World Unity/Volume 6/Issue 5/Text

[Page 299]

WORLD UNITY

A Monthly Magazine for those uho seek the world outlook

JOHN HERMAN RANDALL, Editor Horace Hoiiey, Managing Editor

CONTENTS

AUGUST, 1930

cl's Mission is Peace Frontispiece ia and World Politics Editorial Way of the East Alice A. Bailey Higher Reaches of World Spirit Fred Merrifield ward World Economic Cooperation John Herman Randall aterialism and Spirituality Stanley Rice ext Steps in International Action Lucia Ames Mead fouth and World Peace Harold F. Bing or a Broader Religious Outlook Book Review Reading List on World Unity Round Table

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1. 1D UNITY MAGAZINE ts published by Wortp UNity PUBLISHING CORPORA-

ON, 4 East 12th Street, New York City: Mary Rumsry Movius, president; Is Bac HOLLEY, tice-president; FLORENCE MORTON, treasurer; JOHN HERMAN OALL, secretary. Published monthly, 35 cents a copy, $3.50 a year in the ted States and in all other countries (postage included). THE Worip Unity MIISHING CORPORATION and its editors welcome correspondence on articles ted to the aims and purposes of the magazine. Printed in U. S. A. Contents rsrighted 1930 by WorLD UNITY PUBLISHING CORPORATION, �[Page 300]

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‘ ewe ' 5 che Ts . rr wrer subr itted be Mouse } bra a nmacor reno “s SHEL DV ters race Committee

of the Women s Oreaniuacion of Cectral Synagogue, New Vork City �[Page 301]WORLD UNITY MAGAZINE

con VI AuGust, 1y30 No. §

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EDITORIAL

CaN INDIA AND WORLD POLITICS

| He strugele of India cto attain social autonomy, and of | England to maintain the Empire, commands the interest,

sympathy and respect of every adult intelligence. It creates

issucs, and releases influences almost too great to be con- solled by the collective intelligence and wall of this generation, What we witness Is no mere “revolution” of the traditional type uta breaking down of the methods and devices by which human- ‘vy has so long been molded into workable social forms. The entire world is party to the contlict and will be affected by the outcome.

Between the Boston tea party and Gandhi's revolt against the salt tax there are differences of condition for the measurement twhich we have no adequate scale. One way to suggest them ts to note that the road traveled since the American Revolution matks an evolution from the ideal of liberty to the ideal of peace.

What the colonial meant by Itberty was merely political in- fependence. He attained this independence in a world society composed of mutually exclusive sovercignties. Independence was the right of a people to go their own way.

A revolution of the simple American type cannot be repeated today. India is in direct conflict with our need of world peace. She is rcbelling againse other countries almost as much as against tneland. Her rights are conditioned by rights which had no cuistence When the American colonies left the Empire. The as- sertion of national sovereignty at this time according to the ideal cot bertv which motivated the colonials a hundred and fifty vears aco may produce independence but at the cost of a general chaos menacing all that independence is intended to secure. Whatever spiritually vital in India’s renascence, whatever is economically

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necessary in her program of education and reform, whatever » culturally precious to humanity in her unused mental and mor resources, must somehow be secured without adding to the gener disorder already threatening the basis of world civilization.

But England, too, is not merely attempting to suppress o- people in revolution. England is also in direct conflict with wor! rights and world interests. Her sovereignty is no longer absolu: nor her responsibility confined to policies advantageous to th Empire alone. The relations between peoples today are far le: important politically than economically, and economic relatio: cannot be determined by mere fiat nor constitution but by volu: tary perception of mutual good.

The tragedy for both India and England lies in the fact thar, true world issue has arisen before they can appeal to a competer world court possessing power to establish its judgments. They a compelled to confront one another on a basis of strife constant): tending toward violence, when the differences to be determine. are solvable only by willing cooperation for final ends larger tha: either or both can define. England and India in irreconcilab: conflict or even abrupt separation might conceivably overwhel: our feeble international arrangements.

The modern world can endure neither a great people in sub jection nor a great empire in collapse. It is a case for trusteeship imposed upon both immediate parties, and relating both toi world order worth infinitely more to each than victory in the old narrow meaning of that word. The lack of such trusteeship is th tragedy of the other nations. In essence, the case of India repr sents a people compelled too rapidly to undertake new standare of political education and economic progress; the case of Englan. reveals the need to maintain imperial relations when world rela tions are required. If India follows China, humanity must ador’ a super state or society will collapse.

�[Page 303]BY WAY OF THE EAST by Atice A. BaiLey Author and Teacher

\ JUNE, 1926, an address was given at the Pan-Pacific Club in Honolulu by a prominent Buddhist leader from Japan. He concluded with the significant words: ‘‘When we think of the people of the world, we must not think of them in terms

ot nations or of countries, but as one people united by a common ue The ideal which he voiced is gripping men’s minds increas- oglv, and its ultimate consummation does not seem the impossi- cility it appeared to be a few years ago. There is sufficient response apparently to guarantee an ultimate understanding between the races at a not too distant future, and an eventual unity of thought which will produce far-reaching changes. Robert Browning had the same vision when he exclaimed: ‘Mankind! Made up of all the single men. In such a synthesis, the journey ends.’’ Thus these swo--the one from the East and the other from the West—have oined hands in their mutual aspiration to the same goal, visioning ‘hat great event for which the whole creation groans and travails together in pain, until now, waiting for the manifestation of the wns of God. They represent that small, though steadily growing sand of lovers of the race, who (because they love) see truly. They xnow, as a face in nature, that there is indeed neither race, creed cor color, but only the sons of the one Father, animated by the ine Life, and bound together by the ties of their common heritage, and their ultimate goal.

A study of world conditions from this standpoint reveals that the stage of theory is already past. We are entering that of -\periment. These are the days of amalgamations and of trusts;

! Leagues of Nations and of religious conferences to which all 303 �[Page 304]304 WORLD UNITY MAGAZINE

faiths and Churches are bidden. The effort towards Christian unis which took place lately at Lausanne, and the significant Confe: ence of Religions at Pekin, in May 1925, all indicate the gener trend. The Pekin effort seemed peculiarly successful as delegate from Taoism, Oomoto, Confucianism, Christianity, Chinese Islam Buddhism and other religious movements were represented, an. worked together in amity. This is the era also of conventions fo: mutual understanding in every department of human thought, « forums, clubs and fraternities, and of standardisation in all fil of endeavor,—religious, educational, social, political and eco nomic.

This tendency towards cooperation instead of competitor this fusing of interests for mutual benefit, and this submerging | the individual and the selfish in the aim towards general grou; betterment is distinctly religious in character. It is inherent an universal, and is produced by that mystical evolutionary ury: which has carried us forward through the stages of the fami! uni the tribe, the nation and the group of nations, up to ow present point of transition into something still more inclusiv: The tendency to expand and to include is one of the deepest spin: ual assets of the race. The ‘push onward and upward, and at th: same time towards each other, emanates from that deep-seate: spiritual consciousness which lies within each human being. Us comprehendingly as yet. and frequently misinterpreting it, th: race is sensing its subjective unity; the basic relationships and th: essential factors which underlie the objective fabric of our worl: are gradually asserting themselves.

As this realisation tends increasingly to affect our worl. activities, and is made a factor in governing our affairs, the huma: family will stand upon the Mount of Transfiguration, whereo: the glorified soul of man will stand revealed. A momentous ever’ looms ahead. At that great consummation we shall see the mar riage of those divine entities,—the soul of Asia and the soul o: Europe and America—and from that union will emerge the new race, with its new modes of expression, its new culture and 1 universal religion. This union is now in process of negotiatior

�[Page 305]BY WAY OF THE EAST 305

and in America primarily are the preliminary interchanges being carried forward. The more academic pourparlers may have been instituted in Europe, but the necessary adjustments and the close understanding desired between the two concerned seem in process of consummation in the West.

Paralleling this subjective tendency, and urged thereto by the vast difference to be seen between vision and fact, students through- out the world are deeply concerned with the surface conditions. The world problem, as it is called, is engrossing the attention of thinkers everywhere. World revolution, the revolt of youth,the downfall of our modern civilisation, the failure of the Churches, the unsatisfactory nature of our educational system, the rottenness ot our economic and social structure are topics of general discus- sion, as the periodicals and pamphlets of the intelligentsia bear witness. Many among our investigators can see only the destruc- tion of the present order, the moral degradation of the nations, and the setting of the stage for a new Armageddon, wherein the remnants of the nations will descend to a final pit. They feel that the overthrow of mankind lies ahead, and that nothing remains todo but to make our peace with God and hope for a better world hereafter, or the endless peace of annihilation.

Others again look for a solution in the sublimation of our present mechanical civilisation, and in the physical standardisa- tion of mankind. They dream of a world given over to eugenics and hygiene, to scientific achievement and synthetic chemistry. They vision a future which will produce a kind of transcendent department store Heaven, arriving logically out of present con- ditions. Others frankly see no hope anywhere for themselves, but trust that the coming generation will evolve some solution and arrive at some settlement which will bring about the establish- ment of a new social order, built upon the razed foundations of the past, and constructed out of those remnants found worth salvaging. They vaguely anticipate some new development, some momentous scientific discovery about which speculation is im- possible.

Most of these groups however seem to be principally con- �[Page 306]06 WORLD UNITY MAGAZINE

cerned with the saving of the outer garment, and with the prc servation of those externalities which make our lives safe. secure and physically comfortable. They are fighting to preserve the customs and conventions which have hedged in and protected the past, and to conserve the theologies and doctrines which, it begins to appear may, after all, have handicapped the free life of the Spirit. They are occupied with the form side of life,—forms of thought and of policies, forms of desires and of aspirations, and with the physical phenomena which these produce. But nature herself does not begin -ith the external aspect. She begins with the germ of life, and slowly and gradually evolves the form to meet the needs and requirements of that life. She starts with a subjective impulse, and according to its strength, its nature and its quality will be the tvpe of form evolved. The old order chanyes Old forms must give place to new, and, under the eternal law ot nature, the processes of birth and death are carried on side by side

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Again the pulsations of the inner life force are making them- selves felt. Again, as many times before, there is seething beneath the surface a movement which is limited to no one race or people but which this time simultaneously concerns all. Again under the momentum of those cvcles which seem to control the destiny of men, the tide is turning, and the curr 7t is again in motion which flows from East to West. Again the Light is streaming forth, and the first ravs of the rising sun have reached our shores.

