World Unity/Volume 5/Issue 1/Text

[Page 1]

Contributing Editors

C. F. Anszay W. W. Atrwoop A

Haray Cuarieswoats No Poon Cusw Rupoten I. Corrzs Bayarap Donos Groaoss Dunamat Anwa B. Ecxstzin Havatocx Exxis Avousts Fore:

H. von Gaaracn

H. A. Grsaons

Kauiit Gipaan

Cuaatotrrs P. Gitman

Joun W. Granam

Maaya GaunpMaNn- Koscignsxa

Frans H. Hancins

A. Eustace Harpon

Wirt Havas

Yamato Icuicnasn

Moarpacai W. Jounson

Rurus M. Jonss

Davin Stara Jonrpan

Samuas Lucas Josut

Eanast Jupst

Vuapimin Kanarstorr

P. W. Kuo

Ricuaap Laz

Hargeayr Levi

Avaiw Locks

A Monthly Magazine

for those who seer the world outlook

A Lan

Joun Herman Ranpvatt, Editor Horace Hoiiey, Managing Editor

CONTENTS

Wuat War Is _ Erich Maria Remarque

Tas Common Man’s BurpEN Editorial A Wortp Community J. H. Randall

One Rexricgion—Many Farrtas J. Tyssul Davis N. A. A. C. P. Convention Robert W. Bagnell Dr. Faiptjor Nansen Frederick Lynch Tue Quest oF Wortp Prace Dexter Perkins NATIONALISM AND INTERNATIONALISM H. A. Gibbons My INTERNATIONAL FaMILy Martha T. Brown Tue New Humanity—Mary Siegrist

De Re Rustica—C. F. Ansley

InstituTE oF Wortp Unity Wortp Unity CoNnreRENCES Notes AND, ANNOUNCEMENTS

Wortp Unity Macazine is published byWortp Unity Pusiisainc Corporation, 4 East 12th Street, New York City: Mary Rumsgy Movius, president; Horace Houtey, vice-president; Fror- ence Morton, treaserer; JoUN Herman Ranpatt, secretary. Published monthly, 35 cents a copy, $3.50 a year in the United States and in all other countries (postage included). Tus Wortp Unity Pusiisninc Coaporation and its editors welcome corres ce on articles related to the aims and of the magazine. Printed in U. S. A. Contents copy- righted 1929 by Wortp Unity Pustistine CorporarTION.

WORLD UNITY

Contributing Editors Ernest Lupwic

Gsoace ps LuxAcs Louis L. Mann

" Sim James Marcnant

Victron MarGuerittE R. H. Marxuam Acrrep W. Martin F. S. Marvin Kiatisy F. Matuer Lucta Ames Meap Frep Meraririctp Karin Micuae.is Herpert A. Mitcer Duan Gopat Muxkeryt Ipa MO.ugR

Yonge Nocucui

H. A. Overstreet Dexter Peaxins

J. H. Ranpate, Jr. M. D. Repticn Forrest Reip

Pauc Riciarp Crartes Ricnet Nicnoras Rogricu Tu. Ruyssen NaTHaNig. SCHMIDT Wittiam R. Suernern Mary Siecrist

Apea Hirer Sitver Isipor SINGER

Davin G. Steap Aucustus O. Tromas Gitsert THomas Isapecca Van Meter Rustum VAmnéry Water Watsu Hans WenseaG

M. P. Witicocxs Fraanx Liroyp Waicnt �[Page 2]&

MRM MRE ERER ER ERR eke

ap eG” Gee ap web ae a Se OD SF SS Se eee

¢ c Pal wo fellows die of tetanus. Their skin turns *

¢ pale, their limbs stiffen, at last only their 33

eyes live—stubbornly. Many of the wounded N

have their shattered limbs hanging free in the air cs

from a gallows; underneath the wound a basin is r

placed into which the pus drips. Every two or *

three hours the vessel is emptied. Other men lie in fg

stretching bandages with heavy weights hanging e¢

from the end of the bed. I see intestine wounds that 2

are constantly full of excreta. The surgeon's clerk shows me x-ray photographs of completely smashed hipbones, knees, and shoulders.

A man cannot realize that above such shat- tered bodies there are still human faces in which life goes its daily round. And this is only one hos- pital, one single station; there are hundreds of thousands in Germany, hundreds of thousands in France, hundreds of thousands in Russia. How senseless is everything that can ever be written, done, or thought, when such things are possible. It must all be lies and of no account when the cul- ture of a thousand years could not prevent this stream of blood being poured out, these torture- chambers in their hundreds of thousands. A hos-

~*

LEEK OEM OEE EOE IESE SOE SOE SESE SE OES FC SK NK NK KK EA EK EY

pi pital «lone shows what war is. ey —All Quiet on the Western Front es Erich Maria REMARQUE Se € Fi

AK RK RK RAK RAK RA RK RAS [rxS q �[Page 3]WORLD UNITY MAGAZINE

Vor. V Ocroser, 1929 0-20356% No. 1 EDITORIAL a ae

THE COMMON MAN'S BURDEN

HE spread and concentration of Christianity seems to have been due even more to its’ power and authority as a gov- ernment than to its purely spiritual teachings. Social order necessarily appeals to a far greater number than a

new revelation of the nature of God. As the administrative func- tions of the civil empire decayed, exposing the common man to the supreme disaster of social chaos, the Christian community successively assumed—by the pressure of circumstance rather than by conscious intention—the offices of a civil government. It offered its members impartial justice in their mutual relations in place of corrupt public courts, a basis of understanding and con- fidence for economic activities instead of the arbitrary power alternating with mob brutality characteristic of the decadent empire, and the inspiration of a civilization depending on divine will rather than the hopelessness rising from long experience with military rule. The common man's advantage cle«rly lay in loyal adherence to the principle of centralized papal authority, when the civil order had collapsed and each local community seemed to have become a mutinous vessel unable to resist the force of the storm.

Very similar is the lot of the common man today in all lands. Irrespective of the integrity or efficiency of his own natioaal state, his burden of militarism and the wicertainty of his economic future are conditions rapidly becoming unbearable. His days are spent amid wars or the rumors of wars, his business or trade is subject to the influences of suddenly-emerging technical sciences as fatal to his well being as the irruption of a barbarous host. He feels incapable of controlling or even understanding the new

} �[Page 4]4 WORLD UNITY MAGAZINE

factors affecting his life on all planes, and has little evidence that his or any government sees the path to true stability and order or possesses the means to attain it if seen.

The common man's advantage at this time has shifted ir- revocably from national to international sources of order, justice and peace. Though he has not conscjously analyzed his relation to the new fundamentals of life, though his emotions have not yet learned to flow through new and wider channels of loyalty and devotion, the facts surround him on every side, and the restlessness, irritation and uncertainty caused by the increasing pressure of armed and competitive national states are spiritual preparations leading directly to full realization in due time. After comprehension of unendurable evil comes conscious grop- ing for its relief in some superior power of good.

The concept of a world government or ‘‘super-state"’ cannot forever be upheld as a bugaboo to frighten the common man and prevent his search for sources of order, cooperation, justice and peace. An international state merely magnifying the evils of nationalism could never fuifil the offices of world government— the idea itself sufficiently reveals the nature of the minds re- sponsible for painting such a picture. Nothing in social evolution can ever remove the need for administrative units for the popu- lations now termed ‘‘nations’’ any more than the development of any nation removed the need for local administrations for its cities and towns. The issue is not nationalism or internationalism, but nations coordinated by central agencies of justice and legis- lation or nations competing one with another blindly and dis- astrously, as once the cities competed before the rise of national kings.

World government is inevitable; the sole question is around what nucleus will rally the hopes of common men. �[Page 5]NYRLODLE ODL LOIRE

A WORLD COMMUNITY

The Supreme Task of the Twentieth Century

by Joun Herman RanDALL

I— Foreword

the birth of a world. What we had before was vast con-

tinents, great empires, separate races, divided nations, iso-

lated peoples, but there was no world as such. For centuries prophets had dreamed of the coming of a human brotherhood, a few statesmen had visualized the possibility of nations one day cooperating together for the common good, philosophers had drawn up plans looking toward World Peace, and humanitarians in all lands had proclaimed the essential oneness of all mankind. But all such ideas remained enshrined in the realm of dreams and ideals, waiting the coming of certain conditions that would make their realization possible. The world was not yet ready to bring these age-old dreams to fruition.

During the last part of the Nineteenth Century there was a small number of thoughtful people in all civilized countries who had come to think in international terms, who had begun to be world-conscious. They realized that, dear as their country was to them, there were many other countries equally dear to the people who inhabited them; proud as they were of their race and its achievements, there were hundreds of millions of others just as proud of the particular race to which they belonged and of what it had accomplished; precious as their religion was to them they perceived how equally precious were the older re- ligious faiths to the many other millions who professed them.

OS

T: great event of the Twentieth Century, barring none, is �[Page 6]6 WORLD UNITY MAGAZINE

In a word, they were the few people who had risen above the plane of racial self-consciousness, of national self-consciousness, even of sectarian self-consciousness, who were able not only to realize the presence of these other groups o1 the planet, but also, in spite of every difference, were able to accord them the same respect and sympathetic appreciation given to the members of their own group.

But this widening of consciousness on the part of a few to include an interest in, and an appreciation for, those of other races and nations and creeds was by no means the only, nor even the chief, influence at work in the Nineteenth Century to produce the international mind. The growing realization on the part of the most thoughtful minds of the deep significance of the new forces at work and the revolutionary changes they were effect- ing in the general life of the world, the gradual understanding of how these new forces were creating a thousand and one new ties and relationships that were binding the peoples of East and West, North and South, into one living Whole, in which no people lived any longer unto itself alone, no nation was any longer in- dependent and self-sufficient, where all existed in a community of mutual interests, and where what hurt one, hurt all, and what helped one, helped all—it was this growing knowledge of a new world-synthesis into which we had come, thanks to the new forces at work, that made possible the limited number of inter- nationally-minded and world-conscious people of the nineteenth century.

In the early years of the Twentieth Century, however, such people were few and far between, especially in the United States, where the prevailing provincialism and the public policy of isola- tion so long pursued, had kept us in ignorance of, or indifferent to, the tremendous changes that were taking place in world relationships. Devoted to the cult of prosperity, absorbed in our Own interests as a people, possessed by a narrow and blatant nationalism, filled with a blind optimism, we paid little atten- tion and gave no concern to the rest of the world; we went bliss- fully on our way in seeming ignorance of how the mighty changes �[Page 7]THE SUPREME TASK OF THE TWENTIETH CENTURY 7

in world relations might some day affect us. Until the fateful year of 1914 we had no international mind here in America, our provincialism precluded any intelligent world-consciousness. Few possessed any accurate knowledge of the geography of the world outside of the beaten track of the conventional tourist.

A still smaller number knew anything about the great and unique contributions that other races and earlier civilizations had made to the general cultural life of man. Only the very few among the scholars realized the menace of modern nationalism or the dangers lurking in the rapid growth of economic imperial- ism. The voices raised against the ‘‘mad race in armaments’ found little response from the responsible leaders of the nation. As we look back now to the decade that preceded the Great War it is difficult to understand how the great mass of intelligent peo- ple could have been so ignorant and blind to what was going on in the world. There are only two explanations: the absence of available knowledge dealing with world politics and interna- tional affairs, and the lack of the international mind— the last, in large part the result of the first.

The War brought to their inevitable and tragic climax the disruptive and disintegrative forces that had been at work dur- ing the Nineteenth Century. It revealed the spirit of modern nation- alism in all its narrow pride and selfishness and greed, it tore the veil of sophistry from the ‘‘white man's burden’’ under which economic imperialism had masqueraded, and revealed it for what it had been—the exploitation of the weaker peoples of the earth by the stronger nations, it exploded the ancient fallacy that pre- paredness is the way to peace, it shattered the blind optimism with which we had entered the Twentieth Century, and it made startlingly clear the fact that we were not yet living in a civilized world.

The books that have come so rapidly from the press since 1914, from the scholarly pens of the new historian, the scientific philosopher and the recognized publicist, have made available a flood of new knowledge bearing directly on world politics, world conditions, world problems of every kind; and, thanks to the �[Page 8]§ WORLD UNITY MAGAZINE

widespread disillusionment produced by the war, these books are finding a steadily increasing reading public. Still more significant are the recent books by representative scholars in this country and in Europe dealing most explicitly with the influence of modern science and industrialism upon traditional ideas and modes of life, and pointing out the resulting revolutionary changes that have already come, and the still greater changes that must come in the near future.

The clear implication in all these books from the recognized philosopher and historian, is the same:—that the War was the inevitable result of the disintegrative forces at work during the Nineteenth Century, that science and industrialism have given us a new world in which nationalism and imperialism and war and ruthless competition, as we have known them in the past, are anachronisms in the Twentieth Century; and that as a result of this new world which has been created, mankind today is faced with just two alternatives,—either, to continue our relations as nations and races as they have been in the past, which will in- evitably mean greater and deadlier wars from which civilization cannot survive, or else to find the way out to some kind of unity in the life of nations and peoples that has never yet been known, to achieve a degree of cooperation in the life of nations that has never yet been tried, to come to an understanding and apprecia- tion of other peoples and races that shall lead eventually to a genuine fellowship in the life of humanity. Mankind is standing at the crossroads today, facing just these two alternatives.

It is this new knowledge of our world and of our changing civilization, that is being disseminated in books, that is appear- ing more frequently, the farther we get away from the War, in the daily press and leading magazines, and that is proclaimed from forum and lecture platforms and, to some degree, from the more liberal pulpits, that is helping to create the international mind and to awaken a world-consciousness. This new knowledge has been made available not one day too soon. The question is, whether it can be taught in schools and colleges without fear or evasion, and whether it can be brought to the rank and file of �[Page 9]THE SUPREME TASK OF THE TWENTIETH CENTURY 9

people in a clear and compelling way before it is too late to be effective.

All intelligent people who read, and reflect upon what they read, know today that at last we are living in a world that has become one; we are no longer living in separate, isolated and independent countries. They know that .cience and industrialism and the growth of our cultural knowledge have broken down the old barriers that have divided peoples for so long, and have ushered us into a veritable world community—geographically, economically and culturally.

