of world community must begin with this fan: loyalty can no ionger be commanded, its value must be proved. Profound inertia among the spiritually submerged still exists, but the sense of consecration to a definite cause, and the willingness to fuse with Others in a devored group, has ebbed from the soul of man- kind. And as long as the outcome of patriotism is war; as long as the joy of craftsmanship finds itself entangled in intensive eco- nomic competition; as long as the instincr of worship is perverted by the inﬂuence of creeds which ignore true brotherhood, jusr so long must the individualistic attitude be justified by those who look to the needs of humanity as a whole. Concentration upon personal achievement at the expense of inherited loyalties will represent a creative expression of intelligence until a community is born in which loyalty can be completely fulfilled.

The dynamic power of social loyalty, meanwhile, has nor been destroyed but remains latent in the average personality like a tightly-coiled spring. All the creative forces of human nature are periodically so returned to their source. It is the condition of the new seed when the old tree withers and becomes fruitless.

With the new factor of technical education, however, which gives access to the Aladdin lamp of inexhaustible natural energies, modern individualism has become a far higher and more complex state of being than ever in the past. By individualism today we may not mean limited physical being, but self-directed person- ality capable of making contact with other lives through mediums transcending the body and reﬂecring the limitless potency of mind. Individuals so reinforced and extended by scientific mech- anisms, and constantly stimulated by larger visions of power, are no more to be communized by political forms based upon land ownership and hand labor than mighty-winged eagles by the nest which once held their unhatched eggs.

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PROGRESS BY TELIC GUIDANCE

6) MARY HULL

I I . I n Defence of tbe Ideal of Progreu

mon to 1914, faith in progress was the controlling ideal

of Western Civilization. Since the Great War this idea]

has been under a shadow. In a preceding paper, ”The

Evolution of the Ideal of Progress," I have shown that it is not the ideal of progress per .re, but the materialistic conception of progress that has been discredited. But present day criticism does net stop with the arraignment of the current conception of progress, but challenges the ideal itself on the score that the assumptions on which it is based are unsound. Many modern evolutionists contend that there is no warrant for the belief that progress is continuous, automatic, and inevitable. Evolution does nor reveal life mounting on a continually advancing scale. Facts of reversion are as common as the opposite kind. Human history likewise discloses no continuous advance. ”Progress" Professor Todd observes, ”is rare, evolution and change are universal. Just as the, dead out-numbet the living, so the abortive civilizations exceed the successful."

The prophets of cyclic recurrence, Flinders Petrie and Oswald Spengler and their followers go a step farther. The main thesis of Spengler's ”Decline of the West," which has a very great vogue at the present time, is that what human history actually presents is not a continuous development, but a series of separate cultures. During the six thousand years covered by our records, eight ripe cultures have evolved. Each one is indigenous and not susceptible of transplantation. Each culture unfolds certain inherent tendencies and then finally and inevitably stiffens

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into a petrified civilization, a structure, which may last in- definitely after the soul that formed it has perished. Each culture passes through the successive stages of birth, growth, decay and death that pertain to all things organic. The cycle of civilization, Spengler infers, is as immutable and inevitable as that of in- dividual life. There is no purpose in history, there is no progress; there is only ”Destiny" operating automatically in a cosmic rhythm of recurrent cycles of expansion and decay.

Western Civilization, Mr. Spengler assures us, bears all the ear-marks of the stage of decline. With us Winter has come. Out genius is critical rather than creative, ingenious rather than inspirational. In the arts ”We are dawdling over dead forms, deluding ourselves with vain phantoms of a living art." The spirit of democracy is dead. The apparent spread of democracy is merely a matter of form and theory. The actual power, now as ever, is in the hands of the few. The principle of territorial ex- pansion is leading straight to a period of Caesarism which will bring gigantic wars in its wake. Imperialism in politics, lack of inspiration in the arts, a dominant utilitarian interest in science. and skepticism in religion all mark the stage of decay. We may have some two hundred years or more of grace, but the final catastrophe is inevitable. ”Something has come to an end. The Northern Soul has exhausted its inner possibilities, and of the dynamic force and insistence that expressed itself in world his- torical vision of the future, vision of millenial scape, nothing remains but the mere pressure, the passionate yearning to create, the form without the content."

Since a truly constructive philosophy must not be incon- sistent with current scientific thought, let us survey brieﬂy the recent findings of science in so far as they relate to the theory of progress. In biology, the modern trend may be characterized by the term “Emergence." According to the theory of emergence, at intervals, by means of a creative synthesis which ushers in new properties that could not have been predicted from knowl- edge of the antecedent factors, the customary snail's pace of progress by increasing complexity of structures and integration

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of functions is so accelerated as to constitute a leap forward. An example below the biological level is the chemical compound of molecules of oxygen and hydrogen which form water. Water has properties which are quite different from those of oxygen and hydrogen and which could n0t be anticipated purely from observation of these properties in isolation. Epoch-making leaps forward occurred when living beings first appeared and finally human beings. In each case again there is an emergence of that which obviously is not in preceding and lower levels of existence. So at successively higher levels in the scale of evolution more complex forms appear and new properties emerge, and the history of the earth discloses the development of an ascending hierarchy of orders. In this hierarchy the substance of each lower stage is the material for the next level above it. But in the advent of the new level the elements of this material are related in such a way as to create new properties which could n0t have been inferred from a knowledge of the component factors. Further, the new properties which emerge at the higher level are capable of sustaining and guiding the events distinctive of that level. But when an entity fails to use these new properties duly, it either slips back to the level below or disintegrates.

Emergent evolution, then, reveals progress, and it reveals retrogtession. Also it reveals a condition of comparative inertia, since the advance to a higher level in each case is made only by a few out of the total number of those who, apparently, are capable of making such a change. Progress, therefore, in the case of the particular individual and group, is n0t automatic or inevitable.

These faCts, according to one school of thought, are all we need to know. But anOther school is not-satisfied with the knowl- edge of bare facts; it demands a reasonable interpretation of them. The evolution of an ascendant hierarchy of types implies an inherent urge upward. What is this urge upward, and what makes emergents emerge? And philosophy supplem ents the scientific statement of facts by translating the inherent urge upward into terms of the immanence of God, and by postulujng that back

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of the whole evolutionary process there is a Divine direCtive ACtivity.

How, under the hyp0thesis of a direCtive ACtivity, do we account for retrogression and failure to advance? On the grounds of freedom. Freedom is the power to bring something into being spontaneously, and it implies the possibility of doing either one of two opposite things. Even in the early stages of evolution there is an element of choice involved. In biology the rudiment of freedom is observable in the creative synthesis in which new properties emerge; in the realm of physics, it is implied in the movements of the eleCtrons within the atom, which, according to the Quantum Theory, cannot be entirely predicted, and which therefore, are inconsistent with the general scheme of determin- ism. The measure of freedom enjoyed by the entity increases with each ascending level. Man, for instance, by virtue of his superior adaptability, is vastly less limited than the beast is by his environment. And with the development and use of the reasoning faculties there is a tremendous expansion of the sphere of freedom and a corresponding recession of the limits of en- vironment. God alone is wholly free in that He aCts solely by the necessity of His nature. But man, as a spirit created by God, partakes in some degree of the nature of the Creator; consequently, although he is limited more or less Otherwise by heredity and environment, in all eras and on all levels, he is free to heed the upward urge in his own heart and so align himself with the direCtive Activity that makes for progress and he is equally freet likewise, to yield himself to the instinCtive tendency to inertia and to the undercurrent which drags him back to the level of the bean.

Because they have yielded to these baneful tendencies, throughout the long course of history, individuals and civiliza- tions have collapsed; but humanity has kept moving steadily onward, and from the amoeba to man and from savagery to civil- ization, the trend of life has been upward. Therefore we believe, that though individuals and groups continue to fall out from the path, there will always be those who, heeding the upward

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urge, will carry life steadily forward to higher and higher levels.

A rational faith in progress, then, does not mean that we can fold our hands and a benign Providence will beat us along willy nilly toward our goal, for they who drift ever drift down stream, and God helps those who help themselves. On the con- trary, it means that by working in harmony with the laws of the universe and functioning on the highesr level that we have attained, we, as the agents of Providence, can ourselves create the conditions that make higher levels possible.

Answering Mr. Spengler's contention that history does not reveal a continuous development we agree that cultures are in- digenous and incapable of transplantation a: a whole. But the elements of cultures are transferable. No cultural group is ever completely isolated. And even in case of the mat primitive cul- tures there is a constant interchange of elements. Elements originate in one area and are carried to an adjacent region and certain of them are grafted on to cultural stock to which they have some native affinity. The elements of our own culture have come to 'us from a succeeding series of earlier cultures and have been modified in turn by each group which has assimilated them. Thus the science of aStronomy was developed first by the Chal- deans, the alphabet that we use was invented by the Phoenicians, and our number system by the Arabs, and they have all been handed on to us in a developed form by people nearer to us in point of time. And many of the mOSt vital elements of our culture are so deeply rooted in the remote past that we cannor trace their origin. Who, for example, were the pioneers who blazed the trail for the development of language and conceived the idea of writing, who worked out the principle of the lever, and who first domesticated animals and plants, who first eXtraCted metals from their ores, who originated the institutions that are the very structure of society and the categories that are the basis of think- ing? The truth is, each succeeding culture is the apex of a series, the heritor of the past and the legator of the future. History, indeed, gives convincing evidence of a continuity running through human experience, and this movement spells progress.

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In the course of history the ever—mounting trend of life appears to me as the mighty primeval impulse, whence issued the universe, streaming upward in a spiral course with ever-widening coils swelled by all the worth-while atcretions of the pan. Here and there a race in the course of its development, coming within range of the cosmic current, is caught up by it and is borne along with it. Then that race suddenly bursts forth in an expansive culture, the nature of which is conditioned ’by the direCtion of the current. When that culture decays, it fails either because the accumulation of dead forms blocks movement forward or because certain disruptive forces in it have destroyed its equilibrium and have caused it to swing of? on a tangent from the vitalizing current. But in each case where the civilization has seemingly perished, whatever there was of value in it has been saved. The corrupt body alone is destroyed and the dross consumed, but the residue of pure achievement is incorporated in the cosmic current and mounts with it. Thus Greece, losing balance because of the ominous gap between the leisured aris- tocracy and the illiterate slave class who bore the entire economic burden of the state, and further weakened by internal faction, is ground to dusr beneath the iron heel of Rome; and after centuries of oblivion, Greek art and philosophy, which are the very essence of the Greek spirit, revive in the Renaissance, and live in our composite civilization. ”Truth crushed to earth, will rise again; the eternal years of God are hers."

And the monumental records of antiquity that are being uncovered in all quarters of the globe, revealing amazing glimpses of long forgotten civilizations, are just as surely fertilizing and enriching our cultural soil today. Truly there are sermons in these stones unearthed by the archeologist's spade. Already we note a stimulation of imagination, and a widening of perspective, and we have grounds for hoping that this stirring of the mem- cries of the human psyche may result in the awakening of dor- mant forces and the development of a saving faith that will give us a new slant on age—old but Still unsolved problems and

hat will blossom forth in a harmonious cosmopolitan culture,

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surpassing far the seCtional cultures of the past. But whether a second Renaissance is dawning now or whether the longed-for new age is still in the dim future, we may rest sure that in all the wrecks of time only the useless and inadaptable have per- ished; no good thing is ever ultimately lost. In her mysterious depths MOther Earth preserves the precious seed produced by the decaying race, and in her own good time brings it to ﬂower and fruit.

There is no denying Mr. Spengler's statement that the civil- izations of the past have perished after the manner of organisms and that the inference he draws from this fact is plausible. Nevertheless he fails utterly to prove that the cycle of Civiliza- tion is inherent in the nature of events. He i gnores the significance of the fact that the cultural unit is a corporation, and unlike the individual whose earthly span is strictly limitedt it is po- tentially immortal. The group is constantly replenishing itself. As soon as one generation reaches maturity another generation is born and the latter is ready to take the helm before the former looses its .hold. Thus there is always enough young blood in circulation to keep things moving.