The indications are curiously the same as before, and their similarity to those preceding the advent of the Christian era is very striking. Prior to the flooding of the Occident with the light of Christianity there was the opening up of communication be- tween the East and the West through conquest. The victorious armies of Alexander the Great penetrated into Persia and India, and drew the then known world together. Communication be- tween the Mediterranean and the East was greatly increased, and the great caravan routes more generally used. Thus the stage was set for a new civilisation and a new religion. Following upon �[Page 307]BY WAY OF THE EAST 307

his came the seepage of Eastern thought into the countries around che Mediterranean. Esoteric groups were formed and philosophical -otertes organised whose ideas were largely coloured by the basic cheories of the Orient. The history of the Gnostics sects, for in- sance, both those preceding and those found after the Christian era, Show unmistakably the influence of the Parsis of Persia and alhed cults, and Christianity, when it came, fell under their in- ‘uence. Thus was laid the foundation for the coming of the Western religion and the gap bridged between the East and the Wost) Eventually the light of Christianity dawned in Palestine, nuidwav between the two hemispheres, linking them but not uni- sing them. The roadways of Europe were at the same time con- scructed, thus facilitating the spread of the new religion.

“Similar conditions are again to be found. During the past cotury India has been opened up through the medium of con- vaest- and occupation; the world has been unified through the railroads and sea routes, aided by the coming of the aeroplane, ‘legraph, radio and telephone. Again we have the inflow of astern thought and philosophy into the scientific and material- istic Occident, and in the turning of the wheel of life the stage

nce more set. Light from the East will again bring to fruition the seeds of the new spiritual life and the germs of the new civili- sition, Whose struggles towards the surface are already felt.

Humanity is preparing for a new step forward. From the stlier eveles of life activity, nations and races were born; from ho present opportunity, a uniticd mankind may emerge, bringing sith at the revelation of the world soul and a universal religion. What will be the outcome of this new revelation? Shall we, for ‘he first time, pass within the veil and enter the Holy Place, caving the outer court behind? Shall we leave behind our sepa- rateness and divisions and become one people? Surely we can look ahead to the fusing of the hemispheres, rather than to the refound- ing of separative groups and nations.

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To understand the situation aright we need to remember that �[Page 308]308 | WORLD UNITY MAGAZINE

every great spiritual revival has had its origin in Asia. Every world religion has arisen in the East, and from thence have emerged those impulses which have laid hold of men’s minds and led them into Truth. The religious thought of the West is based upon the words of an Oriental Teacher and upon a book compiled from the writings of the Jewish people—a race emerging out of Asia. All the world Scriptures are Asiatic. Books in their myriads are Occidental. The Word sounds forth with the rising sun, speech upon every subject under that sun is found where it sets

The Path into the Kingdom of God has been blazed bv Onr:- ental pioneers. We have but followed in their steps. The Buddha. Shri Krishna, and the Christ have taken the Kingdom of Heaven by violence and then have proclaimed for us the Way. Thev have said: This is the Law. I am the Wavy, the Truth and the Life. Bs Love shall ve attain the goal. Thousands in the East and in the West have listened to their words and have, like Them, found the Path.

Asia has thus produced the outstanding Figures in the history of spiritual evolution, and has given us the symbolic Personalities and Demonstrators in the science of the Soul. These Personalities have set Their seal upon the races, raising the sons of men nearer Heaven, and are universally recognised and followed. The Wes: has produced no such Figures, no stars of the first magnitude in the realm of Spirit, no Founders of world religions. Does this mean that we have nothing of cqual value to offer and nothing complementary to give, thus supplementing the contribution ot Asia? The genius of the West is different. We have that to bring to the joint production of the two hemispheres which ts equally divine and equally a product of evolution, but which works out through the Group instead of through the Individual.

We have fathered groups of individuals who have stood for achievement in the kingdom of the mind. We have not produced the lonely pioneering Intuitives, but we have sponsored the grouped Intelligences. Though there are few Masters of the Wis- dom among us, we have produced their Interpreters and Expo- nents, and made the vision a practical experiment for world uplitt �[Page 309]BY WAY OF THE EAST 309

We have originated galaxies of lesser stars, whose aggregated ueht may equal that of the lone star, and who have lit the stage tor the needed development of the race. Such were the mystics of che middle ages, who testified to the reality of the spiritual life. such were the Troubadours, the custodians of the mystery teach- ov, and the poets of the Elizabethan age. It was Europe who produced the group of brilliant souls who brought about the Renaissance, and that coterie of revolutionary spirits who were responsible for the French Revolution, with its emphasis upon the divine rights of man. In more modern times we have the poets, musicians and artists of the 1gth century, and the scientists of our avn time. Latest among the nations, America comes forward sith her own contribution—that dominant group of financiers who so largely control our mechanistic civilisation. America is ain, par excellence, the land of groups—religious, political, stentitic, social, speculative and academic, popular and fantastic. Another contrast along these lines might here be in order.

in India we have certain great schools of philosophy—with the masses of the people left in an illiterate condition. In the West we have a wide and diversified general education. In India dis- cussion has been pre-eminently confined to the consideration of the problems of subjective existence and to metaphysical specu- lations; it has concerned itself with che study of the relation be- mscen the Real and the Unreal, the Self and the Not-Self. The bast has given much thought to That which has been the Cause t the known; it has deale with the laws governing that Life, and has regarded facts and forms as the great Illusion. In the Vest a more materialistic and practical education is given, and the emphasis is laid upon the known and the proven. We have raised a race whose general knowledge is phenomenal, and whose heads are full of facts, useful and otherwise. We have through our scientific achievements, our mental sciences, and our alert mental acguisitiveness, brought the race forward toa point of intellectual colightenment, new in its experience. We have wrestled with nature and wrested her secrets from her; we have produced a civi- lisation which is expressed in terms of electricity and the radio. �[Page 310]310 WORLD UNITY MAGAZINE

We have been practical, active, enterprising and enquiring whilst Asia has been philosophical, speculative. and outward]; inert and impractical. We have been noisy, exploring and mate. rialistic, whilst the ‘East has been patient and silent, holding within her bosom the germ of the future spiritual life of the race quietly awaiting her hour. We have been occupied with the cult: vation of the form side of life, whilst the East has been nurturing and guarding that which the form must express. Who shall sa which function is the more divine, seeing both apparently ar part of the great plan, and both equally needed in manifestation Asia has refused to be interested in things material and practical, hence the deplorable state of the masses of the people, their i!- literacy and the lack of hygiene and sanitation, plus the other sad conditions which have given rise to that true, but utterly false book, ©’ Mother India.’ Europe and America have laid the emphasis upon things mental and physical and are now suffocated with the weight of their achievements, and are staggering under the bur- den of their tangible requirements. We have given rise to those conditions of which the world war was the inevitable outcome Even our religious life is gauged by the size and number of our Church organizations, the buildings used, and their endowment The census for 1916 of the Religious Bodies in the United States covers 192 pages, and the points dealt with are the number of the Churches, the size of the membership, the expenditure, and the value of the Church edifices. Incidentally it 1s interesting to note that the Oriental religions are included in this census.

Is it not evident that both hemispheres need each other? Does it not become apparent, as one studies them both, that the growth of the spirit at the expense of the form, and the development ot that form at the expense of the spirit, are equally undesirable? Do they not both bring with them their own peculiar dangers and disadvantages? Life cannot express itself without form, and this the West provides. Form is useless without the life to animate 1 Spirit and Body are equally divine, and both need each other. The West is positive physically, but negative spiritually. She is in the position of the waiting bride. The East reverses this condition,

�[Page 311]BY WAY OF THE EAST 311

heing negative physically, but positive spiritually, and waits to codow the West with the fertilising germ of life—as has cyclically heen its function. Both however are impotent without each other, and the future world cannot come into being without their joint cooperation. May it not therefore be possible that the two halves of our planetary life may each have been the custodians of a rreasure Which, in fullness of time, will be of mutual benefit? The bringing together, intelligently and wisely, of the spiritual cul- ‘ure and message of the Orient and the mental and scientific attainments of the Occident should surely produce a world civi- sation and a universal religion of such a nature that a new Heaven and a new Earth will materialise.

This the elect and the enlightened of both hemispheres have ever recognised. The mystics of the West and the Rishis of the ast are the universal Knowers, and belong to no one race and represent no one group. They speak the same language, know the same truths and see the same vision, whether they are pioneered by the Buddha or the Christ. Every cycle and every century has produced them, and thev hold the vision true, and sound the note tor their age. Though they have been few and far between, being cumerically as vet but a handful, their numbers have sufficed to hold ajar the gate into the city, which is watered by the river of ite and lighted by the Sun of Righteousness. Thev have ever, no matter what their race, joined hands and blended their en- ‘cavour. They have proclaimed the same message and have in- Jicated in similar fashion the way that humanity should go. They are the ones who blend and synthesise, unify and fuse all in the Kingdom of Spirit.

In America, the youngest among the nations, still immature and tluidic in her views, this blending and merging is being carried forward, and the outcome is still uncertain. The experiment is still in the initial stages. America is not only the racial melting pot, but is also the furnace wherein the pure gold of spiritual truth is being tried out. It is the crucible wherein the forms of thought �[Page 312]312 WORLD UNITY MAGAZINE

and the motives lying back of both conventions and customs ar under test. The Spirit in man is struggling towards revelatior and its new form of expression is in the birthing. This ultimar revelation will be the possession of no one race in particular, for America belongs to all. Never before has there existed a natior wherein every race under the sun is represente!, for all have con tributed their quota to the experiment, and no one people i exempt from participation. Thus it is a universal test.

This test is about to enter its second phase, as the more drasty immigration laws testify. The quota is nearly complete, and from a heritage of Puritan and Huguenot forbears, a large admixtur of Jews, and a constantly contributing stream of immigrants from every country in the world, there will eventually emerge a new race which will be strictly representative and inclusive.