And they also know that this new world that is thus coming to birth in the human consciousness is going to grow and develop. It is going to create its own political institutions, its own eco- nomic systems, its own social philosophies, its own morals and religions. There is no man wise enough to predict the form that these will take, or what further changes in man’s life the future may bring. The one thing that stands out more clearly than all else is this: the supreme task of the twentieth century is to take this new Great Society, as Graham Wallas has called it—this one physical neighborhood into which the new means of com- munication have brought us and this one economic community which industrialism has created, and transform it into a gen- uine World-Community—in which there shall be awakened the community consciousness broad enough to include the whole world, and the community spirit that shall reach out to all mankind. Unless we have the intelligence, the will, and the spirit to achieve this great end, the future holds out little hope for humanity. |

• • A World community" is the first in a series of books sponsored by World Unity Magazine, to

be published 2: the rate of several volumes a year beginning in the Spring of 1930. ‘‘Nationalism and Internationalism'’’ by Herbert Adams Gibbons, also begun in this issue, will be the second work in the series, the present text being about one-half that to be issued in book form.

To be continued �[Page 10]

ONE RELIGION—MANY FAITHS

by

J. Tyssut Davis Theistic Church, London

“The same am I co all beings. . . . Even the devotees of other Gods who worship full of faith, unknowingly worship Me." —Bhagaved Gita.

“Of a truth I perceive “iat God is no respecter of persons; but in every nation he that revereth Him and doeth righteousness, is acceptable to Him."’—Acts x. 35.

Paxt I

¥ AGREEMENT Of these two Scriptures (Hindu and Chris- tian), it follows that the stoic Epictetus, the Buddhist Ananda, and the saints and sages of other faiths are made equally acceptable to God with those of their own com- munion. It is such a conviction that is increasingly deepened, the further one carries one's study into the scriptures and ex- amines the saintly lives cherished by the disciples of the numerous faiths. One learns also the advantage of a multitude of faiths, for each teacher lays emphasis upon some particular virtue or reveals some new facet of the Jewel of Truth, the full and complete beauty of which could not be displayed without all these flashing parts. Moreover, the principles we have learnt from our own religion shine with a new luster when we find they are not iso- lated teaching, but have been confirmed in other religions.

Dr. Carpenter cites as an instance, the idea of exactness of moral consequence being set forth under the figure of a balance or scale of justice in which the human soul or its deeds are weighed . It is carved in the French cathedrals; it is portrayed on an Egyptian papyrus of the eighteenth Dynasty, #.¢. before the days of Moses. ‘The scene and the persons differ. But the fundamental concep- tion of judgment is the same, and is carried out by the same method.””

10 �[Page 11]ONE RELIGION—-MANY FAITHS It

If it is true, according to the teaching of S. John, hat God is seeking men, and therefore every impulse of longing for the Infinite is a response to the impact of His spirit upon ours, and if it is also true that ‘‘He hath never left Himself without a wit- ness in all the nations’’ (Acts xiv.) and that ‘‘He dwelleth in the hearts of all beings’’ (Gite) and all are equally dear to Him; it follows that the hunger and thirst for God, the passion for goodness, the instinct for rightness must be universal, though they be expressed in varying forms. Names may vary; modes of worship vary; rites vary; but the inner desire will be the same. The Samoyede woman found it difficult to explain her religion to the Finnish ethnologist Castrén, but he learnt that every morning she stepped out of her tent and bowed before the sun, and with reverence watched it every evening sink to rest, and though she had no other temple and no other rite, it made that old lonely woman, as Max Miiller said, ‘look twice at least every day away from earth and up to heaven; it made her feel that her life was bound up with a larger and higher life; it en- riched the daily routine of her earthly existence with something of a divine light. It gave her the sense of a Beyond, and that is the true life of all Religion."’

A truer sympathy might unfold the meaning of rites and customs repugnant to us, and we might pause as the missionary did beneath the retort of the savage, when, in answer tc the white man’s scorn of his idol he made retort: ‘‘This is not the spirit that steals through the trees; this is only the sign that he will always come when I want him."’

However pathetic the attempt to give form to the Invisible, it adds to the record that belief in a being whom no one has ever seen is, as Professor Pratt shows, as natural as breathing, and its universality one of the most striking of facts that characterize man. How inadequate has been the reasoning that would trace religion to an origin in some dark savage fear, or to the conjec- ture that external bodies are animated by a life like man’s own (Animism); or to magic (Hegel; Frazer); or to respect for de- ceased ancestors; or to Totemism (Jevons), is shown by a disturb- �[Page 12]Iz WORLD UNITY MAGAZINE

ing circumstance. However savage a people may he, however primitive its customs and barbarous its worship, push the in- quiry far enough, and in the background is always found a principal deity to whom the others are subordinate. It is a great spirit .» whom the sun and moon play the part of ministers. It is a good spirit. It is the Ancient of Days, like the Unkulu-Kulu C’*The Old-Old-One'’) of the Zulus.

So widespread is this higher element within-savage religions, that it led Andrew Lang to the conclusion that belief in a supreme being came first in order of evolution, but was afterwards thrust into the background by lesser divinities. A strange feature is thus presented by these “‘High Gods of Low Races.’’ The lowest types of humanity now known, the aborigines of Australia and of Tierra del Fuego, possess side by side with the debased ideas of a savage mythology, the idea of a Righteous Being who is certain to know every word and ¢~ery action, who objects to the killing of a man, and even to the slaying of wild duck before the wings have grown. Strange that behind fetish and supersti- tion, behind gory rites to a host of malignant devils, should persist the sense, almosg forgotten, of a good God, who needs not to be propitiated, who dwells in peace and serenity, who expects nobleness and unselfishness in man, who will in the long run bring all to pass for good.

Yet not so strange, if religion is man’s answer to God's call, an inspiration, a direct revelation in man’s heart of the Real Presence, limited only by the capacity of the recipient. It is the pressure of the Infinite upon the finite, and must take the form of the finite. The ocean may be infinite, but the water we abstract takes the form of the vessel we dip into it, and is not a drop more than the capacity of the vessel allows. But among all tribes and races noble souls are born, and the greatness of the religion to which they witness testifies to the level they have reached in their aspiration after God. It is always higher than the bulk of their disciples can attain to. It is the nobleness of the man that explains the splendor of the divine ideals of Plato, or the austere grandeur of the religious outlook of M. Aurelius, or the large �[Page 13]ONE RELIGION—MANY FAITHS 13

and comprehensive toleration of Akbar (1542-1605), who gath- ered Brahmins, Zoroastrians, Jews, Christians and Muhamme- dans into his court, and sought to collect the best of their thought into one harmonious system. And if there are adherents of the highest religions whose ideas ‘‘would disgrace a Polynesian savage, attribute it to their own narrow limitations, and lay it not to the discredit of the religion whose name alone they honor. The human race has not yet grown up to the standard of Pythagoras or Buddha or Christ; what was their daily food of spiritual communion is still an impossible ideal to the ‘‘divine average."

Therefore it was natural that they should be regarded as special messengers of God, and reverence paid to them due to their high mission; that their sayings should be preserved as sacred scripture, and their memory kept fresh and green through the weary ages.

Thro’ such souls God, stooping, shows sufficient of His light For us in the dark to rise by.

Their truths are never old, for they are being freshly redis- covered age after age, as the corresponding faculty is unfolded, necessary to their perception. I once heard from the lips of a child, brought through a gap in the hills to a sudden vision for the first time of the sea, a gasp, a sound of awe, which imme- diately related him to the wonder of all primitive seers. He said ‘*Dy ——, oh!"’ which is an ancient cry heard in the Sanskrit Dyaus, Greek Dios, Latin Deus, Teutonic Tis (Tuesday), Welsh Duw. It is man’s answer to the bursting of the glory, to the rend- ing of the veil, to the miracle of the ages renewed every spring, everlastingly revealed in sea and sky, and the beauty of man and woman and child; it is a name for God. It is born when wonder is born. It is felt when anything divine in flower or grace- ful beast or heroic act breaks upon the consciousness. It is an instinct of the soul, as natural as hope, or admiration, or love. It is God in the heart, before He is in the temple or the book or the rice. All religious teachers appeal to it. It is there because �[Page 14]14 WORLD UNITY MAGAZINE

man is man. It is because God is in us that God in the psalms and holy songs and the lives of the saints appeals to us. It would be as strange as if the sun were to shine only in one part of the world, or water to quench thirst in only one part of the world, to find that religious truth was confined to one favored race. The sun shines on all lands, and God's spirit has spoken to all peoples. How unwise, says Tennyson, it were if the rose cried to the lotus “‘No flower thou,’’ or the palm called to the cypress ‘I alone am fair,’’ or the mango spurned the melon at his foot, ‘*Mine is the one fruit Allah made for man."

Yet that is exactly what the Christian rose has been saying to the Buddhist lotus, and the Muhammedan palm to the Zo- roastrian cypress, and the Hindu mango to the Dravidian melon at his foot.

‘*Look how the living pulse of Allah beats through all this world. There is light in all. And light, with more or less of shade, in all man-modes of worship."

Because it is the same light that is in all, you need not wonder to hear the divine accent in the Talmud, in the Analects of Confucius, in the Tao-teh-king, in the Brahmanic Upanishads, in the Tripitakas, in the Egyptian Book of the Dead as in the Sermon on the Mount. That same light carried in such diverse vessels has been a lamp unto their feet for many thousands, for it is that which from without corresponds to the light that lighteth every man from within. ‘‘All men are in ecstasy, all bosoms in joy; every one in adoration. Everyone glorifieth his goodness; his tenderness encircles our hearts, great is his love in all bosoms.’’—Egyptian Hymn to Horus.

(To be Continued)

Q) �[Page 15]VIN I EXD NOON ZOOL ZNO

THE WORLD WE LIVE IN

Men live less and less in geographical and more and more in spiritual communities. The involuntary elements of existence tend to be limited to the regional area, the voluntary elements find increasing opportunity of self-expression through association of likeminded people selected out of the entire population by identity of interests and ideals. In this department, World Unity Magazine will publish each month 2 brief description of some important modern movement, voluntary in character and humanitarian in aim, believing that knowledge of these activities is not only essential to the world outlook, but also offers the true remedy for the sense of isolation and loneliness which has followed the breakdown of the traditional local neighborhood.

A MEMORABLE CONFERENCE OF THE NATIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF COLORED PEOPLE

by

Rosert W. BaGNALL Director of Branches

People held its Twentieth Anniversary Conference in Cleveland, Ohio, June 27-July 2, 1929. This organization is the oldest and most powerful agency working in America in the effort to secure full citizenship rights for Negroes. From a small beginning, during the last twenty years it has de- veloped into a great National body known all over the world and with branches all over this country. It is an interracial organiza- tion whose directors and members comprise some of the most distinguished citizens of America—United States Senators, Con- gressmen, Governors, Mayors, College Presidents, Journalists, Judges, Clergymen and social workers of eminence and distinc- tion. Its President is Moorfield Storey, well known Boston At- torney, who was once President of the American Bar Association. Some of the most active members of this body are the Spin- garn brothers, Miss Mary White Ovington, Clarence Darrow, Jane Addams and Mary McDowell.

T: National Association for the Advancement of Colored

15 �[Page 16]16 WORLD UNITY MAGAZINE

The Sessions of the Conference were attended by great crowds, as many as 5000 people being present at some of the meetings.

The Twentieth Anniversary Conference stressed very largely the development in the status of the Negro during the last twenty years as a result of the work of the Association and other forces. There were discussed plans and methods for carrying on the effort to secure larger rights and opportunities. The Business Meetings of the Conference were largely given over to this.

Outstanding speakers of the Mass Meetings were: Miss Mary White Ovington, Chairman of the Board of Directors and one of the founders of the Association; Dr. W. E. B. Du Bois, noted Negro scholar and editor of the Crisis, the official magazine of the organization; Mordecai Johnson, first Negro President of Howard University and well known as a journalist; Oscar DePriest, Negro Congressman from Illinois; Congressman Hamil- ton Fish of New York; Edwin R. Embree, President of the Rosen- wald Foundation; Nannie Burrough, educator and _ lecturer; President Emeritus Charles F. Thwing of Western Reserve Uni- versity; Rossiter Howard, Assistant Director of the Cleveland Art Museum; Sallie W. Stewart, President of the National Association of Colored Women; the Hon. Ira W. Jayne, Circuit Court Judge, Detroit; and William Pickens, Field Secretary of the N. A. A.C. P.

A striking feature of the sessions of the Conference was the devoted interest of the delegates and their religious attendance at the sessions. It was a rare thing for any delegate to leave any session of the Conference for the side attractions. There was almost a crusade-like devotion to their work. |

The reported progress during the twenty years, as evidenced in the speeches, must give encouragement to all friends of the Negro. Mary White Ovington in her address described how the Asscciation had grown from a feeble beginning beyond the wildest dreams of its founders until now it has become the strongest agency working for citizenship rights for Negroes. Dr. Du Bois pointed out how twenty years ago there was no recognition of the Negro literature in America; it was believed that the Negro �[Page 17]ASSOCIATION FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF COLORED PEOPLE

had no history; statisticians believed him doomed to extinc: mol», murdered three Negroes a week; science regarded hit essentially inferior to other races; Negroes themselves did believe in the possibility of any worthwhile national orgat tion of their own functioning and the Negro had no econ status.

He pointed out how all this had changed within the twenty years and that the Association had had a large pai bringing about this change. Today, said Dr. Du Bois, col novelists, essayists and poets in considerable numbers | their work recognized and published; Negro literature is bec ing a cultural factor in American life; it is now known that Negro has a past history and culture well worthy of rec statisticians now acknowledge their error in looking for extinction and recognize that the Negro is making the la: gains in longevity of any racial group in America; lynch have been diminished to eleven a year; science now denies the Negro is an inferior race or, strictly speaking, there are such things as races; there are a number of strong national or izations existent among Negroes; the Negro is increasingly | scious of his.strength and the possibilities of organization an is increasingly counting as an economic factor in the nati life.

Edwin R. Embree, President of the Rosenwald Foundat stated that the Negro had emerged to the position where achievements in America made him a factor which canno' ignored, both in his cultural, economic and educational prog: and that the winning of his full rights is merely a matter of 1 and energy.