Since it is not to the human constituency of a group that we refer when we call a civilization old we must mean that the spirit of age prevails over the spirit of youth. What constitutes age? The individual is old in fan when he is unable to make favorable adjustments to new conditions. This happens when his creative powers are lost or materially weakened by fast living, or when his vital organs fail to funCtion properly and his body is choked and poisoned by the waste of his system which he can no longer throw off normally. A civilization, likewise, is old when its creative force is devitalized by de— structive use and when the spirit of youth in it is cramped and throttled by moribund traditions and institutions that have secured a strangle-hold.

The destructive use of power results from giving free rein to the primitive instincts derived from our pre—human ancestors; this behavior is injurious because it is inconsistent with our

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present stage of development; and therefore it, as well as the clinging to dead strucrure, is a form of fixation on the pasr. But let a just conception of progress become the controlling ideal of our civilization, and its magnetic pull will counteract this tendency to fixation on the past and also the instinCtive inertia that abets it, and it will rejuvenate our civilization and preserve it in the state of perennial youth.

For progress means continuous advance toward an ever receding goal, an endless journey with an infinite number of stages, but no stopping place; from the moment we sight it up to the time we reach it, each of these stages is in turn out im- mediate goal; but when we reach it it becomes straightway the point of departure for the next stage in our path.

Mr. Spengler's c1 vim that our civilization is in a stage of inevitable decline is likewise open to question. Although, in certain respeccs, Western Civilization is admittedly decadent, it gives evidence also of new grOWth of great promise; and many of the evil tendencies of today exhibit, not the decadence of approaching senility, but the premature and preventable deteri- oration of dissolute youth. Irresponsibility, deplorable waste of energy and lack of purposive direction all bespeak the turbulent adolescent who has broken loose from the control of his guardians and is not yet master of himself, who has lost the naive beliefs of childhood and has not yet made a Stronger faith his own. But the trend of science now is away from the crude materialism of yesterday and in line with rational faith. And there are in- dications that a moral awakening is at hand. Modern skepticism is but a passing phase; it is merely youthful cynicism, the first reaCtion of the questioning mind to the realization that many of the dogmas instilled in childhood are myths. Current literature reveals a growing conviCtion that life without faith is void and a strong desire to find some sound basis of belief. The process of degeneration has not yet gone so far that our civilization is beyond redemption, and just as it sometimes happens that a slumping individual, through some significant change in his environment which affords a new point of view and awakens

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hope, suddenly acquires a new interest in life and launches forth into a period of surpassing achievement, so also a decadent civilization, through similar stimuli, may take on a new lease of life.

Mr. Spengler fails utterly to prove that modern science is decadent. In this realm, indeed, we have positive evidence that the creative spirit is powerfully active. Each succeeding year witnesses some important discoveries and inventions. And the recent pregnant hypothesis of radio activity, the quantum theory of energy, the theory of relativity, the development of the principles of biology and the advent of a t0tally new psychology all serve to open up a new world.

The changes of the last century have been sweeping and momentous. “World history," Mr. Spengler observes, ” is our picture and not mankind's. Indian and classical man formed no image of a world in progress.” Just because world history is our picture we are making it a fad. Western Civilization is extending its tendrils all over the globe and bringing the whole world under its inﬂuence. The Western traveler passes through the Orient on Western railroads; everywhere he comes upon Western hanks, schools, factories and manufactured articles. And this penetration is reciprocal. Throughout the West, our homes, public buildings, and even our fashions in dress, evidence our susceptibility to the charm of Oriental art, and our literature voices our sensitiveness to the lure of Oriental philosophy. The East and the West are straining toward each other; and in con- sequence, although separative racial prejudices are still bane- fully operative, we do not feel so certain as we did a generation ago that ”these twain shall never meet."

The fact is, with our generation world history has em- barked on a new adventure. For the world of today is totally different from any world of the past in three fundamental re- speCts: in the facility for communication which affords a physical basis for unity, in the almost complete mastery of Nature, and in the increase of knowledge of the laws of life. The significance of these achievements is that they confer upon society the power

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of directing its own evolution. Up to the present time, the history of progress has consisted chieﬂy in the evolution of tradition, of accumulations of tools and institutions and their reaCtion, rather than with the evolution of innate human characteristics. Now by the assimilation of the vast extension of the knowledge of life that we have recently amassed the way is open for telic guidance, for the conscious modification of tradition and the development of human instincts alike in accordance with a given end. Now when unexplored vistas are unfolding possibilities of development such as were never before within the reach of any previous civilization, it is no time to cry a halt in progress. It is rather a time which demands herculean effort to ward off the perils which confront us and make good our possibilities.

For society to take Stock of itself and deliberately plan the direction of its energies with respect to its ultimate goal is a new thing. The task is admittedly strange and difficult. But the reward is high and they who tell us that it is impossible shut off our only avenue of advance. With Mr. Spengler we agree that ”something has come to an end." That "something" is man's faith in his power to satisfy his inner craving for freedom and secure human betterment through the control of external circumstance alone, a faith which stirred the men of the Ren- aissance to begin to experiment with Nature and which has been the mainspring of the achievements of modern science and of the whole expansive movement that characterised Western Civilization. With this faith we are now thoroughly disillu- sioned, and unless some new hope stirs us to fresh efforts in a different direCtion, we shall certainly go the way of past civil- izations whose faith has petered out.

For faith is the precondition of advance. The course of progress runs from chaos to cosmos and from fear to freedom. Primitive man had to cope with the wind and the wave and with wild beasts of the earth, all apparently hostile and bent upon his destruction. Yet in his ignorant, wretched state, beset by dangers and tortured by fears, he Still desired life. What made existence tolerable and even desirable was the stubborn belief

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that somehow or other he might learn to appease the inimicai forces of Nature and better his condition. And so, driven by fear and inspired by hope, he proceeded to invent weapons for combating wild beasts and human enemies, and a psychic equipment to fortify himself against the invisible powers of the ‘universe. In every step toward freeing himself from the capricious ( untrol of Nature and toward the discovery of a rational order at" life, faith has led the way, faith that is not blind hope, but a compound of vision and daring. History makes it clear that faith is an integral part of the Will to Live. Therefore when a society loses its faith it develops a suicidal impulse and cuts itself off automatically from further advance.

And now that we of the West have learned by experience that power in the hands of an unregenerate humanity is vain, that to reap the benefits‘éf’b‘ur dearly won conquest over Nature we must attain a corresponding control over human nature, and that the freedom the heart of man craves cannot be achieved by dominion over external circumstance without dominion over his inner passions and emOtions also, the conviCtion is forced upon us that by aCtive faith in the power of society to win in— creasing control over its own destiny, and by that faith alone can Western Civilization be saved. The effort to solve the problem of self—mastery gives opportunity for expression in a new direc- tion to that ”passionate yearning to create," the pressure of which, in the absence of an appropriate channel for expression, must needs disrupt the body of society.

(Y

[Page 312]THE WORLD WE LIVE IN

Men live less and less in geographical and more and more in spiritual communities. The involuntary elements of existence tend to be limited to the regional area, the voluntary elements find increasing opportunity of self-expression through association of likeminded people selected out of the entire population by identity of interests and ideals. in this department, World Um?) Magozim will publish each month a brief description of some important modern movement, voluntary in character and humanitarian in aim. believing that knowledge of these activities is act only essential to the world outlook. but also offers the true remedy for the sense of isolation and loneliness which has followed the breakdown of the traditional local neighborhood.

THE INTERNATIONAL FEDERATION OF UNIVERSITY WOMEN

5} ESTHER CAUKIN Seaman

N ms'romc Chelsea, overlooking the Thames, stands Crosby Hall, dedicated to ”the encouragement of learning and the promOtion of friendship between the women of all nations," -—a concrete embodiment of the aims of the International

Federation of University Women. To realize that intellectual unity is not incompatible with national diversity; to appreciate, in fatt, that variety of cultural experience must inevitably enrich intelleCtual life, is the mativating spirit of the Federation. Its members hardly ignore the political consequences that must ﬂow from their adventure in international cooperation. Women teachers, journalists, and members of Other professions, who grasp the international ideal in education are bound to have some inﬂuence on public opinion in their own countries. These women have chosen, however, to devote their organized energies to a relatively narrow section of the whole field of international relations;—to encourage productive scholarship on the part of women, to facilitate personal acquaintance among university women of various lands, to assist the interchange of teachers 3:: '

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between different countries--in general, to engage in whatever activities should prove to be most eﬂ’eCtive for promOting inter- national intelleCtual cooperation.

The Federation was organized in 1919, with the British, Canadian, and American groups as a nucleus. At the first Con- tcrcnce (London, 192.0) voting delegates were present, also, from ( zechoslovmkia, France, Holland, Italy, and Spain. Twenty-eight national groups now compose the Federation, covering North America, the British Dominions, and practically all of Europe. The membership t0tals forty thousand, three-fourths of the members being in the American Association. The constitutional lmk between the associations and the Intetnational Federation is the committee on international relations in each national group.

The major projeCts of the International Federation are to endow fellowships for women 29.? to establish Clubhouses for the use of university women who are studying or traveling abroad. The Clubhouses are built on the initiative of national associations or of groups within them. The American University \\'umen's Club in Paris is in the latter category, as is the effort (:2 American university women in Athens and Vienna to secure tluhhouses. The National Club of the American Association of l'niversity Women in Washington is open to all members of the International Federation, and a number of women's college and university clubs in the United States have likewise opened their tinnrs to foreign university women. Crosby Hall was converted mm an international residence for women students by the

nitiative of the British Federation of University Women. With

tht- aid of other national groups they secured the funds to buy the Hall and to add a residence wing, using the original building mr the dining hall. Crosby Hall is at present the home of the It-Jeration, for the Executive Headquarters is located there.

An endowment of a million dollars for international fellow- \I’Hps was first projected at the Conference of the Federation in 1914. Until 192.7 the campaign went ahead slowly, though «utiicient money was raised to endow one fellowship. Dr. Anne

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Marie Du Bois, of Switzerland, a biologist, is the first Inter- national Federation fellow. All of the member-associations have commenced to make more intensive efforts to raise the million dollars for the endowment fund. In the United States the cam- paign for the International fund is being conducted along with a campaign to increase the fellowship endowment of the Ameri- can Association of University Women. From its very beginning this organization has encouraged women scholars to carry on advanced research, setting aside one—eighth of its income from dues for fellowships. The recent experience of the Fellowship Award Committee has demonstrated the inadequacy of the resources of the Association to meet the demands being made for assistance by women whose achievements in scholarship entitle them to such recognition. Consequently, the Association has set before itself a goal of a million dollars for fellowships, part of which will be the American contribution to the fellowship endowment of the International Federation of University Women.

In endowing fellowships and building Clubhouses the mem- bers of the. International Federation have always before them the ideals of ptaCtical internationalism. By encouraging women to study in countries Other than their own they serve the cause of international understanding as well as scholarship. The club- houses gather under their hospitable roofs women from different countries, with different political and cultural backgrounds, but with the common experience of a university education, and with a common belief in the value of education. University women in the United States have demonstrated their ability to work together in units larger than alumnx associations for their common aims. In the International Federation they are demonstrating their abiiity to work together for their common aims in a unit larger than national associations. Perhaps that achievement is greater than any single project which they may brin g to completion.

[Page 315]AMERICA'S ROLE IN THE ORIENT

by

RUDOLPH I. COFFEE, Temple Sinai, Oakland, Califmia

Mizniu's role in the Orient—not what we have accom- plished in the past, but what we shall accomplish in the golden future! That is what Americans should be thinking? of today! The unselfish spirit of inspirational

helpfulness was and is America's part in the development of the Orient. It should continue to be our role in the East. Financially, America may be the richest country in all the world, but she will be infinitely richer in soul if she continues to hold on high a banner of righteousness to which Other nations may look for inspiration.

I hold this ideal before the people of my country as indicative of what America's role in the Orient should be. If we are true (0 past ideals, we shall not deprive our neighbors of their prop- crty. But '1 plead with you to be equally tolerant towards them in the matter of their religious beliefs. In the past century, many conscientious and self-sacrificing men and women have left our country and have settled in the Orient in order to Christianize the natives. I gladly pay tribute to the fine schools they have instituted and the modern hospitals they are directing. Also, to the sanitary gains which are due to their unselfish efforts. But if America is true to her highest ideals, she will internationalize her successful national policy. This country has been a home {or religious tolerance. It recognizes the right of every man to worship God in accordance with his inner conscience. It compels no man to become Catholic, Protestant or Jew. 0n the contrary, it encourages every citizen to worship God as he sees fit. What we practice within our borders, let as practice outside our borders.