From the crucible will emerge a people whose outlook wi! be universal and comprehensive and whose horizon will includ: the world. They will represent most significant ideals, for thes will carry the light which emanates from the East, in a form fashioned in the West. They will stand for the liberty of the individual, bur it will be a liberty which ts the result of innet illumination and the outgrowth of a transcendental experience To this the lonely pioneers and seers have ever borne witness. Thus having passed from the realm of authority to that of experience they will function as a group of spiritually free souls, allied for the good of all. It is for this perhaps that the entire past has been preparing. It is for this reason that the present opportunity is significantly humanity's hour. The result will be world wide The initial experiments leading to that result mav be going for- ward in the laboratory of America, but the resultant product will be a universal heritage. Everywhere men are awake, and in touch with each orher, We have, through our scientific achievements. obliterated distance and unified the race. Mankind is now omni- present. Omniscience lies ahead and is the next basic development But omniscience is a soul quality; it is wisdom and not knowledge. it is spiritual perception and intuitive recognition of Reality, and not the myopic vision of ordinary men. It belongs to all, but in the

�[Page 313]BY WAY OF THE EAST 313

West it is buried deep under the superficialities of knowledge. The fast has guarded for us against this hour the laws and technique chereby omniscience can be acquired, though only the great wiates have as yet employed this knowledge. This teaching is its way westward. Only when omniscience is developed and «care actuated by the wisdom of the soul can we be trusted with soipotence,—the climaxing heritage of the spirit.

In transitting from the stage of authority and obedience to sat of individual experience we are temporarily in revolt. We vc tiehting blindly and often ignorantly for the right of private stement and for self expression. Our orientation is as yet in the wrong direction, and self interest is predominantly the spur to codcavor. We are seeking truth on all sides and are running sther and thither in the hope of finding the perfect group and Ho perfect teaching, ignorance of the teaching of the East, that cee Teacher and the Self are to be found within. But, as the prophet cplained of old, the glory of the Lord will shine upon our house wot will come “by way of the East,’’ (Ezekiel 43) and for this and ». consequent revelations the race stands waiting. But this time we are waiting consciously and intelligently. We know that «here there is demand, there is ever supply; where there is sincer- “sot purpose, the high Gods bend themselves and accord the wvelation.

Finally, and this is by far the most significant of the reasons or the present crisis and opportunity, man is—for the first time— ‘uly human. Never before has mankind—as a whole—functioned sith all parts of the human mechanism coordinated and corre- ated. His physical body, his moods, feelings and desires, and sat sum total of mental processes we call the mind, form an usted unitv. He is a corporate whole. Men have been physi- ‘ly centered before. They are actuated by desires and feelings “says, but now they are also mental. We have reached maturity, =! humanity has come of age. �[Page 314]THE HIGHER REACHES OF WORLD SPIRIT

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Frep MERRIFIELD Department of Comparative Religion, Unaversity of Chicago

ERY much that goes under the name of world interes world friendship, world religion, or world unity, sees manv times to fall far short of the high ideal thu implied. A voung man came several vears ago fro

Afghanistan to the college atmosphere of America. Having ke reared and educated in the sheltered environs of Islam alone, a: thoroughly and sublimely convinced that his faith must of cours be the ultimate toward which all peoples were pathetically stro: gling, he arrived in New York with a feeling of a world-missio: upon him. He had no question at all, he later confided, burt tha all whom he made his friends would sooner or later recogniz the superiority of Muhammedan culture, scripture and dogm And he knew within his soul that it was simply a matter of tim before all America and the world would bow in grateful homaz before Allah the Supreme, and Muhammed the most wonder of all the prophets.

Two experiences began slowly to broaden the mind of th fine-spirited vouth. First, came the startling fact that, in the lie of real modern knowledge, he was not quite so certain of th teachings of his own faith as he originally thought. He bega to see some of the shortcomings, some of the backward qualities of Islam of which he had never so much as dreamed. Second, * found, to his utter amazement, that Christianity and all the othe religions that now for the first time came under his gaze, wer replete with good qualities, some of which were well designed t supplement the needs of his own special type of thoughr. Stunne by these successive revelations, he further confided that he wa

sid �[Page 315]THE HIGHER REACHES OF WORLD SPIRIT 315

going back home to advocate these broader views, and to stand henceforth for world-experience in religion—apart from all dogma, creed or ritual, if necessary—and even though his home priests case him out from their all-powerful fellowship and stamped him ‘orever thereafter as a renegade, and a castawav from God himself.

How frequently we still meet the illusioned type of mind, in which the conviction is unquestioned that a world is destined, sy this prophecy or that God, to find its sole satisfaction within the beliefs and assurances of the cherished faith. People do not we that they have no right to a fair judgment in matters of this sort until they have passed through certain very necessary expe- nences. Fortunately for most of us human beings, the highways of progressive truth-seeking are hidden from our eves. We would sever have the courage to take the first step in world-knowledge ‘we knew whither our path was leading. It is only by the slow and successive awakenings of a hesitating and protesting spirit chat we attain to the lower ranges of experience; and then too many remain content to stav in these half-way stations as if the entire journey had been completed.

Really, as the storv of this friendly Afghan suggests, one “who would share the keen jovs of the world-spirits of our time must with them seek to know the history and the minds of men evervwhere and of all time. It is a search that requires time, cnergy and infinite patience and forbearance. But it is so emi- sently worth while, and leads to such sublime heights of expe- renee, that the wonder is that many more men and women do sot throw themselves into the research supreme with an abandon that would shame even the herculean efforts of the saints and prophets of old. The more one enters sympathetically into the cnvironment, the struggles, and the triumphs of one people after asother-—thinking with them, sharing their narrownesses and therr Kindly qualities; fighting with them for sacred traditions, int rising to new heights under some inspiring leader; believing with them that the gods of vore are theirs, and the favors as well, aod that destiny has them marked out for the high places and

mors of earth—the more he is prepared to deal humanly with �[Page 316]316 WORLD UNITY MAGAZINE

all, and to feel at home in the aspirations and worthy qualitie of all. This ts one of the first and most essential preparations ; one would play fairly with life. and be a real neighbor to by fellowmen.

There is a second requirement which should be held befor those who seek this noblest of all crowns of life, that of Wor Citizenship. And here, again, nothing can be gained by makiy: the test less exacting. I refer to the splendid test to which a men and women of scientific mind expose themselves. We know that these heroes of a thousand battles— mostly alone and unsee —are the hope of the world today. If thev fail us, pity us indee but in their marvelous successes we are finding our continuoe salvation from ill health, narrowness and fear. There ts no menta or spiritual test so severe as this. There are pathetic and grandiox tvpes of men who boast that they will never submit to the eve: changing findings of science: for that would make monkevs | them. Their verv ignorance declares them relationship, withow durther explanation. But those who would prepare themselves under the eternal watchlulness of the eve of science far mor trving and rewarding, by the wav. than ever the supposed ev ot God has been — are entering upon a process of mental and mora chastening unparalleled in human experience.

To be ahsalately honest in every word and thought. in ever moment's search for tact and in every attempted statement truth, requires a heroism and divine patience second to non For. in the realms of human custom and theological dogma, om need not travel far before encountering the ever-present and a. dominant streams of opposition. Honesty invariably leads awa from custom. New experience must necessarily depart from oy time-honored rigors of the old. To be scientific, willing and termined to discover fact and only face as a basis tor beliet av action, is to lav aside most of the sacred tindings of the past. ar to map out wavs which seem both iconoclastic and heart-rencis,

until thev have prevailed long enough to be clothed with sacr qualities, in turn. To be scientitic, 1s to be glad when one discover truth in strange places and under unaccustomed names. In a wor. �[Page 317]THE HIGHER REACHES OF WORLD SPIRIT 317

ras truly a world-attitude; open to world-findings, world-

orerests, and so utterly non-sectarian in spirit that one sometimes ippears to be ungrateful not to play up the “‘lovalties’’ of the me honored faith.

But there is no joy in the world like this, if one will pay the ail price. The rewards offered to the faithful in all of the ancient maths are not to be compared with this, where one is following act into a rounded and growing philosophy of life; and where ro keep company with truth is in itself all che reward and all the ccaven of delight which a truly honest man could ask. There need ¢ no tear lest science will leave us in blind allevs. Her gifts to oe world are already too well known, and the opening worlds spew experience are already too alluring to be given up for an anaent and groundless icar. All the hopeful and all the heroic within us rises up in everlasting protest against interference with ‘his program of destinv. And who can doubt that if Orient and Okodene will follow the light of truth in this new and invigor- anog wav. the world will fase find itself realizing its everlasting eness, and forget its divisive difierences which have all too ong kept us strangers and aliens one to the other?

�[Page 318]A WORLD COMMUNITY

The Supreme Task of the Twentieth Century

by Joun Herman RanpDaci

THE MOVEMENT TOWARD WORLD ECONOMIC COOPERATION

HE League of Nations, with all its defects and preses:

limitations of power and authority, does stand as a symbo

of the possibility of an ever increasing cooperation in th:

political life of nations. As the previous chapter indicatss it has also gone a long wavs in bringing the nations into activ: cooperation in a large number of matters that are of vital humar concern, chiefly in the non-contentious class of problems. Mor important still, the League has been steadily creating the machin ery through which the nations will be able to function interna- tionally in the field of the more delicate and contentious problems just as rapidly as an enlightened public opinion demands it. It 1 obvious that to a large degree the progress toward a politica internationalism must go hand in hand with progress toward: economic internationalism, if for no other reason because the chic! duty of the national state is held today to be the furthering anc protection of the business interests of its people.

Meantime, it is the steadily increasing pressure of the eco- nomic facts and demands of a world that has already becom interdependent throughout that is forcing the nations, very slowl to be sure, to modify their notions of sovereignty and independ: ence, and to bring their ideas of the political relations of nations more into harmony with the realities of the twentieth century In this sense, it may be said that it is the economic facts that are leading, or more accurately, are forcing the nations in the direc- tion both of a political and an economic cooperation.