Before an audience of 5000 people in the magnificent Cl land Public Auditorium Dr. Mordecai W. Johnson stated Ame was becoming noted through all the world for her lawlessn for her materialism and her hypocrisy, especially as expre: in her treatment of the Negro and that the Negro’s presenc: this country constituted a challenge as to whether Ame would ever in truth become a Democracy. �[Page 18]18 WORLD UNITY MAGAZINE

One of the very interesting meetings at the Conference was held at the Cleveland Art Museum when Dr. Du Bois and Assistant Director Howard talked on Negro art and literature, James Wel-: don Johnson read several of the poems from his volume of verse, God's Trombones, and Louis Jones, pupil of some of the best masters in America and Europe, held his audience at rapt attention by his wonderful playing of the violin.

The peak meeting, as usual, was the Spingatn Medal Presen- tation Night. This meeting was held in the beautiful theatre section of the Cleveland Auditorium and the Medal presentation was preceded by the rendition of Paul Green's *‘No ‘Count Boy”’ by the Gilpin Players, a Cleveland Little Theatre group of colored amateurs.

The Spingarn Medal is the most coveted award among col- ored people. It is given each year to the man or woman of African descent and American citizenship, who shall have made the highest achievement during the preceding year or years in any honorable field of human endeavor.

Dr. Mordecai W. Johnson, the Medalist of this year, is the present young President of Howard University and the particular accomplishment for which he received the Medal was his work in making this most eminent college for Negroes a regular Gov- ernment institution, thus removing it from the uncertain chances of Congressional appropriation under which the school had labored in past years.

Dr. Johnson has proven himself a fine executive and ad- ministrator and has wor. national reputation 7s an orator and thinker.

The Medal was presented by President Emeritus Charles F. Thwing of Western Reserve University who has been a devoted member of the Association from its early years. The presentation and speech of acceptance were both noteworthy.

The Conference closed with an ‘‘Address to the Country"’ in which it urged that the fight be made to better common school training for Negroes in the South and that an effort be made to secure a just share of the educational funds of the United States �[Page 19]ASSOCIATION FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF COLORED PEOPLE 19

Government, of Land Grant funds, of the Smith-Hughes and Smith-Lever appropriations and all other moneys, regularly and deliberately stolen from Negro children with the knowledge and connivance of United States and State officials, and the dis- crimination in state educational appropriations, especially in South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Mississippi and Alabama where $16 per year is spent for a white -hild and $1 a year for a black child.

It protested further the insult of the ‘‘Jim Crow’”’ car, the discrimination of bus lines and steamships and places of public instruction, accommodation and amusement, even when these are supported by public charter and taxation, And it urged that the discrimination of white trade unions cease and that black and white labor get together and proposed that there be formed by the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, the American Federation of Labor, the Railroad Brother- hoods, and other bodies agreed upon, an interracial labor com- mission. It protested in Africa and the Colonies and the West Indies conscripted labor and urged the restoration of the land and political and industrial democracy and the restoring of autonomy to Haiti as a means to the emancipation of white and black labor throughout the world.

It urged American Negroes to realize that their great weapon of offense and defense is the ballot and that they seek alliance with forces that stand for honest government, the abolition of privilege and the socialization of wealth wherever possible.

ne �[Page 20]RYN ODRE ODL OREO

APOSTLES OF WORLD UNITY

XXI—FRIDTJOF NANSEN

by

FreDERICK LyYNcH The Church Peace Union

widely separated spheres of thought or action. One can .almost enumerate on the fingers the men who have done so. Caesar was a great general and a great writer. Marcus Aurelius was a great emperor and a great philosopher. Bernard of Clairvaux was equally great as ecclesiastic and as poet. Goethe and Scott achieved fame both as novelists and poets. Coleridge and Emerson were both essayists and poets. Wagner was phil- osopher and poet as well as composer. Disraeli was a statesman who achieved considerable reputation as a novelist. Paderewski turned for awhile from music to several years of statesmanship. But the number is very few who were equally great in widely separated spheres. Fridtjof Nansen belongs to this galaxy. Twenty- five years ago his fame as an arctic explorer was on everybody's lips; today he is heralded as one of the great statesmen and pro- tagonists of international goodwill.

At first thought it would seem as though the two periods of his life had no remotest connection or bearing upon each other. This is not altogether true. In more than one direction the years of arctic exploration were a preparation for the peculiar tasks he was to perform as a statesman. These tasks were to re- quire indomitable will, unexampled courage and untiring per- severance through great odds. I am writing here only of his achievements as a statesman but it is well to review in a word those preparatory years.

20

Ss has it been the lot of any man to achieve fame in two �[Page 21]FRIDTJOF NANSEN 21

His first great feat was the crossing of Greenland on skis. He had been to Greenland once and for years could not rid him- self of the desire to cross its great, icy unexplored regions. He thought it could be done on skis, but no one shared his views. His friends thought he was mad when he broached the idea to them. He could not interest his government—he was curator of the Museum at Bergen at the time—and it refused him aid. Finally he persuaded a Dane, Augustine Gamel, to provide a small sum, and found five intrepid youths willing to follow him. They started from the east coast so the winds would be behind them. It was a terrible experience—twenty-eight days to the top of the island, dragging their sledges, with the winds howling and the temperature 4o degrees below zero. Fingers were frozen, sometimes lips frozen together, pain sometimes intolerable, he tells us. They were seventy days crossing the island and the hard- ships endured are almost unbelievable. The feat put Nansen’s name as a daring explorer before the world, but I tell ic here as an illustration of an indomitable will later to be turned to other fields of exploration, such as the (to others) chimerical task of repatriating the hundreds of thousands of prisoners left in foreign lands at the close of the war.

Nansen was only twenty-eight years old at this time and found himself a world-hero. He was appointed curator of the Museum of Comparative Anatomy at the University of Christiania Cnow Oslo). While here he formed a theory based on his obser- vation of driftwood floating along the shores of Greenland that a current of water was flowing from Siberia westward which must pass directly over the Pole. If one could only build a boat that would resist the ice pressure, one had only to sit still in her and be drifted to the Pole. The boat should be so constructed that it would ride the ice, and thus frozen in, be carried on the ice floes across the Pole. The idea was received with much scepticism in spite of Nansen’s previous success. Nobody believed in his current, in his boat or in the possibility of his ever getting back. But again he would not be discouraged. He spent three years calling on everybody he could get access to, raising $120,000 and �[Page 22]22 WORLD UNITY MAGAZINE

as he got a dollar put it into his strange boat the Fram. He worked on it with his own hands. The Fram entered the ice on September 20, 1893—and a young man named Amundsen was among her crew. The ship behaved as he expected but he found that the current, while flowing as he anticipated, was going to carry them 300 miles south of the Pole. He became desperate and in spite of every prospect of never returning home, he took one willing companion and three dog sledges and headed for the Pole. They did not quite reach the Pole but got ‘‘Farthest North”’ before they had to turn back. The story of the terrible trip home is graphically told in the book ‘‘Farthest North'’—one of the great classics of adventure. He was now Norway's greatest son and a world-hero. Again it was training in the achievements of the impossible which he greatly needed for the impossibles achieved in later years.

Professor Nansen's first adventure into the field of states- manship occurred in 1905. The problem of the peaceful dissolu- tion of Norway and Sweden was before the world. The accom- plishment of this great step was beset with many difficulties at home and was not altogether understood by the other nations. Professor Nansen threw himself, with his deep convictions and prestige into the task of interpretation, both to the Norwegians themselves and to the outside world. He visited England and presented the case of Norway. He made a deep impression on England both by his personality and by his utter frankness. After Norway had become a nation he was appointed the first Minister of Norway to England. During the first years of the separation, whenever delicate questions arose between Norway and Sweden, he always played a prominent part in the ‘‘peace- making."’

From 1908 on, during the period of the war he was Professor of Oceanography at the University of Christiania, but when a delicate question arose between Norway and the United States, as to whether food sent to Norway might not find its way into Germany, he hurried to Washington to present Norway's case. Here again he was successful and won the confidence of our gov- �[Page 23]FRIDTJOF NANSEN 23

ernment. Even during the progress of the war he began to worry over the treatment of prisoners. Prisoners of war often fare worse than the soldiers wounded on the field. Their lot is very pitiable even where governments are not intentionally cruel. (If one wants a vivid picture of their terrible lot let him read the recent novel ‘The Case of Sergeant Grischa’’ by Arnold Zweig.)

Governments are frantic, passions are running high, it is natural to take it out on the prisoners, everybody is too busy waging the war to devote much attention to the prisoners. Their sad lot moved this great-hearted Norseman, and even before he undertook his great task of repatriation, he pondered much over their suffering. When the Peace Conference came he was naturally chosen as Norway's representative and did everything he could toward a just settlement of all claims.

The chief outcome of the Conference, The League of Nations, won his admiration and devotion. Imperfect as its machinery might be, faulty and hesitating as its operations might be, he saw in it the only real hope for permanent peace. Not only was it the first great experiment in the community life of nations— and he was always interested in experiments and new adventures— but it would afford an opportunity for nations acting together to do great humanitarian tasks no government acting alone could perform. He gave his whole-hearted support to it and was the first delegate from Norway to the League.

The moment the League was constituted it found a Hercu- lean task facing it, namely, the repatriation of the prisoners of war. These prisoners numbered hundreds of thousands, most of them in Russia. To quote Mr. Francis Hackett: ‘‘They included villagers, simple people whom the tidal wave had swept up as wreckage. No care was possible for these prisoners of war. They lived in a misery hardly to be believed. Their clothes had rotted, their habits had become debased, their minds benumbed, their feelings verging on madness and despair. All of them had been at least three years interned, some as long as six years. Russia said that nothing could be done for them and that two hundred thousand must be allowed to die in the winter of 1920-1921." �[Page 24]24 WORLD UNITY MAGAZINE

The League felt that something must be done. Russia could not support them for she could not care for her own people; Germany had no way of getting them home. The League had no immense sum such as would be necessary for the vast undertaking. There - was only one man to do it and that was the doer of impossibles— Nansen. Without money in sight and with no machinery set up and, at that time no offer of cooperation from governments, Nansen undertook the task. It called for great faith in humanity and for courage greater than arctic explorations call for. Yet there is no doubt that the spice of adventure in it appealed to Nansen.

The story of this undertaking, one of the most heroic in all history as well as one of the most merciful acts of man, is known to all. It is to be hoped that some day Dr. Nansen will write a book telling the whole story. It is as full of dramatic incident as the voyage Farthest North. He had first to get the consent and cooperation of the Soviet Government. This was not easy but he went straight to them and won them over by showing them how it was not only a great humanitarian act but would greatly react to their own standing in the eyes of the world. He had no money and had to beg and borrow $1,500,000. He had to negotiate with railroads, and when there were no steamships to be had, find them. In the end, with the help of the Red Cross he had restored 427,386 German and Austrian prisoners to their homes. Probably no man living, unless it be Mr. Hoover, is remembered daily by so many thousands for the saving of their lives. I cannot for- bear quoting here the tribute to Nansen offered by the delegate from Belgium in the Third Assembly of the League at the con- clusion of the great task:

‘“Dr. Nansen, to whose active love of humanity no appeal is ever made in vain, accepted this heavy responsibility. At that time many experienced men considered him rash; the work was so immense and the resources almost non-existent. The most op- timistic considered that part only of the soldiers could be re- patriated and that even this would take many years and would only be achieved at enormous cost. On July 1 (1922) Dr. Nansen �[Page 25]FRIDTJOF NANSEN 25

had completed this repatriation and the funds placed at his disposal had not exceeded 400,000 pounds. Everything was lack- ing, but Nansen’s fertile genius improvised all. There were no ships, and the transport crisis was at its height; Nansen found ships. The mistrust of the Soviet Government had to be sur- mounted, and Nansen secured its goodwill. The International Committee for Relief Credits could only furnish limited sums— less than one pound. for each life saved, and that only in the form of loans. Nansen secured so much help, so much goodwill, so much cooperation, that mere lack of money could not stop him.”’

This task finished—even before it was finished—other tasks awaited him. It is hard to tell sometimes whether the League asked him as the inevitable man to perform them or whether he goaded the League into permitting him to attempt tasks that baffled them. It is generally believed that the initiative came from him. In Geneva I have heard more than one man say that the League always looked frightened when Nansen appeared, knowing that new troubles awaited them, and it is true that dur- ing the years 1920 to 1927 he gave neither the League nor the governments any peace. It is a good thing he urged them on, for it has been just such pieces of work as he compelled the League to undertake that have won confidence in it from many in Europe and more in America.

To finish my story,—for the succeeding tasks need only to be catalogued, calling as they did for the same high courage, springing as did the repatriation out of a great love for suffering humanity—hardly had he got the prisoners home than he went off to Russia to help feed the thousands of starving ones. He called on all Europe for food and saved many lives. Meantime there were thousands of Russian refugees scattered all over Europe and he made the League give him a roving commission to find homes for these people. I once heard him tell the story of how he broke up the horrible refugee camp in Constantinople and found homes for these refugees in the Balkan States. As Mr. Stanley Frost once observed of this incident: “‘The story makes a little ching like reaching the North Pole seem simple and easy.'’— �[Page 26]26 WORLD UNITY MAGAZINE

Having finished this task the League set him to work to care for the million people driven out of Asia Minor and dumped on to the shores of Greece. Here was a2 superhuman task. Greece her- self was poverty-stricken, she had only a population of 4,500,000, to assimilate 1,500,000. Again Nansen ran all over the world, coming even to America to find money for this task. It has been a wonderful success. (Qur own Mr. Morgenthau had no small part in this remarkable achievement.) Since then he has turned his attention to Armenia and by voice and pen has been interesting Christendom in the unceasing sufferings of these people.

The awarding of the Nobel Peace Prize to Nansen in 1922 was a sort of inevitable thing. It was like a crown coming to a prince by hereditary right. Not only the Committee on Award chose him to receive the Prize but all the world voted it to him by acclamation. The fundamental thesis of his life has been that peace will ultimately come only to people of goodwill. As he said in his Nobel Prize Oration: ‘Disarmament of the mind is more important than the disarmament of nations and must pre- cede it."’ All his work during the ten years since the war has been devoted to this disarmament of the mind and the fostering of goodwill. Every deed of mercy, every act of charity, every help- ful gesture, has always had back of it the yearning desire to make people understand each other, have goodwill toward each other and realize the solidarity and unity of all mankind. He gave utterance to the same thought in the remarkable address delivered in New York at the dinner which The Universal Re- ligious Peace Conference tendered him upon his visit to America in February, 1929. He said: ‘We have to stop armament or com- petition of armaments, for that leads to war, but still more im- portant perhaps, than even the disarmament of navies and armies and aircraft, is the disarmament of the human mind, the dis- armament of the sou! of the people and to create a new opinion, a new morality amongst men."’ This feeling 1s the inspiration of all his works of mercy.