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I do not believe in de-Orientalizing Orientals any more than I believe in un-Americanizing Americans. And certainly the Orientals have as much right to Orientalizc us as we have to Christianize and Americanize them, {or their art is older than ours and their civilization began before our country was dis- covered. Some people feel that America's role in the Orient is a process by which the Oriental is molded into a pattern of strictly American design. That process would be unfair, unkind, because our Heavenly Father intended that no two nations should be alike.

Our role in the Orient is to encourage the millions of people residing there to develop their own finest ideals along the lines best suited to them—not best suited to us. We must n0t destroy that which is sacred in their lives. Their Confucianism, their Shintoism, their Brahmanism, their Buddhism, is as sacred to them as the Ten Commandments are to us. The weird lettered banners that drape the principal streets of China are as necessary to the Chinese as our American ﬂag is to us. America forcing her views upon the foreigner accomplishes little, but America holding aloft a standard of exemplary conduct accomplishes much.

Let the Orientals realize that they are brOthers to be loved, n0t foreigners to be scorned. Our love and good-fellowship should help them intensify the noblest traditions of their own people. Mr. Babbitt, boasting and ever acclaiming that his town and his country are the best in the world, is not the typical business man I would send to the Orient. Rather let us send him who would painstakingly serve, who believes, with Confucius, ”The highest study of all is that which teaches us to develop those principles of purity and perfect virtue which Heaven bestowed upon us at our birth in order that we may acquire the power of inﬂuencing for good those amongst whom we are placed."

[Page 317]BOOKS ABOUT THE HINTERLANDS

Reviewed by . C. F . ANSIBY

N the cities, asking God for daily bread is obsolescent; bread

comes from the grocery. Those curious about origins learn

how a file of big machines parades through a landscape of _

wheat; the scene is pietured in newspapers and text-books. The pictures are of a remote place, possibly Hollywood; what one sees from the gates of his own city is one-family farms, some cultivated, some abandoned. On the whole, the cultivated part of the earth is in one-family farms; about five—sixths of the world's people cultivate them. Factory methods in farming are tried sOmetimes, but they do n0t pay—in Russia, America or elsewhere. The city's abundance is made up of the little surpluses of families who still ask some god for their own daily bread, praying by labor if not always in words. Farming by factory methods, like the Chemist's production of food in factories, is Still prophecy. America professes faith but does not invest; securities of farming corporations are not marketable. Russia invests but incurs deficits, met by taxing one-family farms. Food supplies still depend on processes often said to have been superseded. With local and dis- astrous exceptions the processes have gone on since neolithic [l-mCS.

Those who pracrice the neolithic processes are said to have "the rural mind", which is more of a reality than any national mind; farmers of different countries understand each Other better than farmers and metropolitans of the same country. Everywhere the rural mind wishes the maximum of home rule in the rural community; this seems to have been the independence that Ameri- can colonists for the most part sought in their Revolution. What can be done by essentially autonomous rural communities has

317

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been shown by the city states of Greece and the medieval free towns. America was well on the way to anOther demonstration when it chose centralization instead. At about the same time, Denmark began progress toward what had seemed the American goal. In our day Denmark is the country in which one may see most clearly what rural communities could do with independence if they had it.

Rural Denmark is made up of modest homes, each with its garden, grouped in communities of human scale. These communities are cooperative in processing the products of their little farms and in other manufacmring, in buying and selling, in financing their work and in other ways. The communities cooperate with each Other; to the limit of their power, they make of the kingdom a cooperative commonwealth. The Danes say that they were guided to the solution of their rural problem, acute not long ago, by their folk schools. Light from :11: Nartb‘, by Joseph K. Hart, is an interpretation of these schools by the American most competent to interpret them.

The fundamental difference between the Danish folk school and an American school is that the folk school is free from stand- ardization and supervision. The teachers teach what they choose, as they choose to teach it. They are not required to secure certifi- cates that they are qualified; if they could nor teach, pupils would not come to their schools. Pupils are nor examined when they enter or when they leave or at any time between. They receive no credits, certificates or diplomas—nothing but education. Dr. Hart's book explains how these schools do their work and why they are effective. Dayton, Tennessee and Chicago, Illinois suggest that America has something to learn from a nation thm’: pays teachers and leaves them free. It is a little nation, but has the lowest percentage of illiteracy in the world and the highest percentage of recipients of Nobel prizes.

The pupil spends no more than five months in a folk school. He learns there how to educate himself; the teacher teaches, not what he knows, but how he learns. The teachers educate, first,

‘ Ligb: [m the North, by Joseph K. Hart. New.\'ork: Henry Holt and Co., 159 pages. $1.50.

[Page 319]BOOKS ABOUT THE HINTERLANDS 319

themselves; next, their communities; and last, their pupils. The community itself, then, is an educational institution. “Danish life," Dr. Hart says, ”is become a great educational enterprise— such as Athens must have been in the heyday of her glory, but without some of the defects that marred that glory and defeated it in the end—such as slavery."

Sweden, Norway and Finland now have folk schools sub- stantially like those of Denmark. If these nations develop as Denmark does, it will be for Denmark more than the equivalent of conquests and there will be no wars provoked by any nation of the group; world unity will have gone that far. In some nations, 615 Russia and the United States, the rural community is held an (rhstacle to progress, as no doubt it is when diseased. If rural communities in such countries might have what free and loyal {qu schools could give them, they too might redeem themselves and become habitable; for the present, they lack lines of com- munication. Programs imposed by authority, even programs of cooperative buying and selling, are the anthithesis of local auton- umies in nature and outcome, making for competitive standard- izations, nor for mutual aid.

Dr. Hart writes: ”The Danish village is, I verily believe, the best educational instrument in the present world for the develop- mcnt of children and youth to the age of eighteen. The folk high- .school crowns this process of community education in the most natural way, because it brings into play, at just the right time in youth's experience, the leadership, the stimulation and the spiritual guidance of the experience of the race as embodied in a luv great teachers. The contrast between these great teaching frrwnalitiu, who can hold a class for five months without ever bringing a book between themselves and their students, and our own instruction foreman, who assign lessons in books and listen to recitations with their eyes on the assigned pages, is too wide for simple words to tell."

The instrument of these great teaching personalities is "the living word", not the book, but such first-hand acquaintance with them as a book can give is offered in Tl): Folk Higb-Sclaool: o]

[Page 320]310 WORLD UNITY MAGAZINE

Denmark and the Development of a Farming Community”, by Holgcr Begtrup, Hans Loud and Peter Manniche. Those who read Dr. Hart's book will wish to read this also. It is narrative rather than interpretation; the story is of no easy triumph but of strenuous educational pioneering. The book throughout testifies that the folk schools have the respect and confidence of their teachers, who are permitted to do their best. Some incidental details would correct mistaken American impressions if that were desired. Co- operative marketing of grains and live stock had no part in changing rural Denmark from a slum to its present state and has no part now in Danish praCtice. The turn toward prosperity came through cooperative processing and other manufacturing financed by cooperation. Denmark turned from exporting grains to import- ing them and converting them into products ready for the ultimate consumer, as bacon, butter and eggs. The creameries and packing houses are cooperative, and cooperative manufacruring is not limited to finishing unfinished produCts of farms. Denmark givcs no evidence that any way of marketing grains and live stock will mitigate the poverty of a region that leaves manufacturing and finance to other regions.

Rural Religion and the Country Clmrc/J’, by Warren H. Wilson, Direcror of the Town and Country Department of the Presbyterian Church, is a book that will be read eagerly by those engaged in religious work in rural communities. Its public should be much larger, for Dr. Wilson's understanding of rural conditions is ex- ceptional; even this little book, which avoids economics as far as it may, could enable metropolitan centers to avoid an error that brought afiliCtions to their predecessors—the error of trust in large-scale farming, in latifmzdia. Dr. Wilson wishes the rural Eastor to have his parish and to minister to all within its bound- aries, regardless of church affiliation; he would have religion unify rather than divide the community.

The Rev. Edwin V. O'Hara, Director of the Rural Life

2 Tb: Folk Higb-Srbaolr of Denmark and :12: Development of a Fanning Community, by Holger Bcgtrup. Hans Lund and Peter Manniche. New York : Oxford University Press. 168 pages. $1.00.

3R1“! Religion am! the County Church, by Warren H. Wilson. New York: Fleming H. Revell Co. 14! pages. $1.15.

[Page 321]BOOKS ABOUT THE HINTERLANDS 32.1

Bureau of the National Catholic Welfare Conference, agrees with Dr. Wilson in finding fundamental significance in the fact that the home is a living social and economic institution in rural life; the farm population is net interested in any search for substitutes. In Tb: Church and the County Community‘, Father O'Hara says: "The farm in the United States is the stronghold of childhood. . . . From the standpoint of natural increase of population the country is prolific and the city naturally tends to sterility. With the passage of time, institutions based upon a city population will be found to languish and inStitutions which are based upon the rural popula- tion will ﬂourish as the bay tree beside the running water. . . . The Catholic Church in the United States is act at the source of population. A conservative estimate charaCtetizes five-sixths of the Catholics of the United States as urban dwellers."

"Let us turn now to the question, Why does the Catholic Church need especially to minister to the farmer? One soul is as important as another, and it would seem to be economy of effort to dev0te our efforts chieﬂy to the cities, where it is easier to teach large groups of people, and to leave the sparsely settled districts without care until we had thoroughly evangelized the cities. There is a specious reasonableness about this view, as being only an application to religious endeavor of the principle of diminish- ing: returns." To what seems to Father O'Hara the ”fundamental fallacy” in this view, he replies that ”The reservoirs of a city may be full, but the situation is disquieting if the well-sptings of supply are rapidly drying up.” The children of farmers ”will possess bath city and country in the future."

Recent statistics for the state of New York indicate that the rural exodus has already made this reply to the ”fundamental fallacy" inconclusive. The exodus has left the rural regions with far more than their proportion of men and women past the age of forty-five. This fan has brought the rural birth rate below the urban, as it has brought the rural mortality above the urban. Rural communities that could be relied upon as permanent well- springs of supply would be exceptional.

‘Tbe Cbamb and :61 Country Community. by Edwin V. O'Hara. New York: The Macmillan Co. us pages. $1.15.

[Page 322]32.2. ' WORLD'UNITY MAGAZINE

Catholic rural communities might be made more stable than the average rural community of New York. If a way were found. any religious, racial or other group could follow if capable; if no Other group could keep cultivated land from reverting to wilderness, as millions of acres in the United States now revert every year, those who could not hold back the wilderness would have cause for gratitude to those who could. Catholic com- munities once subdued the wilderness that was Europe, and the methods of that work seem better remembered than the methods by which work of the. kind was done more recently in America. The program of the Rural Life Bureau of the National Catholic Welfare Conference, included in Father O'Hata's book, is a most able document, meant to be effeCtive, n0t meant to delude.

The Catholic rural community should buy and sell coopera- tively, n0t that financial returns would be adequately increased thereby, but especially for the ”social and moral consequences" of cooperation. Of more significance ecOnomically would be the cooperative credit union. ”It is the millstones of finance that have caught the farmer in their tender embrace. And n0t until the farmer gets a voice in the management of this financial mill will it let him be free and even grind grist for his consumption. This voice in the control of credit he has secured in a number of countries by the establishment of cooperative rural savings and loan banks—— coming to be known in this country as rural credit unions." It is well for America that the achievements of the credit union are to be studied and made known.

The cooperative movement as approved would have “safe- guards against its becoming merely capitalistic, which is the case when it leads farmers to produce only for the market and no: primarily for the family. The aim is the self-sufficient community, eliminating the economic waste of unnecessary transportation."