318 �[Page 319]THE MOVEMENT TOWARD WORLD ECONOMIC COOPERATION 319

Ir is by no means implied that the activities of the League save been confined to the field of political cooperation. Life is saking good to the League what theory failed to provide. The nvinal gaps in its structure no longer yawn so wide. If the satesmen who were its architects seemed to ignore economics, perience is driving the nations which compose it to realize its

sas even begun to think of itself as an authority which will

. dav make law for the world in its economic dealings, but it nas taken the first steps which may-lead it in this direction. It sad trom the first as an autonomous part of its organization its scernational Labor Office, which aims at protecting labor the sorld over, and lavs down general standards which its member states should observe. It defined at the Brussels Conference, during ‘ae worst period of monetary instability in Europe, the principles which should guide banking in the effort to reach stability. The Karcclona Conference arrived at conclusions of the first importance tor the regulation of international transport.

Bur the League carried through with marked success a still more significant undertaking in May 1927, when it held its World fcohomic Conference in Geneva. The delegates were representa- aves of governments, though no government was bound by their vores, and among them were not only the members, nominees of the League States, but also those of States which remain outside

notably Russia. Finance was excluded, as were the problems

t raw materials, reparations and inter-allied debts. A vast field remained, however, including tariffs, modern methods of ‘‘ration- alization’’ in trade, and the whole subject of cartel and combines. The Conference showed a marked and consistent tendency through- ut It had before it che admirable reports of the Secretariat which ‘row, from a comprehensive survey of statistics, the conclusion chat the relative poverty of the post-war world is due not to any ‘cline in the production of foodstuffs and raw materials, nor to anv inadequacy in man’s power to exploit them, but to one form r another of maladjustment. ‘‘The main hindrances to economic

revival have been the obstacles opposed to the free flow of labor, �[Page 320]320 WORLD UNITY MAGAZINE

capital and goods.’ The realization that such maladjustmes: exist is the first step toward any readjustment. The Confere:

condemned every form of economic nationalism. It argued in fas

of the highest development of the division of labor through. the world. It was favorable to “rationalization” and combine, tion. It spent much of its time in sapping the barriers to tra, erected by the mania for self-sufficiency which afflicted Europ during and after the war. It stressed the “interdependence nations, and sought to secure it by greater “‘liberty of trading

The President in summing up its resolutions declared that “inte national exchange of products best: and most economically pr duced in different countries should be regarded as the norm rule."

In its resolutions dealing with tariffs and kindred topics, t Conference declared that ‘the time has come to put an end tot increase in tariffs and to move in the opposite direction.” Tt ask: for a return to the system of long-term commercial treaties, whi: must be based on “the mutual grant of unconditional mov favored-nation treatment.” It called for the stabilization ar simplification of tariffs, and with some reservations condemn export taxes, especially when they involve discrimination. Final it threw overboard the doctrine that tariffs can be regarded 3 “falling exclusively within the domain of national sovereignty and urged chac “‘concerted action among different ations 1s po sible and desirable.”’ It looked to the League, in this and ever other field, as the natural center from which ‘concerted action should originate, though when it came to details it rarely aske. for more than inquiry and the collection of statistics. [ts tina resolution was timidly vague, but it seems to hint that the pr paratory committee which organized the Geneva Conference would be a suitable model for the permanent economic organiza tion with which the League should ‘be endowed.

The important thing to remember is why it has become ¢ sential that the world should take “‘concerted action” in ch. economic field. The resolutions passed by this Conference wer not the expression of pure idealism; these delegates who vow.

�[Page 321]THE MOVEMENT TOWARD WORLD ECONOMIC COOPERATION 321

gnanimously were realists facing the tremendous changes which saence and industrialism have brought about in the relations of sations, they knew the facts of this new werld, and they under- ssood, in pare at Icast, the deep significance of these facts. They eealived that by the organization of the world’s work on the nasis of the utmost division of labor, we are making of all human- ity a cooperative society, which confesses that the good of its varrous parts can be realized only through the good of the whole. Whenever the national state attempts, by tariffs or other arbitrary ‘cvices, to foster the production of goods which other peoples, »y reason of advantages in climate, situation, native aptitude or the abundance and proximity of raw material, are better fitted to produce, this state is causing a maladjustment in the organization t the world’s work. It is adding, moreover, to the sum of the world’s unnecessary toil. These are the grounds which stamp economic nationalism as an offence against peace; for peace must mean the highest development of the cooperative ideal.

This World Economic Conference and the conclusions which it redched reveal the possibilities in the field of cconomic co-, operation, but only in the measure that public opinion in the respective countries warrants progress in this direction. As an ilustration of how far the United States is from realizing the new -onditions and their new demands, and how far we are as a nation trom real economic cooperation with other nations, we have just witnessed the passing of the new and higher tariff bill. In spite of the tact that we were present and participated in the World Eco- oomic Conference, the new tariff bill takes no cognizance whatever of the conclusions reached by that conference. There is no longer a serious debate between Democrats and Republicans over the desirability of a protective tariff for American products. A pro- tcctive tariff, however, need not imply a cessation of business intercourse with the outside world. Yet propezals are seriously considered at Washington to impose duties so high that the im- portation of many commodities will be effectively prohibited. This is not protection. It is an embargo, and an embargo 1s an tastrument not of peace but of war. It is only another evidence of �[Page 322]322 WORLD UNITY MAGAZINE

muddled thinking and the lack of the international mind on th. part of legislators and politicians.

We cannot continue to enjoy the benefits of our high materia! civilization if we thus cut off intercourse with other nations Every one of us depends upon all the world for the continuance ot the prosperity we enjoy. We cannot ruin the sugar growers ot Cuba without striking a heavy blow at every American manu. facturer who sells a part of his product in the Cuban marker. W, cannot lay an embargo on the produce of the Argentine unless we want to abandon the Argentinian market to our European com- petitors. We cannot put an end to various imports from Canada and from European countries unless we are willing to accept retali-. ation in kind. We cannot continue at our present level of prosperity unless we are willing to consider the needs of other peoples as well as our own ambitions. If we give full rein to the demands ot every little group of selfish Americans, we shall not only injure our own common national prosperity, but delay the coming ot world economic cooperation that shall mean prosperity for all We cannot have legislation designed to facilitate the dumping ot our excess products in foreign lands and at the same time have other laws excluding the commodities which our customers woulk offer in exchange. Life is not one-sided. We have to give 1f we would take. We must recognize the rights of others if we expecta friendly recognition of our own rights.

After reviewing the efforts being made to carry out the recom: mendations of the World Economic Conference to lower the bar- riers Which hamper world trade, a recent number of the Lor !on Economist argues that if every country pursued a tariff policy similar to that of the United States, world trade would all bur hale. ‘The United States is setting an example in the wrong direc: tion in the new tariff bill. During the past few decades America has taught the world numberless lessons in the economic sphere which are fraught with great benefit to humanity. She has given a remarkable object lesson of the fact that a high standard ot living is compatible with cheap production. But when it comes to external commercial relations and those economic matters �[Page 323]THE MOVEMENT TOWARD WORLD ECONOMIC COOPERATION 323

which fall into the political sphere, her policies and the doctrines sy which they have been supported have been in certain instances ‘eplorably crude—It is obvious that the economic well-being of the United States, which has shown so marvelous a development i. recent decades both in low-tariff periods and high, does not ‘epend upon or require protection from almost the highest tariff oo the world... . It is not to be expected that American politi- aans--will attach much weight to the effect of their legislation 1 toreign countries. But nevertheless their effect is that so great a wntry as America cannot live to herself alone.”

At the meeting of the International Chamber of Commerce

» Amsterdam this last July, the results of the informal conversa- sons on the American tariff was to convey to the American dele- cates the firm conviction of Europeans that the new American arith bill is designed absolutely to exclude most of the limited amount of products still flowing from European to American markets. As one of the European delegates put it, “‘So far as we van sce the Americans are going to try simply to put us out of susiness.”" Is i¢ worth while, these men asked the American dele- sation, for the American Congress, in order to gain very trifling advantages for a few isolated American manufacturers, to bring avy losses upon Evropean manufacturers? America, it was ad- sutted on all sides, has every right to handle her tariff matters as she deems best, but is it wise for America to arouse a feeling that. if not allaved, is likelv to result in Europeans generally making every effort to buy automobiles and other things from ther than American sources? There is a deeper question than this movolved, however. What will it mean for the moral leadership ot America if its business interests show so little real understanding ot the changed relations that have taken place in the’ world’s cconomic life, and express so little willingness to cooperate with other nations for the common good and highest prosperity of all? The more hopeful side of the matter lies in the storm of complaints that almost immediately on the presentation of the new tariff bill began to come in from all parts of the country. The tarmers were dissatisfied and angry; consumers took note of what

�[Page 324]324 WORLD UNITY MAGAZINE

was likely to happen to them and filed their protests; most threa: eningly of all, the housekeepers banded together in resentment «: an expected rise in the cost of living. There was a general feelin, of disgust at the greedy way in which various prosperous indu: tries sought added favors from the government. Most remarkab). of all has been the reversal of our traditional attitude toward th; protests from foreign nations that multiplied steadily. In the olde and more robust days of tariff protection these would have bee: treated with a kind of gleeful contempt. It would have been sax that if the people in Europe did not like what we proposed to do this only proved it the right course for us. First find out what th. foreigners don’t want, and then do it. The proud cry used to ke “What have we to do with other nations? Nothing except t legislate against foreign interests as often as we get the chance

But a great light has dawned The statements filed ar Wash. ington by some thirty European and other nations in protes: against some of the rates in the House tariff bill are treated with the utmost respect. Even Senators speak of them in a deferential tone. Outstanding industrial leaders, bankers, and publicists hav: vigorously denounced this bill. Republican leaders have been mos: outspoken against it. Republican newspapers have frankly coo: demned it. One thousand and twenty-one leading economists ot the country petitioned the President to veto it. It is as if an entirely new factor had entered into our tariff-making which we are bound to consider in the future since to neglect it would result in a Menace to our own export trade.