But no one has been more actively engaged than Dr. Ninsen in the direct attack upon the institution of war and the building �[Page 27]FRIDTJOF NANSEN 27

up of machinery which shall be substituted for war. In giving practical expression to the growing feeling of goodwill again, in this New York address, he emphasized the fact chat while we should work at disarmament the great necessity now was to bring about a complete change of the ways of international thinking. We must give the coming generation new ideals, and we must also show them the absurdity of war. There is one paragraph in this New York address which is so strong that I quote it here:

‘*All these things of which I have told you here are directly or indirectly the aftermath of war. I have talked of them tonight because I want to show you why I am so ardently, so passionately against war. That brings me back to what I said in the beginning, the shamefulness, the absurdity, the criminal folly of war. We need not have war unless we wish to. War is not the catastrophe of nature; it is simply a result of human will. It depends on our own free will whether we will have war or not. Can we really imagine anything more perfectly wicked, more outrageous, more absurd, than that grown-up intelligent, responsible people who ought to know what they are doing, of their own free will and with their eyes open decide to destroy and kill each other, and they start to murder and massacre and, if possible, exterminate each other by means of every devilish invention in their power and with assistance of the scientists and best brains start to destroy in a few hours or days perhaps, what it has cost laborious work of generations to build up for the benefit of humanity?”

Finally, may I append one great paragraph from the Nobel Peace Prize Oration—how superbly he brings out the dread alternative of peace—‘'Barbarism’’—unless something is done and done quickly:

‘“Surely we have received proof as never before that war secures no good ends even for the side that wins. War is and will ever be negative, destructive; it can never bring aught but evil in its train. And yet, ‘1 spite of everything, you have blind, mis- guided people going about today and talking of ‘the next war,’ the next great trial of strength, though they must know it will mean the end, the final destruction, the inevitable doom of Eu- �[Page 28]28 WORLD UNITY MAGAZINE

rope. We are on the road back to barbarism. Anyone who has traveled throughout Thrace and seen the whole population out on the roads with their property must inevitably feel himself back again in the days of the great migrations. . . . What hu- manity needs now is self-sacrificing active altruism which is able not only to give, but also to give up. . . . And when I look around me for the means to bring about this end I confess that I see no hope of saving the situation anywhere except in the League of Nations. It alone gives us reason to hope. Should it fail in its great task, then I should feel that the last hope was ex- tinguished indeed. But I do not believe it will fail. I believe that it can be reinforced by the united strength of all, that we can more and more strengthen the real spirit of international solidar- ity in it, chat we can make it more and more what it is intended to be: the parliament and organ of the United States of Humanity.’ �[Page 29]QYEXZOGRE OND ODLEND

Seen enceaneeeee emer SSe SASS na R TRRO

THE QUEST OF WORLD PEACE by ,

Dexter PERKINS Department of Histery and Government, University of Rochester

I. THE WORK OF THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS

While a decade is a brief period in the life of any institu-

tion, and does not afford the materials for too confident

generalization as to the future, it is none the less long enough to make possible some reasonably sound analysis as to the place which such a ‘new '.agency as the League has come to occupy in our contemporary international society. Such an analysis, moreover, ought to be of interest to every friend of international peace and international cooperation. For whatever else may be said with regard to the League, it is fairly obvious that ic marks the most ambitious and far-reaching atrempt to Create agencies of international action that has ever been at- tempted. Whether one judges it as a brilliant success or as a failure, it is at least certain that no political mechanism has ever been devised that has had larger purposes in view. To study its actual operation is to study a great experiment, an experiment in which any student of social institutions, and any friend of inter- national progress must almost inevitably be interested.

The experience of ten years has most certainly refuted some of the objections to the League which were offered in 1919 and 1920. It used to be said at that time that the League was a League of victors. Today no such contention is possible. Of the states defeated in the Great War, all but one, Turkey, are members of the Geneva institution. Austria, Hungary, Bulgaria and Germany, have all taken their places in the meetings of the Assembly.

29

T League of Nations is approaching its tenth anniversary. �[Page 30]30 WORLD UNITY MAGAZINE

Germany holds a permanent seat, and plays an outstanding rdle, in the deliberations of the Council. The charge of exclusiveness that might have been brought against the League in 1920 is cer- tainly no longer true.

Nor can it be argued that the League is an exclusively European institution, as was sometimes said in the debates of 1919 and 1920. Of the states of Latin-America, only Brazil, Mexico and Ecuador are not represented at Geneva, and at more than one session of the Assembly a Latin-American representative has presided. The great states of the East, Japan, China, and Siam, are all represented. The British Dom‘~ ‘ons have their place. While it is unfortunately true that the League has not yet attained a universal character, while two of the most important political units in the world, the United States and Russia, are not members, it would be an inaccurate view indeed which assumed that the activities of the Geneva institution were exclusively European.

The fears of many persons in 1919 and 1920 that a dangerous sort of super-state would come into existence at Geneva have also been refuted by the actual course of events. The constitution of the League, the famous Covenant, provided explicitly at the outset that decisions on all important questions, barring matters of procedure, should be taken by unanimity. This important principle effectually prevents any very marked tendency toward centralization. While, no doubt, in many instances, minorities may yield to majorities in order to bring about the necessary accord, it is possible for any state, should it deem its vital in- terests concerned, to prevent an agreement from being reached. The notion that an instrument of tyranny or domination might be forged from the Covenant has been proven to be fantastically untrue. The League does not impose its decisions, after the manner of a political state; it attains its results through cooperation, through moral pressure, and through the appeal to public opinion. Its machinery of coercion, as we shall see later, can hardly be said to have been applied at all. The bringing about of common accord, not the enforcement of the decisions of a gtoup of in- fluential members, has been the method of its political action. �[Page 31]THE WORK OF THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS 3%

And from this point of view its usefulness is hardly to be denied. There were those in 1919 and 1920 who confidently pre- dicted the speedy demise of the Geneva institution. American provincials, hypnotized by the results of an American presidential election, calmly assumed that without the support of the United States, the League could not survive at all. Today it is established securely in world public opinion. While it may be subjected to severe stresses and strains, while it is even imaginable that it might be wrecked in a new European holocaust, its continued existence for a long time to come is to be regarded as fairly certain. Indeed, to paraphrase the famous phrase of Voltaire, if there were no Teague today. it would be necessary to invent one.

It is as an agency of contact in an atmosphere particularly friendly to international accord that the League performs its most undoubted service. Since the bad old days of 1914, when frantic diplomats telegraphed back and forth to one another in a blind and ill-disciplined effort to prevent the outbreak of war, a better international method has been developed for dealing with great questions of policy. It is not an absolutely novel method; indeed it was tried for a while after the Napoleonic wars. It is the method of diplomacy by personal contact, instead of by written com- munication. And, judged by its results, this method has been extremely successful. The prospects of reasonable accord are heightened when statesmen sit down together face to face and with an eye to their great international as well as national re- sponsibilities, thresh out a vexed question in the free exchanges of personal discussion. Such a method, no doubt, may be abused; and it may sometimes fail to function. But it is a great its Ww.- ment on the old system, and marks very decided progress.

The existence of the League facilitates this diplomacy by personal conference. Once a year the League Assembly meets at Geneva. And to this meeting, as everybody knows, come the leaders of world public opinion. Not obscure clerks from the recesses of foreign chancelleries, but prime ministers and foreign ministers, gather for common action. In the speeches of Ramsay MacDonald and Aristide Briand and Gustav Stresemann at the �[Page 32]32 “VORLD UNITY MAGAZINE

last meeting of the Assembly, the whole world has had testimony, not only to the importance which such eminent political leaders attach to the League, but also to the stimulus to the international spirit which the existence of such an institution provides.

And in addition to the Assembly, in which all the states members of the League are represented, there is also the Council. This body now consists of five permanent members, and nine non- permanent members, elected by the Assembly for a term of three years. It deals with a vast variety of questions which relate to the activities of the League, and prepares the way for the annual session of the Assembly. It had met no less than fifty-three times down to the end of 1928. Here, then, is an opportunity for an even closer contact than that provided by the larger body. In the development of the spirit of international cooperation, the Council of the League plays an undeniably important part.

The Council, it should be observed, is a peripatetic body. Its sessions are held in various capitals, not at all inevitably at Geneva. The Assembly, on the other hand, always meets at the League capital. And it has often been observed that the effect of sO meeting is a thing not to be minimized in connection with the whole movement of international cooperation. There is some- thing about the atmosphere of Geneva that undoubtedly affects the character of negotiations undertaken there. It is impossible completely to escape the operation of the international spirit. The speeches which MacDonald and Stresemann and Briand delivered there have a different ring than those delivered in. national parliaments. Statesmen the most realistic and practical . become aware of the genuine existence of an international com- munity, and face the problems put before them in this spirit. And in the case of the last Assembly, it is not fantastic to assume that the imminence of the League meeting was a powerful factor in bringing about a final compromise of the unhappy wrangling over reparations that had been going on at the Hague. To go to Geneva with such questions unsettled, or with international tension increased rather than diminished, would have been im- possible. �[Page 33]THE WORK OF THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS 33

As an agency of contact alone, then, the League has played a distinctly valuable réle. Its existence facilitates the common understanding that comes through friendly personal associations. Such statesmen as Stresemann and Eduard Benes, the brilliant young foreign minister of Czecho-Slovakia, have even gone so far as to say that, from this point of view alone, the League, had it existed, might have preverted the catastrophe of 1914.

But the work of the League does not stop at this point, by any means. The Geneva institution has facilitated the actual settlement of many threatening disputes that might have led to war; it has provided machinery for the protection of the rights of minorities; ic has set up new mechanism for dealing with the simpler peoples of the world; it has promoted the establishment of an ingernational Court, and the development of other agencies for the practical expression of the peace spirit. Any one of these phases of its activities would deserve an article in itself; and to the first of them, the solution of actual disputes, I shall turn in my next article. �[Page 34]QYXKZODRZONDLLODLY LO

NATIONALISM AND INTERNATIONALISM

by HERBERT ApamMs GIBBONS Hiforian

I.—NATIONALISM BEFORE 1789

onsciousNEss Of a solidarity of privileges and obligations

with all others living under the same political unit

should be the logical definition of nationalism. But

such a definition assumes that ‘‘political unic’’ and *‘na-

tion’’ are one and the same thing. In New World countries, whose

history dates from 1789, the nation and political unit may be

identical. In Europe and Asia, with their heritage of centuries

of history constantly changing frontiers, what constitutes a

nation is as difficult to determine in the twentieth century as it

was in the eighteenth. That is why nationalism, as it is com-

monly understood, has often proved disruptive to the political unit.

The historian, therefore, and not the psychologist or the sociologist, is the specialist to be consulted first in the study of nationalism. Your psychologist would be likely to explain nationalism in terms of the mob. Ask the sociologist, and he will trace the evolution of society as it has banded itself together for mutual protection and prosperity, considering all stages as inspired by the same motives—to him nationalism is the term to use when the group becomes large. The historian thinks immediately of the many kinds of nationalism there are, of the different ways in which the adjective ‘‘national’’ can be used, and his method of telling about nationalism is to give an historical interpreta- tion of conceptions of what constitutes a nation.

Originally, as is evident from the etymology, a nation 34 �[Page 35]—-"

NATIONALISM BEFORE 1789 35

meant an ethnic family. One was born into membership in a nation by being born of a certain racial stock. At one time all the inhabitants of a given region were of the:same stock, spoke the same language, and had the same religious and cultural background. In the course of time they grew in numbers and were either scattered by their own migratory instinct or lust for con- quest or through the invasion of their country by a race stronger than themselves. Both conquerors and conquered kept the ethnic conception of nationality.

Identifying race with nation, to which you belong by right of blood, has, of course, persisted to the present time; and in the course of these chapters we shall speak of Irredentism, Zionism, Hellenism, and other twentieth century ethnic manifestations of nationalism. But in modern times—and here is the important distinction between national and nation in the old sense and the new—in modern times, geographical limits rather than blood, or fully as much as blood, began to determine where one’s social interests lay. A nation began to mean people living in a fixed territory, under one political sovereignty, allegiance to which they accepted. That is the nation of the present day, as interna- tional law and diplomatic usage understand it. Nation, national, nationality, nationalism, all refer, juridically, to people living within fixed boundaries, recognized as fixed by the nations they limit and the world at large. It makes no difference what racial stock they belong to. People living within these definite political frontiers are supposed to have some social reason for being to- gether. From the fact of the place of their residence they are assumed to have accepted a common sovereignty, and to be living under that sovereignty loyally, sharing whatever privileges or obligations it implies.

When did nations, in the modern sense of the word, arise in Europe? Only when wholesale migrations of races ceased. That is easily seen. Present-day European nationalism, of what- ever form, was impossible in ancient or medieval times.

The first great unifying force in Europe was the Roman Empire, which spread its political control, as Europe of the �[Page 36]36 WORLD UNITY MAGAZINE

twentieth century has done, to North Africa and the Near East. The Roman Empire imposed its sovereignty upon all the peoples within reach of its armies. No effort was made, beyond the limits of the Italian peninsula, to amalgamate these peoples and organize them for common interests during the heyday of the Empire. Roman citizenship, beyond the home of the conquering race, was a legal title, conferred by law and not a birthright. One was not a Roman because he lived in a certain definite place.

In the beginning of the Middle Ages races from the East swarmed over Europe, one horde after another, Tartars, Goths, Visigoths, Huns, and Arabs. Scandinavians came down from the North. Angles and Saxons moved into England. Normans and Franks came to France. Lombards crossed the Alps into North Italy.

The migratory races were nations (in the ethnic sense of the word) on the march. The older races among whom they came, whose sovereignty they destroyed, and with whom they amal- gamated, did possess regional nationhood. But it was only within very narrow limits. The conception of a nation, in the modern sense, began only when the migration of races ceased, and Europe was no longer at the mercy of nomadic tribes. Then common racial characteristics and common languages spread over a large extent of territory, began to develop, and increasingly larger units became aware of common social and material interests.