Father O'Hara mentions as typical of what is now achieved in Europe”an Italian country parish where the paStor and assistant are members of the governing board of the society; where their laymen have been educated by the cooperative movement to manage intelligently the financial affairs of the bank; where most

[Page 323]nooxs ABOUT THE HINTERLANDS 32.3

of the families of the parish are members of the C4534, where a cooperative creamery, a cooperative olive press. and a cooperative butcher shop are maintained, and within the last few years the parish has cooperatively built a theatre and social.center.” Little communities fundamentally of the same kind, the autonomous “free towns" or ”free cities," once created Gothic architeCture and did many Other great things. If American rural communities are ever to turn from their decline and do like great things, prob- ably they will need the creamery and the olive press or their equivalents in enterprises for manufaCturing; the sale of unfinished farm products, not ready for the ultimate consumer, impoverishes communities and depletes them of their population. Possibilities of diversifying local industries beyond agriculture will be found wherever they are intelligently sought. A free teacher, such as those of the Danish folk schools, could find such possibilities for his community. Many have doubted whether help for workers would ever again come from a religious organization: it may. There would be help in demonstration of a way to spare Other. hundreds of thousands of rural families the loss of their homes and occupations.

In Village Life under II): Soviens, Karl Borders obviously tries to report conditions truthfully. He has had good opportunities to understand them; he was a famine relief worker with the Quakers, and since 192.5 he has been Educational DiI'CCtOl' for the Russian ReconstruCtion Farms.

Exodus is a rural problem in Russia; in America it is said to be all for the best. Mr. Borders quOtes the Moscow Pravda: "So long as the village will send to the city all of her new increments of workers who have nor found work, it is useless to think of significant gain in the fight againSt unemployment." Village in- dustries are suggested, "to use the surplus labor in the village". The Russians are reading good books eagerly and probably do not overlook Kropotkin's Fields, Factories am! Wor/ubops, which tells of many successful factories at the gates of fields. In Russia. as elsewhere in recent and formertimes, the segregation of agriculture

5 Village Life under the Sam'm, by Karl Borders. New York: Vanguard Press. 19: pages. $0.50.

[Page 324]32.4 WORLD UNITY MAGAZINE

from Other industries has led to unacceptable conditions. Where diversified industries are wanting, the peasant migrates, preferring not to remain a peasant. Since factories at the gates of fields in- crease production, bath industrial and agricultural, they might be compatible with a prosperity based on abundance, if incom- patible with a prosperity based on scarcity.

The Russian government, being urban, has held that {aetory methods should be applied in agriculture to increase production. The conviction has apparently been made insecure by deficits created by demonstration farms.An a gricultural enterprise direCted by Americans adds industries to its farming; it avoids a defig: "by a careful management of the mills”. If machines and gangs of men with overseers could farm, the rural home and community would be insecure in Russia as in America; but in the end these most ancient institutions always inherit the earth. A nation, a race or a church may gain by making the best of them, as Denmark does.

[Page 325]THE NEED OF ECONOMIC REFORM

6)

ROBERT L. Morten Btm'nm' Cmdmt

N nus day the true friends of mmocracy are being sorely tried to explain its seeming failure to solve some of out most pressing problems. If democratic America shows signs of imperialistic leanings in its handling of certain inter-

national affairs, there are many who mark that up as a failure of Democracy. Poverty, crime, injuStice and war still ﬂourish and we wonder why our democratic principles cannot wipe out these things.

Perhaps we have not really understood the sort of Democ- racy we have, or have in some measure in this country. I am sure that many critics of this government of ours forget that this is a Democracy politically, and not an economic Democracy.

What part of poverty, crime, war, and political injustice can be traced to economic rather than purely political causes? It' the causes are largely economic, then is it right—does it help in finding the remedy, to bewail the shortcomings of Democracy?

It has become quite a habit in America to try to find a po- litical remedy for everything that is wrong—even for poverty. When men ate 0 ‘ of work, wages low, perhaps bread lines in the great cities— e always talk of “passing a law" of some kind, as though t. it would help what is clearly an economic mal-adjustment.

Perhaps we shall soon come to see that, while America's ideal of political Democracy was a big step forward, the success of this movement is-gteatly retarded by an economic system in- hcrited from feudal times. When we do clearly realize that so many of out bigger problems are economic problems, then pet-

m

[Page 326]316 WORLD UNITY maoazmn

haps we will look for the remedy in some sort of economic readjuStment, and not through political means only.

As an early philosopher has said: "Thousands weakly back at the brmzcber , ‘ the tree of evil, for every one who lays the ax at the root of ii The more earnest students of social forces today are becoming nvinced that the real “root" of many of our present da_v p. mlems is to be found in our outgrown economic system.

It has‘tttome a platitude to say that ”it does not matter much or for long who is elected president, or governor." These political parties seldom have real issues dividing them. And some of the so-called "issues" are merely effect: ﬂoating on the surface of things, while the real cause of injustice, and governmental inefficiency lies far deeper in the system of economics in which we are immersed. No matter how many men, or parties, or governments you put out of power, the ones you put in their place will let you be oppressed just as severely. Such is the history of democratic governments, and will continue to be so, I am afraid, so long as the fundamental economic inequality under— lying the oppression remains uncorrected.

How can we abolish unemployment, or high prices, or political trickery by passing laws for their abolishment—whcn these laws do not strike at the rOOt—the cause of the injustice? So long as the cause remains, these heartbreaking eﬂ'eCts will be with us, in spite of all the penalties we can impose.

A public improvement that should have cost nine millions, actually costs the city over thirty millions—govemment equip- ment that c05t hundreds of millions is sold for five or six millions —the investment of private business men amounting .to some twenty million dollars is ”protected” at State expense to the tune of fifty millions—~these are things that happen many times every year, yet no law or political power is able to reach things of this character. Is the reason not apparent—something wrong with the fundamental principle under which we are trying to run our Democracy with relation to things of an economic nature?

Now if we will direct our attack against the real causes of

[Page 327]THE NEED OF ECONOMIC REFORM 32.7

unemployment, of high prices, of poverty, of war and political crookedness, then we will have some chance of finding a remedy. When you get at the root of the matter you are going to get results—and remember results have been very meager in our attempts to curb human greed up—to—date. There seems to be a clear indication that the mere imposing of penalties will n0t cchct a cute—it does not seem to affect the symptoms very dirCCtly.

A great many people believe that greed is almost entirely a thing of the human heart, and that no change in our system of economics or anything else can help much, until we have elevated all men to a higher level of understanding and sympathy. This is only partially true, for we know well that human greed often defeats its own purpose. There is such a thing as an ”in- telligent selfishness" as well as an ignorant selfishness—and the spirit of cooperation is an example of that ”selfishness" which operates with understanding and gets more and better results thereby.

It is an inconteStable fact to well-informed people that a relatively small minority actually dominate the affairs in all countries, h0th politically and economically. This_alw;ay's has been so—pethaps to an even greater degree than today. The {act that this domination is accomplished, to some extent, with "the consent of the dominated,” does n0t alter the faCt for the- purpose of out illustration, which has to do with how a better economic system would help to eliminate the crimes and in- iustices due to greed.

The new economic system, when it comes, will come as every other new system has come, from the people of vision, of understanding, or executive ability, and not from the masses. Usually the new system is ”sold" to the people—their leaders tell them that it will be an improvement—and if the propaganda i.» well done, the people accept the new idea in time.

It may be that the "passion for freedom" was inherent in the breasts of the early American people, but certainly the Democratic form of government as a system for achieving greater

[Page 328]32.8 WORLD UNITY MAGAZINE

liberty, was the work of men of education and profound wisdom far above the average.

So it may be that the “people of insight" may lead the way in pointing out the need for a modernized economic system as an aid to putting the true spirit of cooperation into the hearts of the crafty, the selfish and greedy. Students of modern eco- nomics have hoped that even the more ignorant can be shown how to cooperate under a new system of economics where :m-

elfirbmu pays. To some that may seem impossible, as indeed it

often seems to be as things are in the world today.

This point was clearly illustrated for children by an Oriental teacher in this way: Five merchants in a certain small city were all competing for business. Each ignorantly did all he could to injure his competitors,'thinking that by so doing he was helping himself. So, in that town each of the five merchants had one merchant boosting his business (himself) and four merchants (the competitors) trying to pull down his business.

In another city were also five merchants, all in the same business, but these five men were intelligent. They all worked hard to build up, not only their own. business, but each one praised and helped to build up the business of his competitor as well as his own business. NOte well the difference, for in the second case each of the live merchants had five men (himself and four others) working to build up his business, and no one trying to destroy it. As a result the business of the first five merchants was poor, while the business of the merchants in the Other town was constantly increased, and they became very prosperous. That is the story.

Some may say that cooperation is possible without any change in the economic system. True, but this requires much education, and even then the crafty, greedy man of ability, even though he pays a heavy penalty eventually, does often become immensely wealthy by thoroughly dishonest methods. These cases are so nororious, and of such frequent occurrence, and the ultimate downfall of these men often so long delayed, that it is very difficult to impress the young or ignorant with the benefits

[Page 329]1'33 NEED 0! ECONOMIC IBFORM 32.9

of cooperation and dealing at all times honorably with their fellow men.

There is today a large body of informed public opinion which will say that it is much more important to tell us bow to corteCt the economic system than to dwell upon the rather obvious need for this reform. We must never forget, however, that the apostles of any change—especially an economic change -are very greatly in the minority. The desperate need for the change needs to be restated from many different angles to over- come the objections of those who feat the ”unsettling effect" of anything so fundamental as basic economic changes.

In approaching this ptobletn of how to change the economic system, we shall need almost superhuman insight and guidance. We have seen the failures of the academic'apptoach to the problem, of educational campaigns conducted through magazines and lettute touts.

I am convinced that the problem is a scientific one and needs the scientific treatment from start to finish. Radicals generally and reform types as we know them are tatally incompetent to envisage the problem, much less find a practical method of bringing about its solution.

It is a strange {act of our political experience that the dis- reputable elements in our political leadership usually seem to be much better masters of the art of inﬂuencing people in the mass than is the occasional "decent" citizen who condescends to run for public office. The crude type of politician evidently knows how to appeal to the instinCts of the ignorant voter, with meaningless slogans and catch-phrases, while the reform candidate hands out ponderous arguments, or platitudes as the case may be. The result is that the crude man gets the office, and the better class citizens get discouraged with politics.

To beat the politician at his own game we need scientific treatment. We need a scientist to show us the real technique of inﬂuencing human behavior. Unfortunately again, most of our scientific minds, if they have nOt prostituted their lives on the altar of commercialism, find it difficult to intereSt themselves in

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attacking the economic problem in any Other than in an academic way. But I feel that we must have the scientist—at least the scientific method and the scientific attitude of mind.

If a thoroughly trained and competent industrial engineer were given a complex and difficult commercial or industrial problem, he already has a rather definite scientific method of procedure at his command. The methods of analyzing the problem and of charting the steps necessary to its solution are part of his mental equipment as an engineer, and as an industrial scientist. Why am utilize the same kind of brains in solving social, political and economic problems?

Here again experience teaches a Strange lesson. Our econo- mists of n0te are mosdy in the universities. We never find them as leaders in industrial or commercial enterprises. seldom if mm in governmental positions, although there is no place where a first rate economist is needed more than in Congress. in the State Department, and other departments of the government.

Do you ask why? The real answer would constitute a liberal education in ”what's wrong with government.” Powerful in- ﬂuences do not seem to want economists in important posts, or on inﬂuential committees. These posts are tilled largely by lawyers. Possibly a little less law and a good deal more economics would be the solution. Anyone who knows anything about politics can understand why an economist who is also a scientisr would n0t ”fit in" with the powers that rule in state affairs.

The method of the industrial engineer applied to our eco- nomic system and its correction would first of all chart things as they are now; listing the evils traceable to the economic system. He would trace each evil straight back to its source— the real cause. Once knowing the cause, the remedy is not far to seek.

He would carefully list the objects to be desired in a prac- tical economic system, adapted to present day needs. These he would call probably, “the elements of the new order." Against these elements he would check the various solutions to the economic problem that have been advocated in the past. He

[Page 331]THE NEED OF ECONOMIC REFORM 331

would select and preserve those elements which were workable and discard the others. Out of all this he would, by a process of synthesis, work out the final elements of the new economic system which he would offer as a practicable, workable, fool- proof solution to those problems which are now directly or indireCtly the result of a grossly out-of-date economic base to our civilization.