This surprising change, which evervbody must have noticed has nothing moral or political about it. The usual economic argu- ments against high protective tariffs have not operated with new effect. What has really happened has been an eruption of hard business sense into the whole tariff controversy. People have come to feel that a high tariff has become an obvious misfit for a country in the position the United States has attained. We neither need it todav nor can we profit from it. On the contrary it threatens injurv to one great branch of American life—our foreign trade The very real danger o1 a Europe economically organized against

�[Page 325]THE MOVEMENT TOWARD WORLD ECONOMIC COOPERATION 325

che United States is more potent than moral ideals to make us see hat no nation todav liveth unto itself alone. It is thus that the complex inter-relations of the economic life of nations are forcing ill peoples into an economic cooperation to which otherwise they would have been averse.

There is a rapidly growing conviction throughout the coun- ‘rv that, first, under existing conditions, the principle of protec-

con as economically unsound, politically disastrous, and morally Jefensible. Second, even if we admit protection to be defensible cconomic theory, no one can maintain that the present hodge- ge of unrelated special rates constitutes a system consistent vith any such theory. Third, 1f we abandon alll rational theory and acree that the tariff shall be simply a system of plundering all the mople for the benefic of part of them, which is about all the sresent American tariff “ideas’’ really amount to, the present bill store Congress is not what it pretends to be and what the Presi- ‘ont asked for, namely, an instrument that equalizes conditions sctween manufacturers on the one hand, and farmers on the other. The world’s great need today is the chance to work and trade; the t onomic Conference of the League of Nations in 1927 categor- cally declared: ““The time has come to move in the direction of wwer tariffs.’ Tariff students point out that the American action s likely to make European reductions more difficult, not to sav enposstble. In spite of all our protestations of good-will and desire tor peace, if we continue our present policy we are in this matter t the tariff alone making impossible the coming of good-will and peACE. :

Another striking fact has been the tendency since 1919 to take the problems of finance and other economic questions out ot the hands of the politicians and put them into the hands of experts— sconomists, financiers, business men. The whole reparation prob- im was simply a football among the nations concerned until the Dawes Commission approached it from a non-political view-point

! brought expert economic knowledge and experience to bear spon the whole matter. The more recent revision of the Dawes plan by what will be known as the Young Commission, though �[Page 326]326 WORLD UNITY MAGAZINE

Owen D. Young had no legal authority at Paris and was not eve an official delegate from the United States, illustrates how eve the thorniest problem can be settled if only it can be lifted out » the rivalries and jealousies of the political atmosphere and ¢ trusted to trained experts whose governing motive is that of hones good-will. International affairs are barbarous and uncivilized ; the extent that we rely upon force rather than upon persuasio: Owen D. Young succeeded where others had failed because he ha: the energy to learn, and the patience to understand, and the goo: will to help other men reach an understanding. Through fiftee long weeks in Paris he never lost courage. If one proposal we: rejected, he would consider something else. He had no pride « opinion. He was willing to take suggestions wherever he four. them. If one form of statement did not win approval, he woul trv another. When other men were at the end of their resoure and when failure had all but been proclaimed, he was still u: daunted and still willing to make ffeeh artemprs. All the um however, he was driving towards the great goal —a voluntar agreement concerning the terms of a permanent peace. Persuasion worked because the facts were on his side. Wh: the Conference temporarily broke down men had the chance : consider the results of failure. The prospect was not pleasar: Agreement seemed better. Owen D. Young induced the statesm of nations, traditionally hostile, to come toa voluntary agreeme: because he understood their dithculties. The final decision left stings of disappointment. Evervone felt that the best had be made of a situation intrinsically bad. Consequently, while no or. claims that Utopia ts in sight, peace is now on a surer basis tha at anv time during the last seventy-five vears. We have begun : tely on the power of persuasion in these international probler instead of on force; and as time goes on, if we can only bring th. same expert knowledge, the same patience and insight, the sam. powers of persuasion and good-will to bear upon every such prob lem, however knotty it may appear to be, we shall find our was at length to a genuine cooperation in our life as nations. Owe: D. Young showed on a magnificent scale that clear thinking

�[Page 327]THE MOVEMENT TOWARD WORLD ECONOMIC COOPERATION 327

broad sympathy, and infinite patience coupicd with zeal to serve, can persuade men to agree when the force of arms is impotent.

One of the profoundiy significane features looking towards world economic cooperation contained in the Young plan is the establishment of an International Bank. The plans for such a Bank were elaborated by the Experts Committee in Paris and are as significant in the organization of a world order as were those that established the League of Nations. Henri Berenger, a former French Ambassador, says of the proposed Bank: “‘It is as necessary now as national banks were a century ago, for nations have become mere provinces. If bankruptcies and ruin, which have followed the years 1914 to 1918, are to be avoided, if a new war, even more atrocious than the last is to be escaped, there must be financial understanding between nations, between continents. The day when this evtente is realized will be a day of world confidence and world credit. And from that dav there will be real association among the nations.” These are strong words, but thev do not cvaggerate the possibilities of such an International Bank for helping towards a world community.

Although Owen D. Young deserves the credit for the inau- curation of the scheme, the plan is by no means entirely his. For a number of vears there has been more or less constant communti- cation between the heads of the central banks of the larger nations; they have conferred in the elaboration of their plans. Mr. Morgan and other American financiers have frequently been called into consultation im matters affecting international finance, and most

t the other members of the Experts Committee have at one time or other advised regarding reparations, debt payments and foreign ioans. These conferences have accustomed the leaders in the finan- val world to work together. There has gradually been developed the idea that has engaged the minds of dreamers and a few practical statesmen for generations—the establishment of an international bank that will relate and direct the financial affairs of the nations, and will make them serve as an agency for peace rather than for war. The proposed bank will not be in any sense an intergovern- metital organization. Its capital will be privately subscribed and �[Page 328]328 WORLD UNITY MAGAZINE

its only formal relation to governments will be through the: banks of issue. So far as possible, it will be kept free from politica influence. Particularly wall it act in the present situation to liqu: date the financial obligations resulting from the war, and ¢ transform them into securities that can be sold on the open marker as well as to aid 'n the restoration of normal relations between ch. nations. Obviously the organization of an institution so comple and of such far-reaching importance as this is a task of grea: delicacy and difficulty, and the plans thus far made are pure) tentative. The plan itself, however, is a frank recognition of th: face that the economic life of the world todav is ome /1fe, and tha: henceforth. it must be increasingly treated as such.

As indicative of the trend of thought toward economic co- operation in Europe, M. Briand has recently brought to thi attention of the public, his long-nurtured plan for an cconomy United States of Europe. It is said that M. Briand conceived a: economic union of Europe during the reparations discussion las: September, as the next logical step after his policy of genera liquidation of war questions had been completed. The action ot the Reparation Conference at she Hague in August finishes th: most important elements of that liquidation, so that M. Briand s plan to call a European economic conference in October 19: would be an opportune moment to indicate at least what directios Europe's next step should take. One view ts that M. Briand wan: to strike for an economic union when the wide-spread anxiety 3: Europe over the American tariff bill is likely to assure a mor favorable response to his project. At any rate it is clear that M Briand’s reading of the public’s pulse has served to convince hir that the moment is ripe for such a proposal. Those who have to: lowed the development of M. Briand’s plan most closely insis that however much the American tariff policy may. stimula. Europe toward a union, M. Briand has taken special pains to shov that the project is not directed against the United States, and tha: anv such measure, intended to promote the peace and economn prosperity of Europe, is as much to the interest of America as ot anv other country. The immediate aim of M. Briand, 1s quits �[Page 329]THE MOVEMENT TOWARD WORLD ECONOMIC COOPERATION 329

sadently to send up a trial balloon publicly and to arouse a dis- cussion, which all agree is necessary before any concrete steps -oward such a union can be taken. That there are great difficulties athe wav all admit; but once again it is the realitv of the eco- comic situation that is forcing the idea in spite of all political marricrs.

As everyone knows, M. Briand is more interested in politics ‘han in trade. But those who know best are inclined 6 feel that vith shrewd insight he sees in the project for economic unity in burope something still deeper—an economic unity on which a fegree of political unity might later on be built. It is perfectly slain that the American program of trying to extend the sale of «s products in all the markets of the world, while keeping the oroducts of other countries out of its markets, though condemned as an international policy, has served to bring other countries to we some advantages in that system if it can be established and athered to. And so the world, at the present writing, sees the

ntradictory development that while the expert economists are ereaching the tearing down of customs barriers, most everyone is sudving how to erect them, chiefly due to the example of the

ated States. If this should result in putting into effect the proj- «ts for a British Empire trade unity, and an economic union of he European states, the feeling seems to be that it would only nasten the breaking down of all such barriers, permitting the free movement of commodities between all countries. It will not be ‘heories or idealism that will bring this about but the sheer logic t the world’s economic life as it is today.

In his Commencement Day address in June 1929 President Nicholas Murray Butler of Columbia University, for many vears a leader in the Republican party, uses these words in speaking of oe tariff: “Ie is this pharisaical nationalism which frames public

iis as if there were no other members of the human family ourselves. It acclaims international trade and international ancial interdependence, and then proceeds to build tariff walls high as to make both as difficult as possible. Ir permits private ‘crest to insinuate itself into public policies which should be �[Page 330]330 WORLD UNITY MAGAZINE

controlled solely and entirely by the larger interests of the whoy people, and it thinks of a nation not as a moral personality wit duties and ideals, but simply as an economic unit intent upon o alting itself in all possible ways no matter at whose cost or at why damage to the general welfare. It is unintelligent selfishness pe sonified. Just now we may see all this in full sway at the nation capital. The sagacious and constructive economic policy whic: as expounded by Hamilton and Clay and Lincoln and Blaine as: Garfield and McKinley, had come to be generally accepted i characteristic of our nation’s public life, has now been quiet! supersedgd by the doctrine that the government must assure i profitable domestic market to every producer with political :: fluence enough to insist upon having it provided for him, regar: less of anvthing else."’ It is only the developed international min. together with an enlightened self-interest that will gradually pe an end to such narrowly selfish nationalistic policies.