The first step in nationalism was the growth of the feeling of belonging to the land, which took generations. When a man could say: ‘*This is my own, my native land,"’ and believe that if he were driven from it he could no more live than a fish could live out of water, the first step in building a nation had been taken. The native stock thus created developed common racial characteristics because of inter-marriage and because of the language born of constant contact of dialects. It was the transi- tion from nomadic to static. Nomads ceased wandering, settled definitely, and remained where they were. In the course of this long process earlier static populations were either exterminated or amalgamated. �[Page 37]NATIONALISM BEFORE 1789 37

As the result of the transition from nomadic to static, es- pecially where the earlier settled races were not exterminated, the two basic factors in nationality existed immediately. Posses- sion of the land by right of conquest passed from father to son. The ruling race retained the ethnic conception of the nation for a long time. We have an example in the United States of this purely ethnic claim, which is a sign of youth, in the recent Nordic prop- aganda, which seems to infer that good citizens are only those of a certain ethnic stock, who have an inherited right to the country. Opposed to the ethnic conception of the nation, is the geographical conception, in which the conquered had to take refuge. They were born on the land, and, being native-born, they were automatically an integral part of the nation that was evolving.

So we have the two qualifications for belonging to a nation. Jus patris is blood birthright. Jus sols is birthright accruing from the place of birth.

International lawyers are interested in these two concep- tions because of their bearing upon citizenship. Most states recog- nize both bases for membership in the nation, but some lay greater stress upon droit de terre than droit de pire. France, for in- stance, claims every child born on French soil. For the child of foreign-born parents to escape French nationality, a definite act of renunciation on reaching majority is required. This privilege is accorded only the children of foreign-born parents. A man may be himself a foreigner, having renounced his French citizenship, but if he is not foreign-born, no matter what his nationality, his offspring, if born on French soil, is irrevocably French. It is the same with other nations in which military service is obligatory.

The droit de terre has been tested over and over again in Amer- ican courts. Chinese and Japanese are barred from becoming citi- zens of the United States. But their children, born under the American flag, are Americans. No matter what the racial origin, the child born in the United States is an American. Racial stock or the juridical position of parents do not transcend the ‘‘right of the soil.” �[Page 38]38 WORLD UNITY MAGAZINE

The historian, on the other hand, sees in the double basis of nationality the source of confusion and of troubles, which have provoked wars in the past and may do so again in the future. Because one can regard a nation either in the ethnic or the geo- graphical sense, nationalism demands our most careful attention. It plays a large part in contemporary history. The peace settle- ment after the World War, which was supposed to take into account the exigencies of nationalism, may have been as reason- able a compromise as could have been expected. Some have contended with much earnestness that it was. For all that, as we shall see later, the same moot questions remained unsolved.

The French reconquered a little corner of Alsace in 1914, and held it throughout the whole period of the World War, as a sort of prop for French morale, while the fate of Alsace was still to be determined by the verdict of battles. The five years gave the French an opportunity to teach the children of Thann and Masevaux to regard France as their country. It was inter- esting to go to the schools and see how this was being done. Especially after the United States entered the war, I used to take distinguished visitors there in the course of the work to which I was assigned. I remember going to a school one day with an eminent Frenchman and an English officer. It happened that we went into a history class, taught by a French soldier in uniform. It did not take us long to see that he was a radical and anti- clerical. But he was for all chat fulfilling the French purpose of sowing the seed for the return to France, when he said, ‘‘The idea of nationality was born in Europe with the French Revolu- tion.’” My French friend could not contain himself. *‘ Nonsense, nonsense!"’ he cried; ‘“we had the idea of nationality long before that.’’ He jumped up and started to tell the children how France was a nation in the days of Joan of Arc.

The soldier was correct, from his point of view. He was teaching what he had been taught in the lay schools of France; and many modern historians support the contention that there was no sense of nationality before the French Revolution. It 1s seriously argued, in fact, that in order to study nationalism it is �[Page 39]NATIONALISM BEFORE 1789 39

a waste of time to go farther back than 1789. National move- ments, it is asserted, arose during the memorable years that followed the storming of the Bastille, and that the gospel of nationalism was spread over Europe by Napoleon's armies. Once I told this story to an American historian. He declared that the soldier had been right. Nationalism, he said, followed the be- ginning of the transformation of Europe through industrialism and was made possible by revolutionary changes in popular edu- cation and means of communication.

After the dissolution of the Roman Empire the Catholic Church was virtually the sole force for unity that Europe pos- sessed. This continued to be true throughout the Dark Ages. What was called the civilized world, before 400 A.D., had been for a period of from four to six centuries under the influence and domination of the Roman Empire. What existed after that as a world organization with an international influence? Only the Roman Church; and it continued to be so for over one thousand years. In the course of those centuries, the Church played an active part in all the conflicts between growing and changing European political organisms. Its missionaries were the pioneers in bringing light and culture and contact with the outside world to all parts of Central, Northern, and Western Europe. These missionaries were the first to go out to other continents, and they were largely the inspirers of what was done by lay explorers.

The existence of the schismatic Greek Church kept Eastern Europe outside the influence of the culcural and political forces that created modern European society. You can draw a line today from the Baltic Sea to the Adriatic, showing the limits of the Catholic Church's influence and sway. Until the agents of Na- poleon crossed that line, Eastern Europe did not gain a knowledge of and come into contact with the conception of the state that had been forming for centuries through the political experience of the rest of Europe. All the colonists who went to America for three centuries after Columbus came from west of the line, and were applying the Occidental European theories of the state in building up political institutions. �[Page 40]40 WORLD UNITY MAGAZINE

The Reformation put into the hands of secular states the responsibility for the maintenance of the existing social order and for the cultural Hfe of the country which had been for a thousand years the work of the Church. The attempts of the Church to reassert its authority completely changed in one hun- dred and fifty years the attitude of peoples toward peoples, of peoples toward rulers, of ruling classes toward rulers and, within another century, of even Catholic rulers toward the Pope.

Now I do not mean Reformation in the sense that many Protestants speak of it—as a religious movement, reviving and purifying the Christian faith. On its religious side the signifi- cance of the Reformation and its importance have been much exaggerated. It was not Luther's preaching that found him his powerful friends. The Hussite movement must not be interpreted as a sudden universal conversion of the Bohemians to ‘‘commun- ion in two kinds,’’ but as the finding of a leader and an occasion to challenge a foreign oppressor. The followers of Zwingli were more inspired by nationalist than by religious considerations. The great mind of the Reformation, Calvin, was a political genius. His theories for the government of the church that was to replace Rome are the foundation of the modern state, as we have it today. Calvin was the precursor of nationalism.

(To be continued) �[Page 41]

QYNZODRYE ONION ENO

MY INTERNATIONAL FAMILY

by MartHA Taytor Brown

Part 3

O TURN again to real trouble, I recall that two of my pupils were prisoners of war. Both served in the Austrian army. One was a Viennese. With echoes of “Wine, Woman and Song”’ in my mind from my own sojourn in Vienna,

I asked him if he missed wine very much in our prohibition land. He replied that though wine was always in his home, the family did not use it except for festivals, and that he was quite accustomed to water. He also surprised me by saying that he did not smoke, though his sister did.

‘I tell her,’ he said, ‘‘that she smokes, not because she likes it, but to show off. You know,"’ he continued, ‘‘that boys form the habit at about fourteen years, in order to assert their man- hood. I had another method of proving my manhood,”’ said this good-looking young giant. ‘If a boy questioned my manhood, I knocked him down. This was more effective and saved me the trouble of smoking a nasty weed which I did not like.”’

In a country where wine and tobacco are universally used, this independence of outlook and personal habits was striking.

This nice lad was captured by the Italians. He was taken to a prison camp for officers on an island—I think it was Capri.

‘Were you harshly treated?”’ I enquired.

‘‘We were most considerately treated, and had nothing to complain of except the deadly monotony. A visitor (I think he represented an American Student organization), once asked if there was anything we wanted. I replied that books were our greatest need, especially technical books, so that we could form

41 �[Page 42]42 WORLD UNITY MAGAZINE

classes for improvement. The lack of books was kindly made good, and I was asked to teach a class in accounting, as I was something of an expert in that line. Classes in many subjects soon made the camp hum with busy activity, and I believe that many a man left prison better prepared for earning his living than if he had not been captured."

The other prisoner of war was a young Czechoslovak. At the time war was declared\his country was known as Bohemia and it was considered by Vienna as an unruly and too indepen- dent portion of the Austrian Empire. This young man was drafted into the army to fight for a master regarded by him as oppressive. He said that the soldiers had so little food that they were weak from starvation, and that for some time before he was captured, the diet had consisted of one bowl of thin soup a day.

• • With bread, of course,’’ I said.

- ‘With absolutely nothing else,’’ he answered.

When the Russians took him prisoner he was emaciated and almost too weak to stand. He was put into a hospital and given nourishing food, and kind treatment by his enemies. While there, his only reading matter was a Russian newspaper, from which, and from the talk around him, he managed to gain a working knowledge of the Russian tongue.

On being discharged from the hospital, he was put into a gang of prisoners building a railroad. He found the hard physi- cal labor beyond his strength, and asked the authorities to give him office work instead. Let it be recorded to their credit that his plea was heeded, and he served them to their mutual satisfaction till the end of the war.

Meanwhile he was billeted on a peasant's family who treated him with kindness, sharing with him their food, their long, family sleeping-shelf and also their innumerable fleas. It was a pleasure to hear that both of my prisoners of war had been treated with humanity and consideration. Also, both of them faced their difficult experience with a cheerful philosophy which helped themselves and their jailers.

This delightful young Czechoslovak it was who used in a �[Page 43]MY INTERNATIONAL FAMILY 43

most amusing way, one of the idioms from a list I had given him. I had explained to him that to ‘crow over’’ a person meant to express pleasure in his defeat,—to triumph over him. I required my pupil to use the idioms I gave him in sentences, to prove that he understood their application. When he wrote for me as one of his sentences: ‘‘Amundsen crew over the North Pole,’’ I was puzzled and said to him:

‘I suppose you mean that Amundsen flew over the North Pole."’

‘*No,”’ he replied, ‘‘you told me that to ‘crow over’ means to triumph, and Amundsen triumphed over the North Pole.’’

I had to explain to him that the triumph must be of one human ove~ another and must be vocal.

I had another Czechoslovak who was more emotional than philosophical and she was the chief sufferer thereby. She had a very fine character, but into it an unkind fairy had put one black drop of gloom and heavy-heartedness. She had done stren- uous nursing service in a hospital near the front, where great responsibilities were laid upon her after but six weeks’ training.

‘The horrors you went through are shadowing your soul,”’ I said to her after one fit of weeping.

‘*Far from it,’’ she answered; ‘‘that is the only time in my life when I have really been happy, for I knew that I was needed.”

Remembering this dear, sad girl and the Hungarian woman before mentioned, and others who have bedewed me with their tears, I often think that some people seem made to be cried upon and that I am one of them. But when I inwardly rebel a little at so much dampness, I tell myself that moisture should result in _fruitfulness spiritually as well as materially, and that it is better to be damp than to be arid.

To continue this figure of speech, it may be claimed that productiveness is furthered by fertilizing as well as by watering. Now the most potent enrichment of the soil of the spirit is humor. It is the vehicle of wisdom as well as of laughter. It sweetens the spirit while it is training the character. Witness the rich store of folk tales, most of which convey a serious lesson at the same �[Page 44]44 WORLD UNITY MAGAZINE

time that they amuse. I have found a request for the narration of a folk tale a most effective exercise in English. The pupil loves to tell the stories dear to his childhood, and with my help when needed, this becomes a splendid exercise in English con- struction and vocabulary. The subject matter being in the pupil's mind, all his effort can be concentrated on the expression.

The following was told to me by a delightful Chinese lad of whom I was very fond. It illustrates how wisdom and humor are combined in the folk-tales of all countries, just as we are familiar with that form of entertainment in sop’s Fables. This is the Chinese story:

“‘A certain man decided to go on a journey, so he took a bag of rice and slung it over his shoulder for food on his travels. He had planned that the first stage of his journey should be by boat, so he went to the wharf, wher large crowd of travelers had collected. He was pushed and jc 2d until finally his bag was torn from his shoulder and its c 1 cents scattered upon the ground. The man was poor and could uot take the journey with- out the rice which he had provided. He cried out for someone to lend him a broom, but no one there had one. So he went to a nearby house to borrow one to sweep up the rice—and while he was gone the boat sailed away with all the people who had been waiting on the wharf excepting only himself. The man was in despair. He cried aloud, tore his hair and behaved like a mad- man. But, as he was watching the boat going down the river, he beheld it suddenly sink from sight. The passengers were thrown into the water, and, after a short struggle, they all were drowned. Thereupon the man, from the extravagance of woe, fell into an ecstasy of rejoicing that he had not succeeded in getting onto the boat. He shouted and danced and capered with all his might.

‘Now upon the wharf stood a huge tank of water which this foolish man had not noticed. He jumped so high in his joy at his escape that he fell into the tank and was drowned."

Is this not a neat and deliciously clever way to teach self- control and the avoidance of extremes? One can understand that the telling of this and similar tales to Chinese children for hun- �[Page 45]MY INTERNATIONAL FAMILY 45

dreds of years has contributed to making them the sensiole, balanced people they are.

I cannot resist telling one more which illustrates the folly of vain wishes without taking into account the consequences. A certain man was exceedingly fond of lichi-nuts. One day he went out to feast upon them, and as he could not gather them fast enough to satisfy his greediness, he was loud in his com- plaints chat they were so small.

‘‘I wish each nut was the size of a melon,”’ he cried. He picked nuts and ate them until he was tired, when he lay down under one of the nut trees to rest. He fell asleep as he lay on his back, and presently a lichi-nut dropped squarely upon his nose. He woke with a jump and cried out: *“Thank Heavem that a lichi-nut is not the size of a melon, or my nose would hive been crushed to a jelly.”’ |

It has been intensely interesting to discover that folk-tales the world over parallel or duplicate each other. When a Japanese pupil related to me the exact story we all know about the hare and the tortoise, I asked her at once if she had not read it in a translation from AZsop. She said that it was not so, hence I ain obliged to conclude either that the widely dissimilar races were struck by the opposite characteristics of these two animals and used them to point a moral and adorn a tale, or that Asop's stories have traveled by word of mouth more widely than we imagined. Possibly the oral communication of Greek influence was carried by Alexander's armies as far East as was their 1n- fluence on Chinese art, which is shown by the transformation of their Buddhas of that period into pseudo-Apollos. Evidence of this may be seen in their statuettes.

Ie would be interesting to know whether Alexander's sol- diers told AEsop’s fables around their camp-fires, and if they were overheard by Chinese followers and taken home to relate when resting on the family kang.