It is the writer's conviction that we are now ready to work nut the new system of economics and put it into operation. This is the Day and the Age when this thing must be done. It must be done by the use of the new tool which a Great Divinity has given to man in this cycle—tbe :cz’emific mind.

[Page 332]LABOR AND WORLD UNITY

by ROBERT WHITAKER Author and Lommr

HE AMERICAN FEDERATION or LABOR had its Annual Session in Los Angeles, California in the early days of October, 192.7. The meetings were without exciting incident, and the addresses, praCtically without excep-

tion, were conventional and conservative. Yet under the surface of the most carefully immunized utterances there were evidences of an aCtual movement of labor thought all the more significant that it was in the main unrecognized both by the speakers them- selves and by the majority of their hearers. It was the life of the day speaking through the lip-formulas of the past, and as often happens, in labor circles and elsewhere, the speech was all the more meaningful that it said so much more than it seemed to say. Outright radical utterances are often less revealing of what life is doing with us than are the unconscious concessions of those who are most unwilling to admit any response to the forward drift of events, and may deny or disparage the events themselves.

For one thing there was frequent and vigorous affirmation, quite as vigorously endorsed by the delegates of all shades of affiliation, to the idea of the primacy of labor in shaping the life of the world for good or ill. It was n0t stated in this way, seldom going beyond the insistence that high wages and good con- ditions for labor are the key to general prosperity, but it implied all and more than is indicated above. Politicians and preachers and professors were there, and deference to them, so far as they participated in the program, was conventional enough. But practically they did n0t exist for the body of business that was 331

[Page 333]LABOR AND WORLD UNITY 333

done, and for the substance of emphasis in the discussions of the hour. State-craft, religion, and education were all minor intereSts with these men, and for them labor was the first determinant of the public welfare, though had they been asked to philosophize about it they might have denied this emphasis. But labor every- where feels it today, and feels it more every hour in every country of the world, from the most radical to the most conservative group. Economic determinism is in the bones of the working class, however brokenly it may speak through their lips.

This was yet more evident in the discussion of immigration and foreign labor than it was in the repeated references to the sources of prosperity. California is, and has been since before the American Federation of Labor was born, notoriously anti- foreign in its labor policy. The presence of Secretary of Labor Davis, from President Coolidge's cabinet, did not lessen that emphasis on this occasion, and his anti-immigration utterances evoked vociferous applause. None the less the internationalism inherent in the present world development, especially in the economic field, spoke through all the noisy nationalism and organizational exclusiveness of the assembly in tones that were thunderous to those attuned to what was above the ground. It was recognized clearly that the labor problem is an international problem, despite all exclusion laws, and that however we ”keep them aliens out," we cannot keep American millions, drawn from the productiveness of American labor, from going abroad .and exploiting the cheap labor of the world to the deadly dis- advantage of labor here as the process goes on. Either labor must be well-off everywhere or it will soon be well-oﬂ' nowhere. World unity is becoming every day more imperiously actual in the economic field, and labor is affeCted by that fac: more inti- mately and menacingly than is any Other section of life.

And the third n0te of emphasis to be deteCted under the seeming conservatism of this notable labor convention was not less important from the viewpoint of world brotherhood. It has been charged, and not withour reason, that the working classes are as much affected with the caste spirit among them-

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selves as is society outside of labor ranks. The women folks of skilled labor, especially, are said to bear themselves toward the women of the less favored workers very much as the wives of the ”higher-ups" are supposed to bear themselves toward the shop—girl. However that may be, there can be no denial of the fan that the skilled workers have been inclined to view their own superior estate with complacency, and to leave the migratory and the unskilled to the I. W. W. and Other like gut— lawed organizations.

Without discussing these aspeCts of the matter at all the A. F. of L. Convention in Los Angeles did discuss with much interest and acumen the tendency of present mechanical develop- ment to reduce all workers to one level, the level of the unskilled. The machine gets more and more democratic and international. It will work for a Chinaman, or a Hindu, or a Mexican just as willingly as it will respond to the supervision of a Nordic, and the fact that it calls for less and less supervision, and assumes more and more of the functions which human skill was supposed to monopolize a little while ago is profoundly affeCting the world consciousness of the working classes. They have seen what Japan has done, and they know well what China is capable of doing, as they are more intimately aware of what the move- ment of fattory mechanism from New England to the South means in terms of present American life. The immediate result may be an intensifying of the class spirit, as between Americans and foreigners, a result exhibited in the Sacco-Vanzetti tragedy in Massachusetts. But eventually the compulsion of proteCtion for all, that the machine may n0t reduce the front ranks of labor to the desperate condition of the coolies of the world, is forced home everywhere. The machine cries aloud everywhere, ”Except ye be brothers and masters all together of me, ye shall all be my slaves," and the walls of special privilege in the labor field are not thick enough to keep out the cry.

One Other under-current of emphasis was nOtable in the ﬂow of discussion and address throughout this Los Angeles labor convention. It was the cry {or the ”social wage," as againSt

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the "livingnvage" of the past. When so conservative a man as Frank Morrison, right hand worker with Samuel Gompers for years, says without contradiCtion, that ”in proportion to what he produces the American. workingman is today the poorest paid workingman in the world," it is evident that something is leaking through the Coolidge prosperity of the hour. The worker is aCtually getting more than yeSterday he had, as such papers as The Los Angeles Times never tire of assuring him, more than any Other workers anywhere and at any time have actually had. His ”living wage" is higher than his fathers ever dreamed it would be. But so also are his living costs, especially if he lives on the higher level which labor's producing power today would juStify. He gets more, but he produces relatively far more than he gets. It is labor product that is interesting labor now, and n0t labor wage. He will be partner, at the least, and no longer a servant, ”who ,knoweth not what his master doeth." Just now, in conservative labor circles the workers are asking only to be lifted to the level of ”friends” with their employers, the capitalists. But many of them are saying, and a good many more of them are thinking, that it may be necessary to reorganize the world, from the standpoint of produCtion rather than that of profit, in order to build a society where men can be so equitably placed toward each Other as to make friendship a real thing. Everywhere the movement toward world unity is evident now. But they see less than the full strength of that movement who do not watch the movement of life on the levels of men's daily work. It is where the masses live, not in their immature school years, their hours of leisure after the exhaustion of shop and factory and field, their dress parades to church or concert hall or theatre or stadium, it is where the workers live when they are most alive, and 772th creatively related to the life of us all, that world unity is working most powerfully today. We do not any of us live in abstractions or idealizations firm of all. We live in and by the creative hand, where man most immediately approaches his Maker, and the Maker of all the material world. It is as a fashioner and carrier of the food forms on which we

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depend at every table, of the fabrics all of as wear, of the houses wherein we live and the halls where we philosophize, and the churches where we ”mount up with wings like eagles," that man shapes the social life most immediately and imperatively. And here it is that world unity is clamoring today to have its way on penalty of wrecking us all if we do n0t heed. Watch the workers of the world and you will be amazed at the speed with which, beyond their own consciousness, they are moving toward the realization of the unity of mankind. Work-unity and world-unity have more than an affinity of sound.

[Page 337]APOSTLES OF WORLD UNITY

X—EDWIN D. MEAD

6} LUCIA AMES MEAD Author of "Sword: and Plougbsbaru," m.

n. MEAD cannot recall when his definite interest in

the peace movement began. For several years before

1875, when he went to Cambridge, England, for

university study, he had been brought at Ticknor

and Fields' in Boston, in whose service he was, into contact

with Emerson and the eminent New England poets and historians,

whose works they published and from whom he received much

inspiration in thinking of the world in terms of humanity. At

Cambridge, where there were Few Americans, he was challenged

in friendly fashion to a debate on international arbitration, and

scored his firsc success as a young orator on world peace. It was an emphatic triumph and won him life-long friends.

At Leipsic, where he spent three years studying under \Vundt and Other great scholars, he was specially impressed by Kant's “Eternal Peace" and his Other international essays. He was studying in England during Gladstone's campaign against the Bulgarian atrocities, and on return home he leCtured many times on Gladsrone, contrasting his broad humanity with the nationalistic and selfish policies of Disraeli. Afterwards he became aetive in the American Peace Society, and representing it. in 1887 presented personally to President Cleveland and Senator Hoar petitions for reciprocal action by our government on arbitration measures by the British Parliament. As editor of The New England Magazine for a dozen years. his important editorials constantly reﬂeCted his intense interes: in the issues

337

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involved in the Venezuela crisis, the Spanish war, the subjuga- tion >f the Philippines, and the Boer war. Many of these articles were published as pamphlets and had large circulation.

From 1883 on, he direCted for over twenty years the Old Sourh Historical Work in Boston, arranging summer leCtures for school children, winter lecrures for teachers, and preparing 100 Old South Leaﬂets, some of which reproduced famous inter- national documents by Grotius, Penn, Franklin and Others. Mr. Mead early emphasized the cardinal and prophetic vocation of the United States in the development of a united world as incumbent on us through every principle of our history and our federal constitution. It was not accident but fate which made our republic the cradle of the organized peace movement. The great founders of our republic, Washington, Franklin and Jefferson, were the preeminent peace sratesmen of their age. He surveyed their work at length in his Fourth of July address at Faneuil Hall in 1903 on ”The Principles of the Founders," published later in book form. His pamphlet, "Organize the World" (1898) attracted wide attention, and the title was made a slogan by Edward Everett Hale in his addresses through the country on the approaching Hague Conference. Alfred Fried in Germany put it regularly as a motto on his monthly magazine, Friedwmmrte. Mr. Mead showed how a century after Washington, ”we are called to a vision as inspiring as that which came to him and his associates, and to a greater organizing work than that which he performed. He was commanded to organize a nation. We are commanded to organize the world. He saw that our true power and interesr must be measured on 5 continental scale; we are warned that the time has come when we must conceive our power and our true interesrs by the measure of mankind "

Mr Mead collaborated with Dr. Hale in his little journal, ”The Peace Crusade," as the time for the firsc Hague Conference approached; and he arranged a series of weekly noon meetings in Tremont Temple, addressed by dwinguished speakers. Just l‘etbrc this. a handsome young Scorchman, Ramsay MacDonald,

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was sent to Boston and New York by William T. Stead, who similarly was issuing his little journal, ”War Against War." On the visit of the young crusader to our little home on Beacon Hill, we little realized that he was a porential prime minister of England. This was the beginning of a valued friendship, continued when we met him and his "pto-Boer" colleagues in London during the beak days of the Boer war.

About this time, Mr. Mead's pamphlets on ”The Present Crisis” and ”The Two Englands and their Lessons for America" had wide reading in bOth countries. He was acrive in the Anti- Imperialist League; and as president both of the Free Religious Association and the Twentieth Century Cluh, he promoted in them in various ways much attention to the issues involved in the two wars. He attended most of the International Arbitration (Znnference's at Mohonk from 1896 on, being secretary of the conference for three years and often one of the speakers. He was profoundly intereSted. in Dr. Hale's memorable addresses there on a permanent international tribunal, and published these later in a volume, with an introduction on Dr. Hale's international services.

In 1907, we were present at the Second Hague Conference.

We attended and Mr. Mead addressed the international peace congresses at Glasgow (1901), Rouen (1903), Lucerne 11903), Munich (1907), and London (1908). In 1909, we were zlt Christiania, Stockholm and Copenhagen, addressing peace meetings in all those cities; and in 1911 we went over for the congress arranged for Rome but prevented by the outbreak of war with Tripoli. However in that year we gave many addresses in England, Germany, V ienna and Budapest, at the last as gueSts of Count Apponyi, whose addresses in Boston Mr. Mead had arranged. In those later years, Mr. Mead was one of the American members of the International Peace Bureau at Berne and in constant touch with the leaders of 'the movement.

We recall with special interest the London Congress of 1908, when the delegates were entertained by the government. At the great banquet at the Hotel Cecil, Mr. Mead was chosen

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to speak for the United States, and he dwelt upon the mutual relations of our countries, emphasizing especially the issue of the immunity of private property at sea, a matter which he has always deemed of prime import. He was warmly congratulated by Mr. Asquith, the prime minister, and by the biographer of Lord Shelburne, the English minister in 1783 who sympathized with Franklin's championship of the freedom of the seas.