The international cartel movement and the other busines combinations which are spreading so rapidly are only anothe indication of the growth of economic cooperation which div regards all national boundaries and nationalistic prejudices unde the pressure of economic realities. In Europe the governme: encourages combinations and supports them. The cartel 1s a & liberate device to limit competition. It 1s not a merger bur: combination of independent concerns to restrict competiti: among themselves and to act together. In this sense Europe ha moved farther in the direction of economic cooperation than hav: we in this country where we still insist on the private characte of business. There are innumerable cartels in Germany, Franc Italy and every European country. But there are now developici international cartels, for example, the Franco-German Steel Carte. And in many of these we find France and Germany—these ancien: enemies—acting together, frequently against American rivals The latest suggestion, that British industrialists join with th: continental cartels for the marketing of essential staples, is to sa’ the least symptomatic of the trend of thought in the direction cooperation across national be daries. One of the probable 2<

�[Page 331]THE MOVEMENT TOWARD WORLD ECONOMIC COOPERATION 331

eantages of the cartel movement, it is believed, will be to hasten che lowering of tariff barriers in Europe. At first glance this would wem to be harmful to American interests. For a time a number of 4merican industries might suffer—although even this is question- able But the resulting benefits to European prosperity would be certain in the long run to help the United States as well.

Few realize how rapidly business interests and economic con- aderations are cutting across all boundary lines and disregarding eational political barriers and thus becoming international in character. In this way, in the very presence of the existing nation- ilisms, we are establishing trade relations of extreme delicacy; we ire inspiring trade reprisals out of which some perplexing prob- ems are growing; it is probable for a time at least that this cendency in the expansion of economic interests to other countries will lead to a more intense rivalry amounting to economic war- ‘are’ But eventually we shall see that we, and others with us, are scaving around Ourselves as nations an intricate network of in- ‘ustrial interests where ruthless competition is seen to be suicidal, vod that the only sane and sensible policy is that of an increasing

“operation in the common economic life of all concerned. If the var spirit should lift its ugly head again and beckon the nations ‘» slaughter, we may find ourselves hopelessly entrapped in peace ‘rough the growing up of these mutual economic interests.

it will be seen that all these new devices represent points of ritation which develop where the traders and manufacturers of “erent nations cross each other's paths. They call for infinite acton the part of our industrial leaders and our statesmen. Who

uld have predicted when the early tariff makers went to work hat this would be one of the results of their strategv—this spread-

out of the machinery of business over national boundaries,

‘has building up in every country vase industries owned by the mople of other countries—German industries in France employing

uisands of Frenchmen, French industries in Germany and Eng- int emploving thousands of Germans and Englishmen, European

‘ustries in America giving work to millions of Americans, \mcrican factories in Europe employing millions of Europeans? �[Page 332]332 WORLD UNITY MAGAZINE

Who can foresee what is to be the effect of all this upon + minds of these millions of workers whose interests are thus Caug: up in this intricate international mesh of business? Sousa one wrote a match which he called “‘Hands across the Sea,”’ to sip nalize the extension across the ocean of the spirit of understand::; between two great nations. Can it be, after all, that this und standing is to be forced by these other hands across the sea—thev hired hands across the sea—who will teach their emplovers ax their rulers through the unification of economic interests, ar compel them too, to live together and work together in peac

The way of progress in economic cooperation would seem » be co lay down the principle that the regulation of trade, inves ment and credit, when the subjects of one state operate with: the territory on another, belongs in the last resort to the Leagw of Nations. The duty of promoting and protecting these interes: would on this suggestion be taken entirely out of the hands of th imperial or national state to which the traders and financiers & long. Normally, jurisdiction would belong to the state in whi: they traded or invested. But an appeal would lie to the Courts the League which it might set up, for the convenience of a parties, at two or three different centers in the Near, Middie a: Far East, as well as at the Hague.

H. N. Brailsford in a recent book has given the follow: summary of suggestions for world cooperation:

(1) It is essential that the League's supervision of all ma: dated areas should become more effective; and that all nonse: governing colonies in Africa and the Pacific should come unc: this system, with its rule of the Open Door and the absence of i discrimination in trade.

(2) The national state must cease to be the protector a. promoter of the trade and investments of its citizens beyond «: frontiers. The League's courts must replace it in performing the functions.

(3) The world must build up its international organizati to regulate the distribution and, if possible, also to stabilize prices of raw materials and staple foodstuffs.

�[Page 333]TOWARD WORLD ECONOMIC COOPERATION 333

e should organize such financial aid and ad- ce as weak and backward states may require. > should extend its protection to all national ‘, and draft a charter which should define their

lems of imperialism and naticnality have so onal groupings or federations on a continental ossible within the League. _few of the suggestions that might be made, feel that they are altogether “impractical” rue that they presuppose the decay of national ‘equite an international morality far beyond evolution. They demand an intelligence and a ‘is all coo little today. It may be that centuries their adoption rather than a generation. This ‘ay of progress lies in this direction, and the promptly adapt itself to the rapid changes of doomed to perish. The cooperation of the mon good is no longer a lofty ideal; in this the one condition of our survival.

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�[Page 334]MATERIALISM AND SPIRITUALITY

by STancey Rice (Published by courtesy of Assatic Review)

“Admirers of India are unanimous in praising Hindu ‘spivitualiev.’ I cannot agree with thes To my mind ‘spirituality’ . . . is the primal curse of India and the cause of all her misfortunes

A little less spiricualitv and the Indians would now he free —free from foreign dominion and ve tvranny of their own prejudices and traditions. There would be less dirt and more food... | for its ‘materialism’ that our Western civilisation is generally blamed. Wroagly I think. For se rialism—if materialism means a preoccupation with the actual world in which we live—is som thing wholly admirable.’ —Anoous Huacey in Jesting Palate.

“The desire to know, the demand for knowledge . . . has always been discouraged by the ees sages of the East. This desire, this vearning for knowledge, has heen suppressed either by scepticus or by resort to a so-called deeper wisdom through meditation and contemplation. ... We have te accustomed to regard these forms of deeper wisdom as forms of spirituality. But the moders | hisve are asking what spirituality really exists in these forms of deeper wisdom “—Da. Ho San 7 Renaissance on China (Lecture to the Royal lastitute of International Atfa -s, November, i y:t

ris one of the common accusations against the present ax

that it is too material. Indian writers in particular are neve

tired of contrasting their own spirituality with the mat

rialism of the West, and there is always an assumption o both sides that chis' spirituality is superior to materialism. It certainly true that in books of travel which embrace both bas and West, such as Keyserling’s ‘Travel Diary of a Philosopher and Mr. Huxlev's ‘‘Jesting Pilate,”’ there is a remarkable com trast between the atmosphere of India and that of America, n° is it to be found only in such books. Europeans who go © farther than India are struck by the same contrast with their ow preoccupations; and Mr. Dhan Mukerji, who tells simply enous: in “‘Caste and Outcast’’ the story of his experiences, contrive to leave the same impression without directly contrasting th two and without making a special claim for his own civilizatio:

The words, however, are generally very loosely used. Th do not always mean the same thing, and one suspects that som at least of the writers who use them are not very clear in the: 334 �[Page 335]MATERIALISM AND SPIRITUALITY 335 8

awn minds what they connote. They are in fact drifting into the sosition of catchwords. If we really analyze the term ‘‘material'’ se shall find that there are in human society only two qualities «hich deserve the name without explanation or modification, ‘ne desire for food and the sexual appetite. These two are to be ‘ound in primitive man and in the lower animals, and it is only as a negative factor that the mind comes into play. It is true that \ature herself may utter a warning; the wild beast does not ually gorge itself to repletion, and savage man may learn by vxperience that continence is ultimately necessary to health. fur the recognition that these things are vices in themselves is a mental process which acts by restraint. A child in whom the intal process is undeveloped tends to overeat, as do most animals in a state of captivity; a man who has cast aside the restraints of prudence and morality will tend towards excessive svual indulgence. In all other cases materialism is mixed in varying degrees with intellect or ethics or esthetics—all of them spiritual” processes. The man whose sole object is to make money uses his intellect to achieve his end; the woman who huvs a multitude of dresses is indulging -her esthetic faculty. sie does not buv them because she needs them but because they are pretty or because they will suit her. Both may or may not ‘ intluenced by moral considerations: the man by common hon- ty. the woman by the avoidance of extravagance—which 1s a vterent form of the same thing. It is thus apparent that even in se, the crudest forms of materialism, there are mental processes at work which modify the term, and this becomes more obvious as we ascend the scale. It is, indeed, increasingly difficult to decide vhere materialism ends and ‘‘spirituality’’ comes into play as the toremost factor, for opinions may differ as to whether mate- rialism should be applied objectively or subjectively. If it be panies to the subjective aspect alone we are concerned only h motive, but since motive must always be a process of the mind, whether intellectual or moral or esthetic, we should be riven to the conclusion that there is no such thing as material- ism except in the two cases already mentioned. That, however,

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is overrefinement; it lands us in the position that the wor ‘‘materialism™ so freely used means hardly anything. In practic it is undoubtedly used objectively. But the motives may vary i: degrees which are admittedly unequal. The man who bets on ; racecourse has no other object than to win money; he certain): does not view the transaction with any altruistic desire to pu money into another's pocket. The maker of a motorcar has a his primary object his own profit, but he is at the same time do:n; a social service by supplying a public want. The administrato: of public monevs has no other object than to serve the publ: by providing good roads, efficient lighting, sanitation, police and so forth; and those who devote their time and energies ¢ hospital work, often without reward to themselves, are actuate. solely by philanthropy in the true and literal sense. All thes people are, however, ministering in different degrees to a mate- tial object. It is to such things as these that Mr. Huxley alludes when he calls materialism “a preoccupation with the <actua. world in which we live’; the phrase is a loose one because our preoccupation extends also to that part of the universe of which we have anv knowledge and also because it excludes certain things which are clearly not material and vet belong to this actual world.