I think the most striking and really thrilling similarity of conception between two folk-tales was resemblance of idea rather than identity of detail. �[Page 46]46 WORLD UNITY MAGAZINE

A Japanese pupil related to me a semi-legendary incident in the life of a young prince. This beautiful and gifted young man was accustomed to go out at night to be alone with his thoughts and his adventures. It interested me to hear that because of the impropriety of leaving his retainers at home, he wore a veil to avoid recognition—the only instance I ever heard of a man’s taking the veil, even temporarily.

As he was crossing a bridge in the moonlight, he encountered a gigantic man, who challenged him to combat. This giant had a sword of magical power, while the prince's only means of defense was his flute, which he hastily pulled from his sash. Yet with this frail weapon, he fought and overcame the giant. It does not demand much imagination to recognize another ver- sion of David and Goliath, both stories expressing the magical potency of the idealism and enthusiasm of youth to overcome the forces of brute strength and materialism.

These are a few selections only from the many stories told me by twenty-three nationalities, which illustrate how funda- mentally alike are all races of mankind in their reactions to the experiences of life and the lessons they have learned therefrom.

Children are connoisseurs of stories and they care not from what country the tales come; all they ask is that the stories shall be good stories, dramatic, and suited to the case in hand. And their opinions on the subject are definite.

A charming Japanese lady presented herself one day for her lesson. I asked her for the daily story which she had been in the habit of getting from her four-year old daughter, who heard it in the American kindergarten each morning. Her eyes danced with merriment and a ripple of laughter broke from her as she explained.

‘*My little Chiono refused to tell me the story today. She said: ‘Mama, it is entirely too hard for you’.”’

This tiny daughter spoke English much more easily than her mother and her critical estimate of the mother’s command of enough English to set forth an unusually complicated plot wa; probably correct. At any rate, nothing would move her from her �[Page 47]Mi INTERNATIONAL FAMILY 47

position, and the busy mother, who had no time to look up her own story, had to come without one.

The Chinese lad referred to above was primed with tales of all sorts, of which store I was the glad beneficiary. He told me besides folk-tales, incidents in the lives of the emperors and philosophers, plots of old Chinese dramas, maxims, proverbs, etc. The first composition I asked him to write was about his family and home. It took-shape something in this wise:

‘“My father is a teacher of Confucius. He is poor and has eight children. He also has ten dependent relatives to take care of, so that altogether we are a family of twenty living in a small house. But mother has brought us children up never to quarrel; so the house does not seem so very small.”’

At the end of his description of the home he wrote:

‘Behind our house there is a vacuum."

‘*What do you mean by that word?’’ I asked, surprised that he knew it.

‘I mean that there is an open space with nothing in it,’ he replied.

‘*Not even air?’’ I questioned, and explained to the crest- fallen lad, who was pleased to have used this fine-sounding word, that we confine its use to a certain condition in the science of physics. This lad, the son of a scholar, was himself so studious that I feared for his health. I urged him to go about and see the interesting and artistic features of the town, telling him that if he sat and studied all the time, he would know nothing which he could tell about this country except the path from his room to the University.

One day he brought me a theme on ‘Public Libraries,’’ of which this is the opening sentence:

‘A Public Library is a place to keep beautiful, rare and mysterious books."’

• • Yes,’’ said I, ‘‘also books about the world we live in, the

lives of great men, and travelers’ descriptions of what they have seen.

But this was too practical and rather shocked his sense of �[Page 48]48 WORLD UNITY MAGAZINE

the awe and veneration in which we should hold the tools of learning. Can't you see those ‘‘beautiful, rare and mysterious books’ with covers of rich brocade and clasps of jade or ivory reposing in a dim temple-like apartment to which students repair as devotees to a shrine?

This lad and I were friends during his four years’ stay in this country; when he was on his way back to China, he showed his devotion by sending me a letter from every stopping place, all signed ‘‘your obedient pupil.’ The message that touched me most was one in which he said that when there was no way of mailing a letter to me, he was sending me ‘‘his un-worded heart."’ Was ever affection more exquisitely and poetically ex- pressed? Yet soon after his arrival in China, a silence fell between us, which I filled with anxious forebodings of misfortune-—per- haps even decapitation at the hands of Chinese hot-heads. But after a few weeks came the happy solution of the riddle.

‘I have joyful news for you,"’ he wrote. ‘‘I am now married with the sweet girl from whom I was parted for four long years."’

It also proves that in some cases there is a pre-nuptial ac- quaintance despite tradition and custom.

(To be continued) �[Page 49]EXD NOB DNL ODN IE:

30 - 20-3567

THE NEW HUMANITY

"Without edifices or rules or trustees or any argument, The institution of the dear tove of comrades’

Editec vy

Mary SIEGRIsT Aushor of “You That Come After,” otc.

MAKE THE WORLD

Oh, come, ye toilers of the earth, Ye who for masters sow and reap, Who make and dye, but have no cloth, Whose fruits are but the tears ye weep.

Come, ye who build but homeless are, Who are as cattle bought and sold,

Whose souls and bodies are but grist, Your children too, but ground to gold.

Oh, come, ye outcasts of the earth, And let us end the human night,

The priests and masters, yokes and lies, And build for love the world of light.

Oh, piteous procession, come, Yoke-bearers of the human night, And let's make the world a home, A fellowship of love and light. Georce D. HERRon

49 �[Page 50]WORLD UNITY MAGAZINE

TO EUGENE DEBS

Away with him! He utters the word ‘‘Love."’ Dark-eyed incendiary, madman forlorn, He dares to put humanity above Discretion. Better never have been born Than thus to have offended! Learn, good brother, That Love and Pity are forgotten fables Told by the drowsy years to one another With nothing in them to supply our tables. These are the days of hungry commonsense. Millions of men have died to bring these days; And more must die ere these good days go hence; For God moves still in most mysterious ways. Oh Debs, Debs, Debs, you are out-weighed, out-priced, These are the days of Caesar, not of Christ— And yet—suppose—when all was done and said There were a Resurrection from the Dead!

Joun Cowper Powys

HUNGER

The starving men they walk the dusk With hunger in their eyes.

To them a lighted house is like A lamp in Paradise.

It is the window in the dusk That marks the drifter’s coast, It is the thought of love and light That mocks the drifter most.

Now I have been a starving man And walked the winter dusk;

And I have known how life may be A heaven and a husk... . �[Page 51]THE NEW HUMANITY §1

The fainting hands they pulled my sleeve, And bade me curse the light,

But I had seen a rich man’s face That looked into the night.

A hungry face, a brother face, That stared into the gloom, And starved for life and starved for love Within a lighted room! Dana BurnetTr

I AM THE PEOPLE, THE MOB

I am the people—the mob—the crowd—the mass.

Do you know that all the great work of the world is done through me?

I am the workingman, the inventor, the maker of the world’s food and clothes.

I am the audience that witnesses history. The Napoleons come from me and the Lincolns. They die. And then I send forth more Napoleons and Lincolns.

I am the seed ground. I am a prairie that will stand for much plowing. Terrible storms pass over me. I forget. The best of me is sucked out and wasted. I forget. Everything but Death comes from me and makes me work and give up what I have, And I forget.

Sometimes I growl, shake myself and spatter a few red drops for history to remember. Then—I forget.

When I, the People, learn to remember, when I, the People, use the lessons of yesterday and no longer forget who robbed me last year, who played me for a fool—then there will be no speaker in all the world to say the name: ‘‘The People,’’ with any fleck of a sneer in his voice or any far-off smile of derision.

The mob—the crowd—the mass—will arrive then.

Cari SANDBURG �[Page 52]QEXEDOLE MOLE OOLENS

INTERNATIONALISM AND THE COMMON PEOPLE

by

Rev. Ricuarp LEE Ross Street Unitarian Church, Glasgow

NE reason why war has been able to overcome the forces of peace is that the organizers of war have been able to make a mass appeal to the common people. Both during the South African War and The Great War, the

British Government attached the utmost importance to capturing the mind of the average man.

Not only was the Press and the Pulpit enlisted in this work but every hoarding in the Kingdom was used to enforce the holiness and nobility of the war and its armies.

The voices of peace are not thus broadcast over the entire nation. It is pathetic to see the same groups of people attending meetings and lectures to hear the truths and learn the facts they know already.

An unconverted stranger in a peace meeting is a rare phenom- enon. Even when Lord Cecil goes to a city in order to organize opinion on behalf of the League of Nations, he speaks also to the converted or to a group of University students who move in a narrow and confined sphere. The newspapers, as a rule, give only an intermittent attention to the international movement.

Sometimes for interested reasons, they will become scared at the enormous expenditure on armaments and will call a halt. But the next moment they will agitate for some nationalist policy, which reinforces the propaganda of the militarist.

There is no systematic and continuous appeal on behalf of Peace and Internationalism to the masses of the people.

The realistic pictures on the film, such as ‘‘What Price Glory?”’ and ‘‘The Naval Battle of Falkland Islands’’ are seen by

$2 �[Page 53]INTERNATIONALISM AND THE COMMON PEOPLE % $3

millions and may frighten a few folks as to the dangers of the next war. But they do little to stir up the millions to the meaning of Internationalism.

It is said by some friends of peace that the cause will only appeal to the remnant, the cultured few through whom all reforms have come and will come.

I think this view is quite mistaken. If only the appeal is made, there will be a wonderful response.

War is not only an economic anachronism,—it is a psycho- logical absurdity. The statesmen, who plan war, never get at the real mind of the people. What is called popular support of the war is an artificial and unreal thing.

It no more represents the real mind of the people than if you were to drug a family with opium and take them, numbed and palsied by the drug, as normal human beings.

It is my aim to show in this brief article that the real mind of the common people is not nationalistic but humanistic and international. Then I want to suggest the development and extension of popular propaganda on behalf of peace between the Nations.

During the Boer War, nationalism was far more rampant than during the Great War. Dr. Walsh, then of Dundee (the author of The Moral Damage of War), was rudely attacked and had the windows of his house broken because he joined W. T. Stead's Stop-the-War Movement in 1900.

In the same town during 1914-1918 meetings on behalf of peace were held every Sunday in a public square with very little disorder. Dr. Walsh's work 14 years before bore fruit in the crea- tion of a considerable body of folk who held aloft the banner of peace during the Great War. Every Sunday afternoon from August 1914 to November 1918 there met in Albert Square a group of people preaching the futility of war and the principles of Inter- national Brotherhood. On that platform there was no word of bitterness uttered towards the German people. Peace by negotia- tion was declared to be the only true method of ending the war and making a lasting settlement. �[Page 54]$4 WORLD UNITY MAGAZINE

This international crusade met with a wonderful response from the generality of folk. It was owing to this open-air work that a few years later E. D. Morel was received in the hearts and minds of the Dundee electors and was elected M.P. by nearly 10,000 majority. Undoubtedly you had strong nationalists in the majority for a few years but the bold open-air message was delivered without let or hindrance and it won its way by the power of the truth.

After the Armistice, when Germany was starving owing to the Blockade, I wanted to send parcels to Berlin.

The first ten shillings I got by appealing to a chance crowd of workers at a street-corner.

The anti-German feeling was very strong, but the sense of humanity was stronger.

Some Jingoes threatened to storm the platform but the majority would not allow it.

The best way of getting at the mind of the people is to go without announcement and gather a crowd bit by bit, at a corner, where the common folk pass by. I have done this in Yorkshire, Lancashire, Northumberland, London, Edinburgh, Glasgow (hundreds of times), Fifeshire, — Lanarkshire, and many other places.

I have tested such crowds again and again with the gospel of internationalism. I have shown that Germans, French, Americans, Russians, Britons and all races are one in spirit, one in their origin and destiny.

The people are eager to listen and they receive the gospel gladly. They are eager to learn how we can unite with the men and women of other races in the rebuilding of the World.

Let me give another instance of the response of the man in the street to tlie message of reasonableness and amity.

There was a bye-election in Lancashire during the Great War. It was at a time when things looked ominous for the Allies. Feeling was very bitter. Lloyd George and the newspapers were crying out for a fight to a finish or a *‘knock-out blow."’ The anti- war candidate was in prison. He was dubbed an atheist all over �[Page 55]INTERNATIONALISM AND THE COMMON PEOPLE $5

the constituency. Even the peace supporters said we should not get a thousand votes. Our meetings were enthusiastic and orderly though only a fraction of the electorate would come indoors to hear the message.

We had to go to factory gates and on village greens.

But the result was amazing.

Our imprisoned candidate got 3,000 votes, won by the appeal to reason and common-sense.

From these and many other experiences I am convinced that the quickest way to converting the nations to the way of Inter- national Brotherhood is by persistent open-air campaigns. Millions of money are spent on educational work which appeals to limited groups. This work is duplicated, triplicated and quadruplicated.

The same people already converted are inundated with appeals and arguments addressed to the wrong quarter.

What then, should be done?

If I had the means, I would give up my church, buy a motor- caravan and go from town to town summer and winter pro- claiming the glorious message of world brotherhood and the futility of war. Such a campaign would affect directly thousands of persons every week. Indirectly tens of thousands would be affected.

The orthodox are narrow nationalists.

But two tramp preachers came the other day and preached Christian Internationalism. They were gladly welcomed even in midwinter at the street corners.

Carnegie wealth would have been better spent on the popular broadcasting of the message of Peace and Brotherhood.

The whole modern creation groaneth and travaileth in pain.

The world is waiting for the revelation of the Sons of God.

Let any man with a voice and message go out among the nations and proclaim it boldly.