Mr. Mead addressed the International Religious Conference at Amsterdam in 1903 on "The Services of Holland in the Cause of Peace," and at a similar conference in Geneva in 1905 he gave, by request, an address on the conclusion at that moment of the Portsmouth treaty which ended the Russo-Japanese war. He took part in the Free Trade Congress in London in .1908; and in 1911 addressed the Universal Races Congress in London, in which about forty races were represented. In 1904, he chieﬂy conducted the work of organizing in Bostonwhat proved to be the greatest international peace congress ever held, involving extensive publicity work and the securing of the financial sup— port. Numerous foreign delegates came; and there were crowded meetings for a week, often simultaneously, in Tremont Temple, Faneuil Hall, Park Street Church, and the Old South Meeting House. Delegations of foreign guests were sent to New York, Philadelphia and Other cities for supplementary meetings. Secretary Hay gave the impressive opening address at Boston; and Sir William Randall Cremer and the Baroness von Suttner were among the speakers.

The great success of this congress encouraged Mr. Mead to propose the first American National Peace Congress, held for a week in 1907 in Carnegie Hall, New York, and attended by James Bryce, William T. Stead, Baron D'Estournelles and Other distinguished foreign guests. Secretary R00t, Governor Hughes and William J. Bryan were among the speakers; and the congress was presided over by Andrew Carnegie. Mr. Mead's address was on ”What the Scholar had done for Peace."

One of the most impressive meetings of the New York Congress was that of 5000 school children. This inspired Mr.

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[Mead to take steps towa rd establishing the School Peace League,

for the preliminary work of which Mr. Carnegie gave $2.500. Samuel T. Dutton, who had been chairman of the executive committee of the New York congress, became the president; and Mrs. Fannie Fern Andrews became its secretary and has re— mained its executive officer to the present time.

The nateworthy success of the New York congress en- couraged the holding of Other national congresses, at Chicago, Baltimore, and St. Louis, in all of which Mr. Mead took aCtive r :. These were under ,the auspices of the American Peace Society, of which Mr. Mead's honored friend, Dr. Benjamin F . Trueblood, had been secretary since 1892..

Mr. Mead spoke at the St. Louis congress on ”The Pan Teutonic Pledge of Peace.” He emphasized, speaking in a city largely German, the commanding importance of the Teutonic element in the United States, and appealed for the firm coopera- tion of all the Teutonic nations for the peace and organization of the world. Nothing was so mouthful to Mr. Mead as the already growing strain between England and Germany through com- mercial and naval rivalry. In 1908, he had published an article in the Atlantic Monthly on that subjeCt. At that time he had felt the chief jealousy was on the part of England.

When the war broke out, we were at Constance at the first International Church Peace Conference ever held, arranged by the Church Peace Union just endowed by Mr. Carnegie with $1,000,000. Mr. Carnegie urged Mr. Mead to take an executive position with the Union, but he felt that his responsibilities to the World Peace Foundation were the prior claim, though he became a trustee. At Brussels, the week before the Constance conference, realizing the gravity of the situation, he assisted Senator Lafontaine in assembling a conference of members of the Berne Bureau, who addressed appeals to the great responsible governments. The ConStance conference was forced at once to adjourn to London, where, without the French and German delegates, the World Alliance of Churches for Peace was organ- ized, just after England entered the war. Those were memorable

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days, each hour full of thrilling experiences. A month later, Mr. Mead, feelin g it was impossible to learn the German attitude from London papers, went back to Germany for ten days, visiting Leipsic and Berlin. Alfred Fried came from Vienna to meet him, and he conferred with Professor Wundt, and Professor Lamprecht at Leipsic, and with Wilhelm Foerster, Eduard Bernstein and others in Berlin, and with many classes of people. The London representative of ”Everybody's Magazine" cabled an article, pub- lished in October, in which Mr. Mead reported his experiences. Mr. Mead published elsewhere careful statements of his views on the causes of the war, which views he has la'ter had no reason to change. He held then, what Mr. Asquith, Lloyd George, and Sir Edward Grey have since publicly declared, that no govern- ment desired or designed war, but that all, in Lloyd George's words, ”staggered and stumbled into it," through lack of inter- national organization. Europe had become an armed camp and the military machine was too monstrous for the existing political control.

Mr. Mead's chief peace acrivities during the dozen years before 1914 were with the World Peace Foundation, endowed by Edwin Ginn, whose gift of a million dollars was the largesc gift to the peace cause up to that time. Mr. Mead had been Mr. Ginn's chosen adviser and helper, and Mt. Ginn used to say with grateful enthusiasm that the Foundation was Mr. Mead's child more than his own. It was baptized at first as the International School of Peace, Mr. Ginn thus meaning to emphasize his central idea that peace could come only through the systematic educa- tion of the people. Mr. Mead became the secretary of the Foun- dation; and Dr. David Starr Jordan was at first made diteCtor; but as he was still president of Leland Stanford University and seldom in Baton, although his interest was constant,‘ Mr. Mead was soon made the director. He has highly valued the association with Dr. Jordan, whom he re'vetes for his steadfast courage, unswerving purpose, and disdainful disregard of all mean persecutions and popular clamor. Mr. Mead, though not - a d'ocu'inaire, is resolute and thorough in his peace principles,

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and if there is any one whom he hates, so far as his kindly nature lets him hate anyone, it is a trimmer.

While director of the World Peace Foundation, Mr. Mead gave many addresses throughout the country, prepared multi- tudes of peace pamphlets, and edited the International Library, which contained works of permanent value. To several of these, Sumner's and Channing's addresses on war, Kant's international assays, the Great Design of Henry IV, and others, he prepared careful introductions. He gathered around him in the work of the Foundation men of zeal and power. Dr. Charles H. Levermore direcred the work in colleges; and later, when he received the Bok prize he wrote that he owed to Mr. Mead the inspiration and opportunity which made his essay possible. George Nasmyth, whom we fondly call our modern Galahad and whose early death was an irreparable loss, arranged mOSt successfully the organization of Cosmopolitan clubs both in America and in German universities. Denys P. Myers came to the Foundation early and developed into an authority on international affairs, attaining a place of unique service among peace workers.

Following his retirement from the World Peace Foundation, Mr. Mead has written much for the newspapers; and last year, in three months in Europe, renewed relations with the peace workers and spoke in the London Guildhall at a peace meeting, and attended sessions of the League of Nations at Geneva. He holds with Mr. Root that the League and the World Court are the two greatest agencies for international peace which have ever been developed. He has published strong pamphlets on the limitation of armaments, which he considers a perpetual provo- cation to war, but which will disappear as a sense of security grows through reliance on law. He believes in systematic organ- ization, and has no confidence in peace by ukme. He lays primary stress now, as always, on the freedom of the seas, which’ should be protected by an international naval police, as rival navies are banished.

I

[Page 344]UNITY AND DISUNITY / IN INTERNATIONAL POLITICS

Edited by

DEXTER PERKINS Dopamine!!! of Hider} and CW, Univmit; of Raclmm

How Stable i: Europe?

s I sit down to write these lines from Paris, it is exactly nine years, to a day, since the first of the peace treaties was signed at Versailles. Nine years is not an age in international politics, but it is none the less a period

sufficiently long to make possible some kind of judgment upon the work that was‘done at the Peace Conference, and to justify the inquiry as to whether Europe is today more or less Stable than it was before the war. While any judgment on the matter must be open to constant revision, it is at least possible to come to some tentative conclbsi‘ons.

Let us begin by painting in the darker side of the piCture. Every observer of European politics knows that Europe is by no means entirely tranquil, and that there are areas of friction which cannot be ignored.

Of these the St important, at the moment, is the tension which .‘ists in e relations of Italy and Jugo Slavia. There are numerous ca for this tension, and no one can deny that they are likelv to be of considerable duration. First to be mentioned is the rivalry of the two states with regard to Albania, which is rapidiy becoming the financial vassal of Rome. The Italian penetration into this little state on the Other side of the Adriatic can never be regarded otherwise than with apprehension by the government at Belgrade, and on the other hind is not likely to be abandoned so long as the present government remains in

3“

[Page 345]now STABLE 1s EUROPE? 345

power in Italy, so that there is here a fairly continuous source of irritation. But this is not the only cloud in the relations of the two most important Adriatic states. There is also the question of Dalmatia, and of the Italian treatment of the Slovene popula- tion in the now' Italian province of Isttia. With regard to the former, Italy put in her claims to the province at the Peace Con- ference, and there those claims were denied; justly enough, it would seem, since the inhabitants of this region are overwhelm- ingly Slavic in blood. But Dalmatia once belonged to Venice, and is also of some importance from a purely naval point of view, and despite the decisions taken nine years ago there con- tinues in Italy an agitation for the acquisition of the province which cannoc fail to touch the susceptibilities of the government at Belgrade. In the meantime, the nationalizing policy of the Fascist government with regard to its non-Italian population, and particularly with regard to the Slovenes, affords still anOthet cause of difficulty in the relations of Italy and Jugo Slavia. It would be blindness not to see that in all these questions there is the possibility of serious difficulty in the future.

But there are Other centers of irritation besides this one. In northeaStetn Europe there exiSts a long standing dispute between Poland and Lithuania with regard to the city of Vilna. This city was claimed by both governments at the Peace Con- ference; it was seized by a Polish freebomet in 192.0, and was finally awarded to Poland by the conference of ambassadors. But the Lithuanian government has never acquiesced in that decision, and has never come into a completely normal relation- ship with Poland. While the intervention of the League of Nations has prevented an actual rupture, the relations of the two govern— ments remain decidedly strained.

A third source of difficulty lies in the strong movement in Hungary for the revision of the treaty of the Trianon, the treaty which ended the war, so far as Hungary was concerned. The Hungarians have never considered this settlement a just one, and in particular they have resented the transfer to Rumania of the former Hungarian province of Transylvania, where,th4ere

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exists a large Magyar element which has been far from happy under Romanian rule. The Hungarian cause has been taken up by the British journalist Lord Rathermere, and recently Mus- solini, in a public utterance, gave some encouragement to the Hungarian pretensions to a revision of the treaty. In the irrecon- cilability of the Hungarian government there is a constant source of irritation, and possibly of war. Even those who may sympathize with the Hungarian view-point must recognize that the danger of war is implicit in the whole matter.

Then there is the question of Silesia and the Polish corridor. These matters do not 'at the moment seriously menace the rela- tions of Poland and Germany, but there is a considerable section of German opinion which does n0t accept the settlement arrived at as juSt, and there IS always the possibility that this question may become a more serious one.

, Finally, the Italian policy of nationalization in the South Tyrol,whe1‘e Fascismo is making a determined effort to de- Germanize a German population, has caused and is likely again to cause moments of tension, to put it mildly, in European affairs

All these matters taken together seem to show that Europe is far from tranquil, and yet, when all the fans are taken into consideration, there is still much to be said for the thesis that Europe is today far more stable than it was before the war, more stable, indeed, than it has been in several generations. In making this judgment, it is n0t necessary to put the major emphasis on the new institutions of peace that have been created since the war, such as the League of Nations, though it is always worth while remembering that the League has been instrumental in settling not a small number of European disputes, and in teducin g the element of friction in others and that such a praCtical states- man as Herr Stresemann has ventured the remark that had the League existed in 1914 the war might have been averted. These institutions may be of large importance in the future; but they are by no means the whole story when it comes to an appraisal of the elements which make for stability in the new Europe. There are Other factors which cannot be ignored.

[Page 347]HOW STABLE IS EUROPE? 347

Of these the mat significant is the changed relationship of F rance and Germany. The retrocession of Alsace Lorraine removed the principal cause of friction between the two governments, and the Dawes plan and the Locatno treaties have still further removed the sources of friCtion baween them. Powerful economic combinations cut across the Franco-German frontier, and help in the cementing of a more friendly understanding, and while there are still some important matters under discussion between Paris and Berlin, there is good reason to believe that a great and durable change has taken place in respeCt to their attitude toward one anathet. Western Europe has rarely been so stable, and the stability of Western Europe has much to do with the stability of the continent as a whole.

But even in Eastern Europe there are strong elements of stability. Put bluntly, the states that profited from the Peace Conference are sufficiently strong to make any attempt at the revision of the Peace Treaties extremely dangerous. Mussolini's criticism of the treaty of the Trianon and encouragement of Hungary has recementee the bondsof the Little Entente, the close association of Rumania, jugo Slavia and Czechoslovakia, in defense of the existing order. Poland is much stronger than discontented Lithuania, and will doubtless keep what she has won. And behind all these states stands France, the champion of the Istatus quo in Eastern as in Western Europe.