This will be more clearly recognized when we consider the contrast which he makes between ‘this world” and the “othe: world.’” He apparently wishes to confine the term ‘spirituality to the contemplation of the Unseen and the Unknowable, anc the passage quoted is typical of the use to which the word 1 very often put. The word “‘spiritual’’ has been used more thas once, because it was not convenient to analyze it earlier, though with the knowledge that it is a verv vague and unsatisfactory word without such analvsis. Man consists, it may be said, o! three parts, body, mind, and spirit or soul, and I have endeavoured to show that nearly everything he does brings into play both the body and the mind. But if we are to maintain the antithesis be- tween materialism and spiritualitv, we cannot afford to ignore the spirit which in conjunction with the mind deals with things

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wholly unrelated to the body. In this category would have to placed not only all that appertains to the ‘‘other world’’ and is therefore matter of faith, but also all that belongs to the emotions. For the emotions are in fact spiritual states brought about by the action of the senses or of the imagination upon the mind, and imagination is to conjure up in the mind some ideas the senses regarding material things which are not then oresent. A choice dish or a rare wine awakens by means of the mind the pleasurable sensations of taste; some masterpiece of music may, through the ear acting upon the mind, produce -motions of joy or sorrow, of triumph or defeat; if it were not so, a funeral match would be the same to us as a drawing-room sallad, an anthem as a fox-trot. But the material thing need not x present. The sight of a dving mother will awaken feelings of sret, but the thought of the same picture may have exactly the ame effect. How manv of us have felt the emotion of fear in anticipation of the operator's table or the dentist's chair, to find that the reality was far less formidable than the anticipation? How many, saved from an imminent peril, have shuddered at the thought of what had so nearly happened?

The spiritual state, caused by the imagination, is transferred sv the more ardent or sensitive believers to the other world of which we have no knowledge. Man being what he is cannot tink except in terms of the phenomenal. It is, 1 think, impos- ble to conceive in the abstract those qualities which the ancient philosophers were so fond of discussing. Truth, justice, happi- ness, charitv—these and other qualities existe in the abstract ‘nly as academic and unrealizable ideas; in practice they are notions Which govern the conduct of man to man and are only conceived in relation to him or to the lower creation. Thus it ‘s that if someone proposes to tell the ‘‘truth’’ about So-and-so, we know that he is not speaking of abstract truth but of the truth as presented to his own mind. Similarly, in a labor dispute between employers and employed we are frequently reminded that the one only desires to do, and the other to receive, justice, but the word means two different things to the two parties, �[Page 338]338 WORLD UNITY MAGAZINE

and is clearly an abstract idea applied to human conduct. An: so when the imagination dwells upon the other world it canno; but conceive it in terms of this. It has always been so. God represented throughout the Old Testament in terms of man; k: sits upon a throne, He speaks with a voice, He has a face which Moses may not, and back parts which he may, see. In the New Testament He is our Father or our Judge. The heaven is definitely a place, the angels are superhuman men, and the bliss of the righteous and the torment of the damned are described in humaz terms. Thus too it has always been through the centuries of the Church's history. The saints who saw demons in the wilderness those who conjured up the awful visions of an eternal hell, thos who had communion with Christe in the manner of Se. Teresa. alike had recourse to the material objects of this world to st:m- ulate their imagination. The realization of the crudity of thes ideas, the very thought that God and the unseen world are in: conceivable, the rejection of the idea, itself extremely ditfficul: to grasp, that eternal bliss differs only in degree, though i: infinite degree, from bliss on earth, and the conviction that 1t 1 or may be wholly different in kind, have probably played the: part in the scepticism of a rationalist world.

It may of course be objected that faith does not fall withis this category, that there are certain articles of the Christiaz faith which we are content to take on trust, knowing that thes do and always must transcend man’s reason. Such are the doctrine of the Trinity, which is explained in the Athanasian Creed is terms inconceivable to man’s finite intelligence, and the doctrine of Transubstantiation, which, however, is not universally held To faith of this kind we give the name of mysteries. It may be remarked in passing that what some claim to be legitimate faith others regard as illegitimate superstition; the border-line between the two is very thin. It is in fact in Carlvlean phrase a question of My-doxy and Thy-doxy. The devout Christian believes that to him alone the Truth has been revealed and that, therefore to believe in the Incarnation is an act of faith; the devout Mussul: man equally believes that he is the sole recipient of the Truth,

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an 339

and since to him it is heresy to say that God has a Son, the (hristian belief must appear superstition. The Hindu does not ‘ony the possibility of incarnation, but believes that God was ocarnate in the person, not of Christ, but of Krishna. In order to embrace all kinds of faith and to avoid invidious distinctions setween what is faith and what is superstition, we may include all that appertains to the other world and transcends man's reason as Mysticism.

George Santayana has defined spirituality as ‘‘living in rresence of the ideal."’ But if we are right in contrasting spirit- wilitv with materialism, this definition does not satisfy. At one end of the scaJe is the man whose whole energies are occupied with the Stock Exchange List; at the other is the Hindu ascetic who, according to his lights, is entirely preoccupied with the welfare of his own soul. Between these two extremes lie many vatictics of mixture, for, as has already been intimated, no exact une can be drawn, and in fact neither the money-maker nor the ascetic lives wholly for the world. It was, and still is, the failure to recognize this truth that has so largely impeded the progress ot knowledge; heresy was looked upon in bygone times with such horror that a man was not allowed to question not only tie dogmas of the Church in regard to unseen things, but also ‘ts quite erroneous tenets in regard to terrestrial things. And although this involved the power of the Church, it was genu- ncly thought that such scepticism did, in fact, endanger a man’s soul, and that any deviation from blind obedience was an injury to the spiritual life. The same principle can be seen at work today. here are still men and women—especially women—who, though chev are willing to believe that certain old dogmas have been “nally and conclusively exploded, still regard genuine and honest ‘oubt about those which hold the field, if not exactly with hor- ror, at any rate with aversion, and if the point were pressed would maintain that such doubt was in a loose and unexplained wav unspiritual. Yet surely it is clear that to confine spirituality to emotional or, if vou prefer it, to intuitive faith is to leave out a large part of life, or in the alternative to relegate to mate- �[Page 340]340 WORLD UNITY MAGAZINE

rialism what can only by very forced language be called mate. rial; and that, on the other hand, if the study of metaphysics :; “spiritual,” the study of all other kinds of knowledge can only be excluded by an arbitrary distinction based on objectivity. —

The case of esthetics is perhaps more difficult. Certain con. ditions are caused by the action of the senses upon the mind, usually through the medium of the eve or the ear. They are no: alwavs pleasurable, nor are they always related to culture. To the highly trained and cultivated musician a Beethoven svn- phony or a Wagner scena may give the most exquisite delight. as to a highly trained and cultivated artist may Flemish prim:- tives. There is in this delight something of the intellectual winch gives it an added keenness, but it is shared, though perhaps to a lesser degree, by others of general culture but ignorant of the finer points of technic. To others, again, such things meas nothing: their esthetic sense is satisfied in the sphere of sound by musical comedy or a pretty ballad; in the sphere of sight by the motion pictures of the cinema. What is usually forgotten 1s that, although one class of art may be “‘good’’ and the other “bad,”’ one mav be “high” and the other “low,” all art acts in the realm of spirituality and not of materialism, and the cor- troversy which rages about the moral value of the films begins with their esthetic value. If the art of the cinema, which caters for what Americans expressively call “the hicks,’ tends to de- grade the spirit of man or to lower his moral nature, the ultimate reason is to be found in the worthlessness of the esthetic con- tent; for as long as that content is held to be worthy, so long will the lessons inculcated be accepted and their influence al- lowed their fullest scope. Te is the greatest triumph of that great adventure, the “Old Vic,” that it has never plaved down to the lowest tastes, but has plaved those tastes to a higher level, and the astonishing enthusiasm displaved at the lease likely moments is eloquent proof of the keen esthetic appreciation of charwomen and laborers. Esthetics are largely a question of degree as they are largely a question of culture; many a man who professes to “‘like music,"’ but who finds Beethoven and �[Page 341]MATERIALISM AND SPIRITUALITY 341

Brahms ‘“‘beyond him,"’ has simply not taken the trouble to cultivate a sense of music, and this is equally true of any other sranch of art. The point to recognize is that all art is sniritual sy whatever medium it reaches the mind; the creator of art— the musician, the poet, the painter, sculptor, or prose-writer— . to the extent of his art living a spiritual life, whicl, to that extent, also is shared by those to whom he offers his artistic gifts.

When we come to mysticism and ethics we are upon less controversial ground. Mysticism deals with the unphenomenal, with the other world of which Mr. Huxley speaks in mild sar- -asm, and there is no one who doubts that the term ‘‘spirituality’’ may properly be applied to it. It is the special province’of the spiritual teacher represented by the ministers of the Church, whatever be the religion, and in Christianity it is chiefly mani- tested in dogma and the Sacraments. There was indeed a time when it was thought that this was the only possible torm of the spiritual life; the whole body was not only to be disregarded, but to be actually ill-treated, and the natural desires and affec- tons were to be suppressed and, if possible, extinguished. Beauty was a snare of the devil, and the acquisition of knowledge was wicked materialism, so long as it was not bounded by theological speculation. Ethics themselves counted for little, and the man «ho murdered his relatives and rose to power through blood and treachery was still righteous before God if his opinions were orthodox. We read such things with amazement today; yet the caders of the Church in those dark ages were only acting accord- ing to their lights, and were trying to stress the everlasting contrast between spirituality and materialism in a manner of which we see the traces in the common usage of modern writings. ‘o tar, however, has the pendulum swung the other way that the modern realist would deny spirituality altogether to the mystic, holding that his faith is only foolish superstition and has no value of any kind. In this, however, he is wrong. The history of every fteligion in every country shows that mankind requires some central concept, and that that concept tends always to- �[Page 342]342 WORLD UNITY MAGAZINE

wards the personal. Thus it was that the philosophy of the Stox, fell short of human needs; the popular religion degenerated in:

an obvious superstition which was seen to be unworthy of th educated man, and part of the triumph of Christianity was du to the fact that the void left by the disappearance of the olde cults was feady to be filled by Christian mysticism. Cold philos. ophy makes no lasting appeal to the people, and in India it wa: soon found that the cold metaphysics of the Upanishads and th: cold ethics of Buddhism could not supply the emotional side o popular life. In the one case the want was satisfied by the Bhak:. movement, in which emotion could find vent in the adoratio: of the god; in the other the deification of the Buddha and th: conception of a spiritual hierarchy formed a violent deviatio: from the purely ethical and atheistical teaching of the Buddha Whatever may be the absolute and intrinsic value of the Sacra ments, of ritual, or of certain dogmas, it is certain that to ; particular type of mind, especially to the female mind, thev hav: been of the utmost consolation, and to the more sensitive tem peraments have almost attained an objective reality, so tha they not only form a part, but the greatest and most importar: part, of life. To abolish the mystic element is usually to knock away some of the fundamental props of the people; it become: increasingly difficult to adopt a code of ethics as the guide o life, because there is in fact no such thing as a conscious cod and the ethics of a people by which they live insensibly als

change insensibly, and, without the objectivity of a mvstic taith in all probability for the worse. Hence it is that Communism ss completely mistaken in its endeavor to destroy religion. The purely utilitarian view of life, which sees no good in anything that does not promise a visible and proximate return, woul abolish as far as possible the whole element of spirituality, anc since its complete elimination is impossible, would so far neglect it as to discourage any cultivation of the higher feelings. In ce- stroving the mystical part of religion, it equally puts in jeoparés the whole code of ethics, the ultimate sanction for which becomes private conscience and the civil law of the land. The whole coz: �[Page 343]MATERIALISM AND SPIRITUALITY 343

ception of a Divine law may be bevond proof, but has had a very real and practical effect upon ethics, not merely among those who continually think in terms of it, but also among those who are only unconsciously or subconsciously aware of it.