The peoples ave waiting for the good news. �[Page 56]DERE OBR OA GSE DSLIERG)

DE RE RUSTICA Book Reviews

by C. F. ANsLEy

1TH the helm of other economists and with financial support from the Laura Spelman Rockefeller Memo- rial Foundation, Professor John D. Black, of Har- vard University, has prepared and published a study of agricultural reform in the United States—its history in recent years, its present status, and its possibilities in the future.’ The book is timely but not ephemeral, for, as Professor Black knows, there will be an insistent rural problem for decades, at best. Much will be said and written about the problem, no doubt, that could not be believed by one who had read this book. Large- scale farming by factory methods will continue to be a panacea to the journalist who will continue to apprise the farmer that there is no panacea. Professor Black, discussing such changes as the introduction of new machines, says: ‘‘But do these changes warrant the prediction that agricultural production will presently be organized into large factory-like units? Students of economics and agriculture without a single exception are convinced that the answer is, ‘No’."’ Possibly the chief difficulty in the agricultural . problem is to make the knowledge of these students effective in public policy. If we might realize that farming corporations can not provide what our cities need, we might be less zealous in driving from their one-family farms the farmers who have pro- vided it. Thereby we should weaken Spengler’s argument that our western Civilization is in a fated cycle and now can not help trusting to latifundia for what they have always failed to do. 1 John D. Black, Agricaltaral Reform in the United States. McGraw-Hill. $6 �[Page 57]DE RE RUSTICA : $7

If for no other reason than that this book suggests the in- stability of latifundia and whatever depends on them, it offers serv- ice to the nation. Year after year the Russian proletariat has been prophesying that its large-scale mechanized farms were to defeat the farmers of the villages and thereby make Russia pros- perous and powerful. Our Mr. Thomas Campbell, the Wheat King of Montana, was called to Russia to help in this work. In the United States, it was thought by some that he would be our Secretary of Agriculture. Because he is a symbol (‘‘— for instance, Mr. Campbell, of Montana —’’), he is worth Professor Black's attention and receives it. Mr. Campbell has not solved the agri- cultural problem, for Russia or the United States.

The report of the Secretary of Agriculture for 1928 men- tions an exception to the depopulation of rural regions by exodus:

• • Areas near industrial centers, on the other hand, showed an

increase in owner-operator farmers. This movement was most noticeable in the North Atlantic States, where many influences promote it. . . . Moreover, a small land-holding may con- tribute toward living expenses. But the output of such truck- gardening farms adds comparatively little to the Nation's com- mercial agricultural production."’

What is known as ‘‘the countermigration from the tall buildings to the farm"’ is not to business farming but to sub- sistence farming. It takes wives and children of wage-earners out of tall buildings, but does not take them so far from these buildings as to deprive the wage-earner of his city job. The money of the family comes from wages, not from farming. The security and the standard of living of the family are greatly improved by the family’s subsistence farming. A wage-earner who can not meet the expenses of a wife and children in the city can remove them to a suburban “‘truck-gardening farm’’ where his whole family can have a better living than he could have if he were unmarried and living in the city. The spread between what the business farmer receives and what the consumer pays is not a hardship to the subsistence farmer; it is an added induce- ment to his way of life. What his farm provides for the family �[Page 58]58 WORLD UNITY MAGAZINE

table is worth to him the full retail price and something more, for city markets can not compete in quality with home gardens.

The farming that is diseased chronically and possibly fatally is business farming—the farming that seeks money by selling what labor makes farm land yield. The exodus is from business farming, not from subsistence farming, which is robust and gain- ing. Subsistence farming receives no encouragement at all from the expensive agencies for farm relief. It needs no gelief, for it is not tributary to the market system. What the business farmer has gained to date from the counsel and aid provided for him is registered, with the other factors, in his present condition. What he is expected to gain is registered by the demand for farms and for securities of farming corporations as investments.

Exodus is not the only way out that the business farmer finds. Professor Black reports that *‘In a section recently studied in West Virginia, two-thirds of the income of those still living on the land was obtained from work in nearby factories.’’ Mr. Lewis F. Carr, who has had and used exceptional opportunities to understand conditions in many farming regions, says: ‘‘I can recall very few farmers of my acquaintance who live exclusively from the returns of their farms, or who, living by farming alone, are able to maintain a satisfactory standard of living or to keep their buildings and fences in proper repair. On a walking trip here in Ohio just the other day, I asked a farmer about things. He said that he and his family continued to work the farm, but that he made much of his money from working with his teams on the highways. He knew how to mix concrete and made good money in putting in culverts. Most farmers do similar work, or labor in saw mills or at carpentry. Other farmers own gasoline stations and roadside stands, which their families tend; some operate little stores in villages; some haul logs and sell the timber from their lands, as I found necessary.'’*

In such ways the business farmer who stays on the land escapes from business farming. As in Russia and elsewhere, the diversification that farmers are practising goes beyond the

® Lewis F. Carr, Amersce Challenged. Macmillan. �[Page 59]DE RE RUSTICA $9

diversified farming that is recommended to them. Like the city wage-earner with a subsistence farm, the business farmer is learn- ing to combine subsistence farming with work that makes money, rather than with business farming. He gains much by this, though his condition still compares unfavorably with that of the subsistence farmer near the city. He does not have access to what the city offers in professional services, recreation and edu- cation. He pays taxes on too much land. He might gain by leav- ing his burdensome acres and acquiring a smaller place near a city; but farm families are attached to their homes. Secretary Jardine said: ‘‘American farm people have always been more mobile than those of some other nations, although it is true that some of them are not mobile enough and cling to farm life under unsatisfactory conditions.’ It is only some of them that are not mobile enouga; about two million people have left the farms for the cities every year for at least seven years. What the rest will do remains to be seen.

The large-scale, factory-system farming that receives the applause and inspires the prophets of all the Abendland from Russia to the United States does not much impress either Pro- fessor Black or Mr. Ce _ who says: ‘‘Even in sections famous for their tremendous farms, the family farm is the rule; the large farms, according to Dr. Warren of Cornell, do not consti- tute one per cent of the acreage even in those states famous for them."’ The first difficulty encountered by farming corporations is in marketing their securities. In Russia the government has met the cost of equipment and upkeep of some factory-method farms, but the results of the experiments have been negative.

Professor Black’s book is the work of a scholar. Mr. Carr has had academic recognition, but his exceptional equipment results from experience in the field, as manager of farms in differ- ent parts of the country. In details the two books do not every- where agree, but the figures given by either author would not encourage investment in a farming business at this time. Mr. Carr's book is addressed to the general public and is far less com- prehensive than Professor Black's. �[Page 60]60 WORLD UNITY MAGAZINE

‘Town and Country,"’ by Elva E. Miller, is inspired by a faint hope that business farming may be saved. Like Henry C. Wallace,‘ the author was the editor of a farm paper and gave his last strength to writing a book that is essentially an appeal to urban business men to be merciful and charitable to their fellow citizens on farms. Both these books are able, based on thorough knowledge, and most skillful in their appeal. The two books should accomplish whatever may_be accomplished in their way, and it seems that further attempts of the kind need not be made. It has often been said that the farmer must work out his own problems; he is working them out, by exodus and by supplementary industries.

If it were the national will to devote the nation’s resources to giving the best possible opportunities to the largest possible number of people, ‘“The New Exploration,’’ by Benton Mac- Kaye,* would be a book of a national Bible; its author would be President, if not Dictator. The national will is otherwise; but the book will be approved by any reader of it who is inter- ested in a vision of the best that America might be or who likes American literature in the tradition of Emerson and Thoreau. Mr. MacKaye would plan the regions of our country as intelli- gently as leading cities are planning for themselves. In his think- ing as in ‘his language, what he has learned from his masters, Emerson and Thoreau, is what they sought to teach: he does not imitate or follow, but goes his own way. If best sellers were made by either substance or art, this book would be among them.

That rural neighborhoods, whatever their handicaps, may provide for themselves the best of schools and that the neighbor- hood school may contribute to prosperity and not diminish it, Denmark has proved. Mrs. John C. Campbell has studied the folk school in Denmark and in countries that have profited by Denmark's educational pioneering—Sweden, Norway and Fin- land. The folk school that she has established at Brasstown, North Carolina, has a chance to be the best influence in our time

• Elva E. Miller, Town and Country. The University of North Carolina Press.

«Henry C. Wallace, Our Debt and Duty to the Farmer. Century. § Benton MacKaye, The New Exploration. Harcourt, Brace. �[Page 61]DE RE RUSTICA 61

on life in rural America. If so promising a work were undertaken in another country or for another class of Americans, it would be promptly and generously supported by American philanthropy. If the John C. Campbell Folk School lacks such support, it may thrive nevertheless if it can hold the autonomy that Danish folk schools have held, and if it can recover or introduce an industry or industries that will enable its rural neighborhood to survive.

Mrs. Campbell's book, ‘“The Danish Folk School,’’* will explain to its readers what is done in Scandinavia and how it is done. That autonomous folk schools may do even more in Amer- ica is possible. Those who hope that rural America may progress and not be snuffed out should learn what Mrs. Campbell's school is doing and should read her book. She gives new evidence of what tends to be forgotten—that a small paminnsiity need not be an unacceptable place to live. Nazareth may do*as well as Jerusalem.

The fate of the rural neighborhood need not be determined by the fate of business farming. A chief service of an autonomous neighborhood school may be to inform of other possible neigh- borhood autonomies.

¢ Olive D. Campbell, The Denish Folk School. Macmillan.

hy) �[Page 62]ae 5, ee en ek

INSTITUTE OF WORLD UNITY

Summary of Lectures, Third Annual Season August, 1929

FOURFOLD contact with current international affairs was made by those who attended the sessions of the Institute of World Unity, the summer school established in 1927 by World Unity Foundation, held from August

fifth to thirtieth at Hyannis, Cape Cod. The interest and impor- tance of the lectures delivered at the Institute are sufficiently in- dicated by the names of the lecturers and their subjects: Parker T. H. Moon, Associate Professor of International Relations, Co- lumbia University, on ‘Imperialism and the Economic Founda- tion of War and Peace’’; Carleton J. H. Hayes, Professor of His- tory, Columbia University, on ‘‘Nationalism in its Relation to Internationalism’’; A. Eustace Haydon, Professor of Compara- tive Religion, University of Chicago, on ‘‘The Great Religions and the New Age’’; and Dexter Perkins, Professor of Government, University of Rochester, on ‘‘International Politics and the Quest for World Peace. Each subject was presented in five lectures, and further developed i in the course of the discussion which fol- lowed each address. The Institute in its third annual season, as in both previous years, made possible the presentation of vital information pertaining to the general subject of world order and cooperation, demonstrating in fact a new and highly creative relationship between scholarship and modern life. What seemed most apparent to all participating in these lectures was the vast reinforcement brought to the field of knowledge or culture, its essentially profounder stimulus to the individual, when scholar- ship seizes those direct contacts with the life af its own day too long abandoned to the politician, the industrialist, the financier or the emotional *‘reformer."’

62 �[Page 63]SUMMARY OF LECTURES, THIRD ANNUAL SEASON 63

The following summaries, even though extremely brief, will convey some of the conclusions and the general outlook of four leading American scholars who, pursuing different courses of study and investigation, agree in the conviction that interna- tionalism is the sole solution of the stupendous problems con- fronting humanity at this time.

IMPERIALISM AND THE ECONOMIC FOUNDATION OF WAR AND PEACE

The views presented by Dr. Moon were an elaboration and ‘proof of his introductory statement that our current political conceptions are a century or more behind our economic realities. Men today are compelled to live simultaneously in two conflict- ing worlds—the world of politics, with its methods and prin- ciples, its theories and forms gradually developed through long centuries of experience and crystallized about the time of the French Revolution—and the world of industry, which broke from the past with the development of technical sciences and equip- ment during the last hundred years. Thus, the world is composed politically of nearly seventy ‘‘sovereign’’ and ‘‘independent’’ nations, while economically it has become unified with the myriad processes created to fulfil mutually interdependent needs.

But politics and industry do not constitute two distinct, unrelated social orders. In actual operation, each continually interferes with and attempts to control the gther. Thus, on the one hand, the political states cripple the growth of industry by tariffs, while on the other hand, industry has attained an ‘‘im- perialism'’ powerful enough to impel the Western powers to adopt policies and take measures leading irresistibly to war.

Since the European war, the giant strides taken by industrial- ism are in the direction of internationalism. Exploitation of politically subject peoples is less profitable today than superiority in the production and distribution of goods. Large scale produc- tion demands profitable markets, and a profitable market implies a“people politically stable and economically active.

The swift rise of industry in these post-war years has made America the dominant world power. With the American people, �[Page 64]64 WORLD UNITY MAGAZINE

consequently, lies more and more the decision whether public policy is going the old way of struggle and competition, or the new way of cooperation for mutually advantageous ends.

NATIONALISM IN ITS RELATION TO INTERNATIONALISM

Dr. Hayes substituted the historical perspective for the emo- tional outlook of the average citizen in approaching the subject of the origins, nature and future development of the modern national state. For many people in all countries of the West, as he made clear, the national state has become a religion, an all- in-all and end in itself.

Though government has ever existed, the present nationalism emerged quite suddenly in the eighteenth century. At the outset it was thoroughly altruistic and humanitarian, the movement receiving the support of the most liberal minds. The impetus behind the movement was the need to abolish arbitrary class privileges and the authority of despots who frequently repre- sented foreign dynasties and had no organic, constructive rela- tionship with the people. Nationalism, in fact, represented one of the waves on the rising tide of democracy. Its triumph related men as citizens to their own people and their own structure of law.

It was the faith of eighteenth century humanitarians that the resule of nationalism and democracy would be to make war forever impossible and unnecessary—each nation, rid at last of dynastic problems, would be free and happy, cooperating with all other people for the common cause of humanity. On this wave the philosophy of the American republic was launched. The new spirit of nationalism was mainly responsible for the excesses of the French revolution and the destructive Napoleonic wars.

During the nineteenth century, nationalism appealed to the liberal and romantic. Endeavoring to improve the lot of the common man, the leaders of nationalism failed to control inter- national relations or to observe the outcome of such new civil institutions as compulsory military service, state controlled and state directed public education, the laissez-faire policy in eco- �[Page 65]v

SUMMARY OF LECTURES, THIRD ANNUAL SEASON 65

nomic development, and the re-action of wars undertaken in the cause of freedom and democracy.

Only now have liberals and humanitarians realized that in- ternationalism, rather than nationalism, is the ultimate basis and guarantee of the democratic principle. The result is that two ideals of nationalism are today struggling for supremacy—liberal nationalism striving to perfect the machinery of international cooperation, and narrow or “‘integral’’ nationalism which seeks to build up its own power and influence and resists every step taken in the direction of world community. We are not yet be- yond the possibility of another great international conflict: the issue will be determined by the extent to which the principles of internationalism become part of our common education during the next ten or twenty years.

THE GREAT RELIGIONS AND THE NEW AGE

For most people, the facts presented by Dr. Haydon revealed an unknown world. The effort of Chinese religions, religious leaders in India, in Islam, Judaism and Christianity to make adjustment to the new age of scientific knowledge and inter- n2iional communication, so immense are the materials required for study, so rapid has the process become, must even more than the fields of history and economics be left to the specialist.