To some persons, of course, this peace of the status quo may seem worse than war. By some persons it may be held to consecrate grave injustice, and to have no sound moral basis to rest upon. But there is a possible retort to any such criticism. Hardly one of the controversial queStions that still vex Europe is susceptible of an absolute solution. With regard to all of them there had necessarily to be a settlement which, while recognizin g terrain interests, interests legitimate enough, denied Others equally legitimate. Not in new territorial adjustments, but in a‘broader and more generous interpretation of existing under- standings. may perhaps be found the way of justice. Granting the injustice of some of the existing settlements, is it desirable

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that they be changed at the cost of a new-war? Is it really a matter of regret that the political balance of Europe makes an appeal to the sword so difficult? Is it not fortunate that some Other means than force must for the present be sought, if existing inequities are to be remedied? There is no absolute answer, perhaps, to such a question. Does peace come first of all, or are there principles and policies which transcend the question of peace? This is a matter of individual judgment, though no one ought to deny that peace is itself a world interest of major sig- nificance. In the meantime, one can only indicate the fact that, despite certain areas of friction, peace is today more secure, so far as Europe is concerned, than it has been in a considerable time.

All this leaves Russia out of account. But Russia is intent upon internal problems. The danger fromcthis side is not great today, and will not be great tomorrow.

P.S. The new Kellogg n0te has just arrived in Europe. It has been very well received here, especially in lhris. In my next communication I hope to have the opportunity of commenting once again upon these interesting and important negOtiations.

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[Page 349]THE WISDOM OF THE AGES

Edited by

ALERED W. MARTIN Society of Etbical Culture, New Yoth

T119 Sacred Scripture: of Buddhism (Continued)

UR study of the Hindu Vedas, Brahmanas and Upanishads

( acquainted us with the successive stages in the evolution of Hinduism down to about the year 500 B. C. We saw

how, out of the original Aryan religion with its simple

Vedic sacrifices and hymns to a few personified forces of nature, there was gradually built up an immense Pantheon, an elaborate ceremonial, an ecclesiastical hierarch), a caste-classification, a docuine of the infallibility of the Vedas, anda mass of philo- sophico~theological speculation regarding God, the soul and salvation. No one can read these Hindu Scriptures without ob« serving that 'the people of India had become so steadily and in- creasingly engrossed in theology and ritual as to mistake theories and forms of religion for its essence. And whenever ssuch engross- mcnt in speculation and ceremonialism occurs, there invariably follows a reaction in favor of dev0tion to personal morality and public service. It has been so in the history of every religion, the reaCtion signifying not that fault was found with the ritual or speculation as such, but that religion had become so deficient in vital and vitalizing inﬂuence that the moral issues of life had been allowed to suffer almost t0tal eclipse. Buddhism was essentially a reaCtion of this kind, inaugurated about .300 B.C. by one GOtama, who had himself been reared in the Brahmanism against which he than rebelled. He is known in the Scriptures by various other names: Siddhart/m (one in whom wishes are fulfilled); Bbagm-at (the Blessed One); Tatlmgata (like his pred- 349

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ecessors); Cakya-Mum' (monk of the Cakya tribe). He was called "the Buddha" because it was believed by his followers that he is the Enlightened One. For ”Buddha" means enlightened, as "Christ" means anointed,—each name not the name of a man, but of an office he was thought to have fulfilled. Jesus was calletl "the Christ" because it was believed by certain of his Judean contemporaries that he was the long expeaed ”Anointed One" who would deliver the Jews from their Roman oppressors and restore the prosperity of David's clay. Jesus, they thought, was the Messiah and ”Christ" is but the Greek equivalent for the Hebrew ”Messiah.” Similarly GOtama was called “The Buddha" because it was believed he had shed new light on the problem of salvation and so was worthy to be called ”The Enlightened One." - Thus, while in Greece Heraclitus and Pythagoras were shaping their philosophies, whiic Nehemiah and his associates were reorganizing the Hebrew nation in Jerusalem after the Babylonian captivity, while Confucius was fulfilling the part of statesman and moraliSt in China, the founder of Buddhism was proteSting against certain errors and evils in the Brahmanism in which he had been brought up and supplementing his prOtest with a positive, constructive gospel of permanent escape from a world in which suffering, sorrow, disease and death were the common lor; for to achieve such escape was salvation, Nirvana. The simple ceremonial of ”Vedism" had developed into an elaborate and expensive ritual. The Brahman priests had encom- passed the whole of life with religious Observances and around the daily ritual they had woven an extraordinary web of mystical ideas. The ceremonies of birth, death and marriage were in their hands. Moreover, the sacrifices of earth had a counterpart in the skies and a vast system of terrestrial and celestial connec- tions was established by which the priests claimed that these ’performances kept the universe going and declared themselves ”human Gods." Again, asceticism had come to be regarded as a virtue of the highest type and even a program of physical austerities had been worked out. It was believed that such

[Page 351]THE SACRED SCRIPTURES OF BUDDHISM 351

austerities could secure superhuman powers of vision or of loco- motion. To wear bark dress, to feed on berries and roots, to eat but once in four or five days, to hang one's head downward like a bat, to stand on one leg, these and many other self-torturing inventions had great attraction for many people even as had the pillar for Simeon Stylites. Once more, caste-distinctions had grown increasingly and obnoxiously exclusive and speculation on the hereafter had become so engrossing as to cause neglecc of the praCtical humanities. Nay, more, defects in the prevailing Vedanta philosophy were discovered by the Buddha so that a new basis had to be found for the hope of salvation. Against these features of the religion into which he was born Getama now registered emphatic protests. He denounced the costly ritual as wasteful and unethical. He repudiated asceticism as a praCtice inimical to the health of both body and mind. He pro- nounced caste distinctions to be bath degrading and undemocratic. IntelleCtual speculation on the hereafter he deprecated as being both futile and unwarranted. The Vedanta belief in the existence of Brabnm—a permanent and supreme Power, the Soul of the universe; the belief in the existence of a soul in man, an entity, capable of transmigration at death; the belief in man's ultimate absorption into Bm/mm—all these philosophico-theo- logical beliefs he regarded as superstitions, unworthy the support of enlightened people. In such terse sentences as the following did the Buddha embody his reform:

”Enough of rites that no one understands, in honor of useless spirits. Every man makes his own fate. I preach simple truths, I have no e50teric dOCtrine. My way of salvation is com to all, to the lowly as well as to the exalted. Not learning, not wealth, mm high birth makes a man a worthy Brahman, but a pure heart, a good character, a noble aim in life. Better is a slave who lives nobly than a noble who lives slavishly. To be a slave of lusts is to miss the'first step to emancipation from rebirth."

Such, in brief, was the fivefold reaCtion of Gatama on its negative side and had it ended there, no Buddhism would have been born. For no movement can ever live that is built solely

[Page 352]352. \NORLD UNITY MAGAZINE

upon negations. No future ever awaits a cause grounded upon iconoclasm. Every religious system that survives and perpetuates itself does so only on the basis of its affirmations. Let us see what they were and how he gave them expression in the Pimlm.

But first we must take time of the sub-stratum of his entire teaching, the “Four Noble Truths." Without full understanding and appreciation of these, salvation (final escape from the round of rebirths), he held, is impossible. Differ as Buddhists may on Other points, they all are agreed on this. In the Vimo’a-Pz'mluz Gotama says:

"It is through n0t understanding and grasping four nohle truths, O brethren, that we have had to run so long, to wander so long in this weary path of reincarnation, bOth you and I. This, 0 Bhikkhus, is the noble truth of mffering: birth is suffering, decay is suffering, illness is sullering, death is sullering, presence of obieCts we hate is sullering, separation from obieCts we love is suffering, not to obtain what we desire is suffering. Brieﬂy, the fivefold clinging to existence is suffering.

”This, 0 Bhikkhus, is the noble truth of the came of suffer- ing: thirst, that leads to rebirth, accompanied by pleasure and lust, finding its delight here and there. This thirst is threefold; namely, thirst for pleasure, thirst for exiStence, thirst for prosperitv.

"This. 0 Bhikkhus, is the noble truth of the cessation of suffering: (it ceases with) the complete cessation of this thirst, ~~a cessation which consists in the absence of every passion,—-— with the abandoning of this thirst, with the doing away with it, with the deliverance from it, with the destruCtion of desire.

”This. 0 Bhikkhus, is the noble truth of {lie path which leads to the Cessation of sufTering, the holy eightfold path; that is to say, right belief, right aspiration, right speech, right contlutt, right means of livelihood, right ende. avor, right mem- ory, right meditation."

How tame and prosaic this list must have seemed to a people steeped in ceremonialism, fasting and penaiices! How tame and prosaic, perchance, it appears to us unless we happen

[Page 353]THE SACRED SCRIPTURES OF BUDDHISM 353

to have read the detailed exposition of each in the Sutm-Pimka. As an index of the wealth of ethical and philosophical content in each of these constituent parts of the Path let me synopsize the first of the eight, "Right Views," as expounded at length in the forty-third of the 186 dialogues of the Buddha, preserved for us in the Suttzz-‘Fz'rizk‘a.

The man of tight views is free from superstition, free from erroneous theories of the world, God, the soul. He realizes the impermanence of everything and of every being, whether human or divine. He knows that nothing permanently is, that every- thing becomes, that.the world-Stutf is eternal, that out of it all things and beings came, we know not how; and that it is a foolish waste of time to try to tinl! out because the main concern of men should be to attain ”Arahatship," that blessed state attainable here on earth, in which. as a result of faithful allegiance to the eightfold noble path‘ one is prepared for Nirvana and saved from the possibility of rehirth. The man of right views understands that while it is legitimate to argue from one cause to the next, he cannot hope to reach an ultimate cause. Life he knows is a wheel, causation a chain, beginning with ignorance, “unconscious produCtive ignorance" (the unconscious ”will to live") from which spring consciousness, sensation, thirst, attachment, birth, suffering, old age, death, rehirth;~Karma (the fruit of one's deeds) being the link that binds each life with its predecessor. The man of right views understands that there is no reality corresponding to ”soul” as a permanent. human entity, and that the nation of its final absorption into Brahma. the Oversoul, is also erroneous. For this latter, he '.nows to he just as unreal as the soul. Again, the man of right views under- stands what is evil and what is good and the roots of each. He knows the basis of bodily and mental life, how they originate and how they ultimately cease. As a result, he gets rid of sensu- ality and of ill-will toward Others. Moreover, he knows what

‘uIi‘ering is, its cause and its cessation, how it is hound up with

the temporary individuality that results from the evanescent union of the five ”Skandas" or groups of qualities that make up

[Page 354]3S4 WORLD UNITY MAGAZINE

each individual (corporeity, consciousness, sensations, feelings, desires). He knows how suffering results from desire and how it ceases only after he has entered on the eightfold noble path at the entrance to which are the four noble truths. He perceives the ”letters," or failings, all of which are sloughed off in "Arahatship," the vescibule of Nirvana. And when he knows all this, his insight is right, his views are correct and the man is endowed with an abiding sense of truth.

[Page 355]@kikfiWQfiQfikQQfiZfiQ

THE NEW HUMANITY

“W'itbou! edifice: or rule: or tmmei' or ml] argument, T122 iwtimtian of tbe dear love of commdei'.”

Edited by

MARY SIEGRIST Author of “You That Com: After," etc.

'r is ever to the scorned and reieCted—the "men of the tattered battalion, the men hemmed in with the spears"——that the finest awarenesses and sympathies of the poet have from the beginning rayed out. Never has it been to those "riding

triumphantly to lap the fat of the years." In the very marrow of poetry there is the spirit of equality and kinship with all that \chll‘s a cross. To it the line of life is a curve, a spiral, sloping towards justice, beauty, truth. That ju5tice confided to the mouth of time has always sounded her note of freedom most ctl‘ectively through her trumpets of song. Sometimes, it is true, poetry has suffered at the hands of near—poets and sycophantic \ersifying pretenders but this has never been for long.

The Spirit of Poetry may be compared with an arrow of zlame, 'fearching always, as it were, the darkness, finding out with what consecration her (lCVOtCCS live and work. The spirit ml soundness, of wholeness and joy-of-life for all men has always heen primarily her lyric business. The birth—or renascence m' the spirit of fellowship has always been her dear concern. I'or what after all is the lyric but a cry? Not Strangely, the (hrists and Buddhas have always recognized that ”if these \lmuld hold their peace"——if justice should miscarry—"the stunts would immediately cry out!" The balance of the universe hes. it would seem, in the release of its song. In their very open- ness t0 the lyric cry the spiritual scales swing delicately and imperceptibly but surely toward the adjustment of wrong.

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A CONSECRATION

Nut of the princes and prelates with periwigged ehatioteers

Riding triumphantly laurelled to lap the fat of the years,

Rather the scorned—the rejeCted—the men hemmed in with the spears;

The men of the tattered battalion which fights till it dies,

Dazed with the dust of the battle, the din and the cries,

The men with the broken heads and the blood running into their eyes.

Not the he-medalled Commander, beloved of the throne,

Riding,y cock-horse to parade when the bugles are blown,

But the lads who carry the koppie and cannot be known.

Not the ruler for me. but the tanker, the tramp 0f the road.

The slave with the sack on his shoulders pricked on with the goad.

The man with too weighty a hut 1e11, too heavy a load.

The sailor, the Stoker 0f steamers, the man with the clout,

The chanty man bent on the halliards putting a tune to the shout,

The drowsy man at the wheel and the tired lookout.

Others may sing of the wine and the wealth and the mirth, The portly presence of potentates goodly in girth;— Mine he the dirt and the dross, the dust and scum of the earth!

Theirs he the music, the color, the glory, the gold; Mine he a handful of ashes, a mouthful of mould. Of the maimed and the halt and the blind in the rain and the C()|ti---~ Of these shall my songs he fashioned, my tale be told. ——Joux MASEFIELD

[Page 357]THE NEW HUMANITY 3S7

CALVARY

Friendless and faint, with martyred steps and slow,

Faint for the flesh, but for the spirit free,

Stung by the mob that came to see the show,

The Master toiled along to Calvary;

We jibed him as he went with houmlish glee,

Till his dimmed eyes for us dial overflow;

We cursed his vengeless hands thrice wretchedly,—~

And this was nineteen hundred years ago.

But after nineteen hundred years the shame

Still clings, and we have not made good the loss

That outraged faith has entered in his name.

Ah, when shall come love's courage to be str ng!

Tell me, O Lord—~-tell me, O Lord, how long

Are we to keep ChriSt writhing on the cross? ~—EDwx.\z Anuxm‘ox Romxsox

TIM C/Ji/t/ren of Night

HOLINESS

If all the carts were painted gay, And all the Streets swept clean,

And all the children came to play By hollyhocks, with green Grasses to grow between,

If all the houses looked as though Some heart were in their stones,

If all the people that we know Were dressed in scarlet gowns, With feathers in their crowns.

I think this gaiety would make A spiritual land. I think that holiness would take This laughter lw the haml Till both should understand. ~Juux DmewA'rLR

[Page 358]358

WORLD UNITY MAGAZINE

TO THE FREE CHILDREN

We of our generation who touched liberty had to leap for it. Not as over a chasm aided by the momentum of running feet; but up in air . . . one glimpse. . lash-hreadth of glory white as ﬂame on snow. . . then shock of falling backward. . . . you we hold high above our heads. 11

We hear you knocking at our doors, little white runners before the dawn. We arise and accompany you forth. . . but slowly. . .

for we

need our staffs.

Ill

Not as through smoked glasses shall you look upon liberty, but with the unﬂinching gaze as the desert-horn looks in the face of the sun.

1v Remember when the dawn breaks those who led you through the night. . . as the blind guided through the darkness at Pompeii those who had eyes.

—'LOL.~\ RIDGE

Red Flag

[Page 359]THE RISIN G TIDE

Note on current books possessing special significance in the light of the trend toward world unity.

Edited by

JOHN HERMAN RANDALL, JR. De'ern/mzt of leilomply, Columbia L'm'z'eniijy~

Tlie Cooperatiou of Europe

Rorrsson Jonx SPENCER BASSETT, late occupant of a chair of history at Smith College, has made a careful and objeCtive survey of the workings of the great experiment at political cooperation.

Dr. Bassett's book,* although appearing with a foreword by that staunch worker for the League of Nations, Professor James T. Shotwell, aims to be neither an apologetic nor a criticism. It is written as a chapter in world politics, as a part of recent political history. Never for a moment does the author permit his voice to be raised in strident condemnation or in enthusiaStic defense. His account, therefore, differs markedly from most of the voluminous literature that has been written tor and against the League. It is a temperate record of the faCtS, dealing mainly with the chief disputes the League has been LJHCJ on to deal with, ‘and with the crises it has weathered. It will accordingly satisfy partisans of neither camp. Yet this \ubcr history contains much that the thoughtful man needs to remember before passing hasty judgment on the great inter- national experiment.

The chief inadequacy such a reader will feel is the narrow limit within which Dr. Bassett has conceived his task. It is no part of his aim to piCture the League as ﬂoating on the powerful °Juhn Spencer Bassett, TI» League of Natwm. Longmans, Green and Co. ix, 4:; pp. $5.50.

359

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economic currents of the pOSt-war world. One can read of the Upper Silesian dispute without suspecting its bearing on the economic life of Germany or Poland; there is no word of oil in connection with Mosul. The League machinery is pictured as creaking under strains the causes of which are not revealed. One gets the impression that all the diplomats so earnestly striving to smooth international prejudices are aCting from a primary dev0tion to world peace. When they make impossible demands, it is solely to satisfy the passions of the masses they are repre- senting. From time to time there are faint echoes of criticism that has been expressed. but this newspaper comment is nearly always deprecated and dismissed as nut having had access to all the fans. And the judgment is usually, as in the case of the Silesian settlement, that ”the adjustment, on the whole, is the best that could have been made under existing circumstances." This is probably true enough, but Dr. Bassett makes no attempt to analyse those circumstances.

This is rim to say that the author does n0t recognize the failures of the League, in \'ilna, in Corfu, the Geneva Protocol. He sees the League as appearing overnight in a world where the main power was in the hands of other agencies, and as primarily concerned with the «lillicult problem of ”winning the confidence of the governments of the important states." Its successes have occurred when the conllitting interests of the great powers, as in the Silesian dispute, have so balanced each other that they have forced a compromise. When no power has been interested to support a small nation, as in Vilna am’. "orfu, the League has been able only to ratify the results of force. Yet even when the decisions seem most manifestly in favor of a powerful nation against the iust claims of small states, it can be claimed that the inevitable has taken place without war. It was Bertrand Russell who long ago pointed out that the only successful inter- national government for the present must secure without lighting what a war would have achieved. Judged in this light, the League has never failed completely.

Dr. Bassett thinks that the Assembly has nor been pushed

[Page 361]THE COOPERATION or EUROPE 361

into the second place by the Council, though that may occur with the enlargement of the latter in 1916. He feels that the mandate system has been more than a mere screen for grasping imperialism. The abstention of the United States has not seriously hindered the League's development. The most serious problems cunfronting the League today arise from its attempt to oppose the nationalistic desires of strong states. The mandate system may provoke dissension, especially from the British dominions. The question of reducing naval armaments is grave. What will (.ireat Britain do if she is asked to trust her empire to the League and not to her navy? Mussolini has openly ﬂouted the League uith impunity. Most serious of all, Dr. Bassett is afraid of the tendency for the Powers to reach agreements which the League tan only ratify. The Briand-Chamberlain incident of 1916 over the admission of Poland to a permanent seat on the Council \ecms to have marked a shift away from the predominance of the Assembly.

Yet much can be hoped for from the attual functioning of the League and its influence on those participating in its meet- ings. "In aCtual praCtice the League did modify and it always Min modify the will of the individual state. Men bound to their states by accepted policies have been obliged to 21a in Council in accord with them; but there has been a reaction on the wills ml the states. modifying them and slowly bringing them around inward. if not entirely to, the 'League ideals.’ It is in this way

31“ the League has done some of its most important work."

“)0

[Page 362]NOTES AND ANNOUNCEMENTS,-

There is no question but that the ideal of international peace would become more firmly implanted in the popular imagination if we could ex- perience true ”economic peace" in our daily work. The habit of strug- gle, of uncertainty, of confusion and of defeat is too well nourished in the average heart by the immediate local environment to enable us to realize just what freedom from periodic war could mean.

The cynic, in faCt, is apt to point out that if military strife could be for- ever removed from the world under present conditions, the very absence of armed frontiers would lead to gi- gantic industrial and financial com- binations so powerful that the aver- age man might be subieCt to worse evils than the battlefield.

Whether this result would follow or not, the faCt remains that true peace will be compounded of many ingredients besides political docu- ments, and improvement within each State must accompany every improve- ment between national sovereignties. An approach to new economic points of view, or rather new economic convictions, is Clearly within the province of WORLD UNITY NIAGA- znxiz, and the editors accordingly welcome the opportunity to publish the articles on this subjea in the present issue.

362.

Another ingredient not to be over- looked is that of art. The September number will therefore be largely dc- voted to expressions of creative art- ists.

Among the peace workers included in our series ”Apo.rtle.c of World Unity," the September issue will add the name of Nicholas Roeric/r, that painter of far-oif Tibet and prophetic figure whose energy and vision are developing what seems to be a dis- tinCtive and powerful movement.

In Mary Siegrist's interpretation uf Roerich we have a sensitive appreci- ation of a charaCter readers of “burn UNITY are already qualified to judge.

A preliminary announcement Can now be made of an exceptionally in- teresting series of articles which will appear during coming months. This series consists of essays written by college undergraduates and others within the limits of the "youth movement," expressing the point of view of the coming generation on a wide variety of subjeCts. Different nationalities and races will be terre- sented, the series being under the editorial supervision of ImleIIJ I'm: Meter, a student of the Youth pm- gram developing in the various coun- tries of the world.

[Page 363]Behind the Searchlight

GM

HROUGH miles of thickly-hung darkness the searchlight speeds its ﬂame- tipped arrow unettingly to the mark. Everything is or can be illuminated blindingly by this midnight sun. But bebiml the ‘seatchlight it is always

dark. . . .

Behind the intelligence, too, which clarifies all that thought is diteCted upon -—nature, history, the hidden things of space and time—the man himself, the proud thinker, remains unknown to himself, the one dark spot in his universe beyond knowledge to illumine and unfold.

But from that unlit area come the issues that determine life and death—the decisions which eventuate in war or peace—the inStinCtive perceptions working outward in aCtion for cooperation or competition. Whether that area contains only the record of the beast, or is the nattow gate leading upward to Spirit and tllL‘ power of LoveTa Science higher than chemistry or biology must be summoned to reveal.

That such a Science is being developed—a Science of Man—has become clear to all who patiently follow the testimony ofieted today by workers in every part of the world; workers who deal with human motives as their predecessors dealt with reaction of plant or composition of mineral.

‘ It is the mission of |I"orld Unity (llagdzine to publish as much as possible of this testimony which marks the conquest of fear and hate.

Womb UNITY PUBLISHING CORPORATION, l msr 12TH STREET, NEW YORK.

Pledte enter my mbu'n'plion to ll"'orld Unity Magazine. 1 endow $3.50. (In (“um it. $4.00; other countries. $4.50.)

k-”i—.—.—-.__. , , .___.- --. . w__. ..- ._. ..

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New Geography, Book .1! B} W. IV. Atwood

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America B) N; Poor: Clwew

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The Larger Bible By Will Hay:

Fundamental Ends of Life Social Law and the Spiritual World By Rufus M. jam:

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The Master Problem The Future of Christianity By Sir jam: Martina: The FellowshipofFaiths

Comparative Religion 8, Alfred w. Martin

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shares B] Lucia Ann: Med

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Classes B; Haber: A. Miller

My Brother's Face 3] Dim» Cope! Main}?

Inﬂuencing Human Be- havior About Ourselves B} Harry A. Oren"!!!

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WORLD UNITY PUBLISHING CORPORATION 4 East 12th Street, New York City

364