In no part of the world is religion called upon to make such rapid readjustment as in China, where in a single generation the people are undergoing a complete transformation of the intellec- tual, political, social, economic and religious inheritance—a process for the West extended over more than a century. The young Chinese intellectuals, deriving from the traditional naturalistic world view of their race, are thoroughly at home in a humanistic, scientific naturalism. They have no “‘supernatural- ism"’ to throw off. The realm of modern science is one they can readily make their own. The so-called anti-religious movement witnessed recently in China was their repudiati. 1 of the super- natural elements introduced into China by foreign religions.

The moral and mental resources of China for a long time will �[Page 66]66 WORLD UNITY MAGAZINE

be fulfilled in the task of preventing the colossus of Western industrialism from crushing the land. Their ideal is to humanize industry while adapting jt to their local needs and conditions.

In India, the chief transformation to be undergone is that from deadening quietism to initiative and energy, without sac- rificing that inherent spiritual outlook which has characterized Hinduism for ages. The vision is being transferred from cosmic evolution to immediate social problems. India, like China, will not accept Western industrial methods without altering them by her own special contribution. At present, the ideal of po- litical liberty and nationalism is at the root of the Indian social program.

Centuries of hostility between Christianity and Islam make it difficult for the Westerner to enter sympathetically into the idealism of the religion of Muhammad. We cannot conceive of the logic of the Muhammadan’s view thai Islam is the heir of both Christianity and Judaism, the people chosen of God to carry the truth after both these earlier religions had failed.

Terrific blows have been struck at the pride of Islam during the last two generations. Muhammadans realize today that the greater part of their number live under foreign domination and control, and that their degradation is due to the \ack of modern scientific technic and equipment. The econoinic order which crystallized.on the basis of medieval agriculture, and the classical religious philosophy of their far-off golden age, are now dis- credited and repudiated. The power of the clergy has been de- stroyed. Education is being westernized, the teachings of Muham- mad are scrutinized to furnish the foundation for modernism. Though the Caliphate has been abolished, the future development of Islam is believed by many to be insured by a teaching which declares that truth is that which a majority agree upon. The great variety of peoples in Islam makes this, process of readjust- ment extremely significant.

The problem of Judaism on the other hand consists in main- taining itself in a world which tends to absorb the Jew and no longer shuts him up behind ghetto walls. Judaism is a religion �[Page 67]SUMMARY OF LECTURES, THIRD ANNUAL SEASON 67

of practice rather than of formal creed, and the practice is related to conditions existing many centuries ago. Liberal Judaism has come to resemble liberal Christianity—no influences are apparent capable of continuing Judaism indefinitely except the great point of common loyalty and effort newly found in the Zionist move- ment. The task of creating a Jewish commonwealth in Palestine can unite all elements in Judaism and galvanize them to new and greater vitality.

The western world is now eating the bitter fruit ripened by the refusal of Christianity to make adjustment to the new era of civilization that began with the Renaissance. Not since the fourteenth century has there been a synthesis of all phases of life in the unity of a religious ideal. Politics and industry have become independent forces, disrupting life in Christian lands.

INTERNATIONAL POLITICS AND THE QUEST FOR WORLD PEACE

The weakness of the peace movement in the United States, Dr. Perkins pointed out, is that Americans are imbued with strong peace sentiment but possess no matured and adequate technic for putting it into effect. The first requisite is exact knowledge of the working of those agencies already established.

Dr. Perkins’s lectures were consequently an analysis of the League of Nations, the Locarno and Kellogg treaties, the prob- lem of reduction of armaments, Pan-Americanism and the Monroe Doctrine, and the new political status of the Orient.

The accomplishments of the post-war years have been pro- foundly important, but peace cannot be said to have become the vital principle of civilization until a World Court has been es- tablished to whose decisions all nations will or must adhere. It may be that the final test of the present order will come from the tidal wave of Oriental nationalism, instigated by the too ruthless industrial invasion of the West.* H. H.

• The editors are pleased to state that most, if not all, of the lectures delivered at the Institute

this season will be published at greater length in World Unity Magazine during the next few months. �[Page 68]RYN ZOO OIONLODSLOZRO

WORLD UNITY CONFERENCES Under the Auspices of World Unity Foundation

The World Unity Conferences are a medium by which responsible leaders of opinion can convey their message to the public without restriction of race, class, nationality or creed. Upholding the @ideals of brotherhood found in all religious and ethical teachings, the Conferences strive to quicken the spiritual resources of the community by bringing upon one platform gifted speakers representing the universal outlook and capable of interpreting the meanings of the new age. World Unity Con- ferences are held at frequent intervals in cities of the United States and Canada, and this educational activity will be extended as soon as possible to Europe. A distinctive feature of the Conferences consists in the local World Unity Councils, composed of leading liberals, established in the various

cities to further the world unity ideal.

Program of Meetings—October, 1929—May, 1930

Cleveland, Ohio—October 20 to 24 Chicago, Ill.—November 10 to 24 Buffalo, N. Y.—December 1 to 5 Detroit, Mich.—January 19 to 23

Washington, D.C.—February 16 to 19 Baltimore, Md.—March g to 13 Pittsburgh, Pa.— April 6 to 10 Philadelphia, Pa.—May 4 to 8

Boston, Mass.—May 18 to 22

Rev. Joel B. Hayden Prof. W. G. Leutner Dr. Dilworth Lupton

68

WORLD UNITY COUNCILS

Bu ffalo

Mr. William Evans Rabbi Joseph L. Fink Mrs. Chauncy J. Hamlin

Chicago

Mrs. Ed. E. Dixon

S. John Duncan-Clark

Mr. F. C. Eiselen

Dr. G. George Fox

Dr. Charles W. S. Gilkey Professor A. Eustace Haydon Mrs. Edward S. Lowenthall

Cleveland

Parker Wright Meade Miss Ethel Parmenter Mr. Joseph Remenyi Rabbi Hillel Silver

Mrs. Judson Stewart Judge George S. Addams

Rev. Palfrey Perkins Dr. Augustus H. Sherrer Rev. Donald Tullis Miss Olive Williams

Miss Mary McDowell Rabbi Louis L. Mann Dr. Rowena Morse Mann Dr. Curtis W. Reese

Mrs. P. A. Spaulding Lorado Taft

Dr. Ernest F. Tittle

Dr. Henry Turner Bailey Dr. Dan Bradle

Mrs. Frances F. Bushea Mr. Dale S. Cole

Miss Linda A. Eastman Dr. A. Caswell Ellis Mrs. Royce D. Fry �[Page 69]WORLD UNITY CONFERENCES

Dr. Frank D. Adams, Chairman Mrs. Philamine Altman

Mrs. Wm. Alrord

Mrs. Carl B. Chamberlin

Dr. Frank Cody -

Dean W. L. Coffee

Mr. John Dancy

Mrs. Robert L. Davis

Rabbi Abraham J. Feldman,

. Chairman Miss Mary Bulkley Rev. Willis H. Buuler Mr. C. C. Heminway

Dr. Lawrence L. Doggett, Chairman

Rev. Fred Winslow Adams

Mr. William B. Belli

Mrs. W. J. Campbell

Miss.Mary Vida Clark

Dr. George Lawrence Parker, Gha .

Judge J B ber u ‘ason B. Bar Dr_-Robert Blyth

Miss Matilda Campbell Miss Olive Colton

Mr. Maurice Hutton, Chairman

Mr. Maurice Bucovetsky Mr. J. W. Bundy.

Rev. W. A. Cameron Dr. Trevor H. Davies Professor de Lury

Miss Hettie P. Anderson Dr. George F. Bowerman Senator ; Mr. Wm. Knowles Cooper

Dr. W. H. P. Faunce,

Hon. Chairman Mrs. John H. Wells, Chairman Dr. John L. A Mrs. James E. Cheeseman

Rev. David Rhys Williams,

Chairman Mr. Fran

Mrs. Helen Probst Abbott Rabbi Philip Bernstein

Mr. Thomas A. Bolling ° Miss Elizabeth Brooks

Detroit

Mrs. H. W. Dunklee Dr. Chester B. Emerson Rabbi Leo M. Franklin Mrs. Eric ton Gates Mrs. G. T. Hendrie Mr. Ralph C. McAfee Mrs. Charles M. Novac

Hartford

Mr. George C. Hubert Dr. John C. Jackson Rev. Richard H. McLaughlin Dr. A. B. Meredith Miss Ella E. Muir Spring field Miss Maude B. Corbett Rev. W. N. de Berry Rev. Owen Whitman Eames Mr. Carlos B. Ellis

Dr. James Gordon Gilkey Rev. Frank B. Fagerburg

Toledo

Mr. John D. Dun Mrs. F. L. Geddes Dr. John L. Keedey Rabbi Kornfield

Dr. R. Lincoln Long

Toronto

Mrs. Dunnington-Grubb

Dr. E. A. Bardy

Mr. J. W. Hopkins

Dr. James L. Hughes

Rabbi Ferdinand M. Isserman Dr. D. D. MacDonald

Mrs. J. Pat McGregor

Washington

Dr. H Grattan Doyle Dr. Mordecai Johnson Rev. Moses R. Lovell Mr. Allan B. McDaniel

Providence

Rev. Arthur W. Cleaves Mrs. George H. Crooker Professor L. M. Goodrich Rabbi Samuel M. Gup

Rochester

Mrs. Mary Thorn Lewis Gannett E. Gugelman

Dr. Raymon Kistler

Mr. Clement G. Lanni

Dr. Dexter Perkins

69

Re. Rev. Herman Page Dr. Morton Pearson

Dr. Augustus P. Reccord Mr. Jarvis Schermerhorn Mr. Adam Strohm

Mr. Lee M. Terrill

Mr. W. W. Wing

Mrs. R. P. Nason

Dr. Rockwell Harmon Potter Mrs. Milton Simon

Professor Edward L. Troxell Mr. Fred D. Wish

Mrs. Archer F. Leonard Mrs. Asel A. Packard Mn} sane Price

rs. h Pynchon Mrs. Robert E. Stebbins Mrs. Hilley C. Wellman

Mrs. George Lawrence Parker Mr. Grove Patterson

Mr. Harold C. Place

Miss Florence Sprague

Mrs. Robert J. West

Mr. Fred C. Meyer

Miss J. M. Norton

Yr. George C: Pidgeon Rev. C. V. Pulcher

Mrs. H. W. Price

Dr. J. R. P. Sclater

Mrs. Robert B. Thompson Mrs. F. C. Ward

Judge Marv O'Toole Dr. Jason } oble Pierce Rabbi Abrany Simon Mrs. Wm. Adams Slade

Rev. Richard McLaughlin Miss ‘1. S. Morriss

Mrs. . rank E. Peckham

Re. Rev. James de Wolf Perry Rev. O. S. P. Thompson

Dr. Justin Wroe Nixon Miss Helen W. Pomeroy Dr. Orlo J. Price

Mr. Harold W. Sanford Mr. LeRoy E. Snyder Mr. William F. Yust �[Page 70]NOTES AND ANNOUNCEMENTS

The serial articles— -veral of book length—to be published in World Unity during 1929-1930 will provide many vital contacts with the present inter- national situation. As briefly listed below, these articles deal with the psychological as well as material factors influencing society at this time.

The editors meanwhile desire to express appreciation to Frank Lloyd Wright, the architect, for his striking modernistic cover design used on this issue.

Of the new serials, four are begun this month: ‘A World Community” by John Herman Randall, containing the principles of the new international order; ‘‘Nationalism and Internation- alism’’ by Herbert Adams Gibbons, re- cording che larger political process of the last century; and ‘‘One Religion —Many Faiths’ by J. Tyssul Davis, presenting, vividly and succinctly, the fundamental value of each of the great religions.

In succeeding months World Unity has also the privilege of publishing: “The Quest for World Peace’’ by Dexter Perkins, examining the meaning and value of the peace agencies already set up; ‘Pagan Prayers’ compiled and edited by William Norman Guthrie, rector of St. Mark's, New York City, revealing the union of religion and poetry in the experience of all races; The Relation of Nationalism to In-

7O

ternationalism’’ by Carleton J. H. Hayes, professor of history, Columbia University, a new interpretation of the world’s present major social prob- lem; ‘‘Imperialism and the Economic Foundations of War and Peace’’ by Parker Thomas Moon, associate pro- fessor of international relations, Co- lumbia University, showing the con- flict between industry and politics; and important passages from ‘‘Current International Cooperation”’ by Manley O. Hudson, professor of international law, Harvard, lectures delivered at the University of Calcutta.

The November number of World Unity will inaugurate a new depart- ment East and West, dealing with the problem of the relations between Ori- ental and Occidental civilization. A luncheon under the auspices of several friends of the World Unity movement was held July 1 in San Francisco, dur- ing the sessions of the Conference on Social Work. Dr. Rudolph I. Coffee, Temple Sinai, Oakland, presided, and addresses were made by Mr. Paul U. Kellogg, editor of Survey Graphic, Hon. Chester A. Rowell, and representatives of the Chinese and Japanese races.

On july 23, a letter pledging their support to President Hoover's arma- ment reduction policy was sent to the White House over the signature of leading Cleveland residents—an action initiated by Mr. Thomas J. Holmes of the local World Unity Council. �[Page 71]WORLD UNITY

BOOK OF THE MONTH

IN THIS SPACE EACH MONTH WORLD UNITY WILL RECOMMEND ONE CURRENT WORK WHICH CAN PROFITABLY BE EAD BY ALL WHO SEEK TRUE UNDERSTANDING OF THE NATURE OF WORLD AFFAIRS

October 1929 Selection “THE NEW MAP OF SOUTH AMERICA”

oy HERBERT ADAMS GIBBONS Author of “The New Map of Europe,”

"Introduction to World Politics,” etc.

Not a historical work in the sense of recording the past, but an attempt to visualize South America of today both geographically and politically. Enables the reader to have an intelligent appreciation of the South American attitude toward the rest of the world and the influence of South American countries in international affairs. “It is difficult to overestimate the value of this latest volume in Dr. Gibbons’ ‘New Map’ series, to an American's pertinent knowledge of his world.”—New York Times Book Review.

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I enclose $3.00 for ‘THE MAP OF SOUTH AMERICA.” (Or)

I enclose $5.75 for ‘THE NEw Map oF SOUTH AMERICA” combined with year's subscription (regular price $3.50) to World Unity Magazine.

71 �[Page 72]

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