Rut to some—and perhaps in practice to most—ethics are the most importante aspect of the spiritual life. The fruits of the Spirit, we are told, are love, joy, peace, and the rest of the well- known catalog, and it was the favorite occupation both of Greek and Roman philosophers to discuss the nature of virtue. To Gautama the end to be aimed at was Nirvana, a state of complete purity which enabled the man to be absorbed in the divine absolute, but the means of attainment were the complete suppression of all desire, or, in other words, the elimination of all chat in Buddhist conception was an obstacle to virtue. To Muhammad the reward of virtue was a verv tangible heaven, as the reward of wickedness was an equally tangible hell, but a large part of virtue consisted in the acceptance of the ecclesiastical ‘ogma. But the negative quality of Buddhism reminds us that, + virtue enters into the spiritual life, so also does vice. We have a catalog of the fruits of the Spirit, but we have also a catalog « the things which defile, the spiritual quality of which is specially emphasized in contrast to those material things which oter the body. If we are to maintain the distinction between materialism and spirituality we must recognize that the spiritual ite mav be evil as well as good; that the materialist, in so far as he is non-spiritual, is as regards spirituality neutral, since he an follow his creed without being actively virtuous or actively vcious. Such a being is in fact an academic postulate; vet it may reasonably be said of a material civilization that its spiritual ite is of a subconscious, latent, almost negative kind. The aver- ave materialise would be indignant if he were asked the plain ‘aestion whether he approved of this or that form of what 1s isually accounted virtue or vice; but ordinarily it never enters his head to consider the matter at all.

But seeing that spiritual processes enter into every action of civilized man, including at times even those grossest material �[Page 344]344 WORLD UNITY MAGAZINE

forms of which earlier mention was made, the question arise whether we are justified at all in our two main divisions. o whether we ought not rather to regard materialism as mere): the grossest form of the spiritual life. In this view the usua antithesis would disappear and would be replaced by categorie: of degree; this is in fact the more logical method, for since ther is a measure of spirituality in all life, none of it can be calle: purely material. But though it is not difficult to distinguis between the two extremes—between the religious ascetic wh: cares nothing for the world and the worldly man who cares not} ing for anything else—it is not so easy to assign positive value to other forms of spirituality. It is exactly here, I conceive, tha: error is most likely to creep in. Given the superiority of the spiritual over the material, a superiority which may be intuit but which is based upon the observation of the rise of man from the primitive, brutal condition, can it be said that mysticism i in any way superior to intellectualism, or either to esthetics’ How are we to compare the relative spirituality of a St. Franc: a Newton, a Plato, a Beethoven, and a Michael Angelo? If could be determined that one category is definitely superior to the other, then the man who possessed the greatest share of tha: category would be making the nearest approach to the perfec: life. That is the assumption of the Hindu claim. Religion, the sav, is the mainspring of Hindu life; evervthing ts referable + it, and since the existing world is relatively negligible, Indian must be regarded as essentially spiritual. But exactly the sam: claim can be made by the intellectual man who is not religious at all; che man whose whole life is devoted to the study of science or history, to the entire neglect of his worldly affairs, can claim to be no less spiritual than the ascetic, and the same may als be said of the artist and the poet. The proposition has only tok stated to suggest the answer. The mistakeggt the Hindu is to con fine spirituality to the mystic alone; it 1s not that one categor is higher or lower than the other, but that no category is com plete in itself, and that therefore neither the mystic nor the intellectual nor the artist can claim to be any nearer the pertec: �[Page 345]MATERIALISM AND SPIRITUALITY 345

‘e than the other. In each case the too exclusive concentration a single aspect vitiates the whole. The ignorant mystic, the stellectual atheist, the vicious artist, cacit misses something ot the whole, and all are alike in refusing to recognize the true value of the world in which we live. From whatever aspect the ase be viewed, it will be seen that the overstressing of any one ude leads to the abnormal. The supermystic becomes the anchorite + the desert, whose fear of women, whose struggles with demons, whose pravers and fastings, amounted to a disease; the super- ethic becomes the Puritan or the Scotch divine of the eighteenth entury, Whose austerity took all the jov out of life and steeped mankind in an everlasting dread of eternal punishment. It is true thar the artiste has very seldom lived entirely for his art, but we are all ready to recognize something abnormal in the man who most nearly does so. And although the tvpe is more common in Western civilization, we are equally ready to admit that there is sormething Jacking in the life of the man or woman who lives wholly for the acquisition of worldly possessions or the gaining ot worldly comforts.

The pertect life is therefore a balanced synthesis of propor- ton and degree in the various factors that make up life. It is secessary to add degree to proportion, because to the attainment tthe perfect life the factors must be of high quality, and in each the categories there are wide variations. It is manifestly im- possible to attempt anv kind of mathematical definition, or to xplain this harmony in anv but the most general terms. The san who combined in himself the excellences of a St. Francis, a Beethoven, a Newton, and a Buddha would hardly be recogniz- able as a human being. Much would depend on the ethical side dione, upon the virtues which are recognized as such, and upon the estimation in which they are held. We can, however, observe something defective in the character which is so given to mys- ccism as to be oblivious to the suffering of others, which is so steeped in esthetics as to be indifferent to intellect, which 1s 0 engrossed in worldly affairs as to have no thought for religion. We realize that there is something different in quality between �[Page 346]346 WORLD UNITY MAGAZINE

the intellectualism of the highly educated man and that of th: newsboy whose ambition is to master the trade of a moto: mechanic, between the esthetic pleasure of a Beethoven sym. phony and that of a jazz dance, between the negative ethics o a man who does not steal and defraud and those of a man wh» devotes his life to social service.

To speak then of materialism and spirituality as if they cou: be placed in separate compartments, of which one is admitted) higher than the other, leads to much looseness, if not to con. fusion, of thought. There is nothing specially elevating in pur spirituality, as there is nothing derogatory in materialism. Hac’ has its own part to play in human life, and the defect of an given civilization is that it stresses unduly one of the factors o which life is made up. The ancient Greeks were above all thing: lovers of beauty, to which they added a great reverence for in. tellect, but in stressing these things they neglected ethics an allowed mysticism to fall into derision. The ancient Romar: stressed the worldly and material side of life to the neglect o esthetics and mysticism, so that, as the Empire advanced sr extent and organization, the people, having no religious or esthetic standard, degenerated into vice and the baser kinds o: pleasure. The early Christians overemphasized the mystica! side to such an extent that the way to knowledge was practicalls barred, the ethical factor was cramped, and esthetics became a dreary procession of saints and madonnas and a continuous and stunted output of chants and hymn tunes. India today is inclined to stress overmuch the mystical and metaphysical elements, so that in the incisive words of Mr. Huxley, ‘a little less spirituality and... there would be less dirt and more food.’ The doctrine of Maya has been interpreted to mean that this world is relatively unimportant, but such a Joctrine degenerates in the minds o: unpractised men into the idea that this world is of no conse- quence at all. And finally the rationalism of the Western world which revolted against the blind acceptance of ecclesiastica: dogma and which is applying its intellectualism to the productior of material things, found that the material life was growing ever �[Page 347]MATERIALISM AND SPIRITUALITY ; . 347

nore complex, swung to the opposite extreme, left its mysticism xa possible occupation for Sundays, and regarded its esthetic seasures as temporary relaxations from worldly toil. This was cvitable. In the competition for wealth and power, which sought the great rewards and which was made possible by the aeplication of knowledge to production, to health, and to com- port. it was clear that those more spiritual elements must recede »oce the Church had lost her supreme influence. It is difficult to acine any modern nation staking an Empire, as Spain staked hors in the sixteenth century, for the sake of a few ecclesiastical | ocmas, for men have scen that no nation can remain great which saritices National prosperity to unprogressive teaching. And vet

be

sohe of the most signal triumphs of Christianity and a proof

ts worth as a religion that, in spite of its disadvantages, in sete of the unworthiness of some of its leaders in the past, in rete ot the scandals and immoralities which ‘have stained its hstory, it has never lost its hold upon the West in the mystical pe) ethical sides of life with which it is mainly concerned. "hose who deny or doubt its dogmas, and those who are most ceeply immersed in worldly concerns, are still the products of. Western civilization, which has been so largely influenced by [orstianitv, though it is by no means, as some seem to think, tre result of that alone.

Materialism in its grosser forms of making money and study- he physical comfort is conspicuous all over the West, and par- t ularly in the United States of America. The depression of things inritual, to whatever category they may belong, is deplorable. ‘hough there is a remnant left who have not bowed the knee in 'e temple of Plutus, this general attitude to life cannot but have ! asting effect upon a nation. Religion can still awaken, if not passion, at lease lively feeling, but to the great majority it has

• oome a matter of ritual and routine. Art can still produce

intstic things, but in painting, as in music and literature, the ‘uct desire is to create something that will sell well, and the ‘ sgest rewards often go to the works of inferior merit. Yet so complex is human nature that even these gross material forms �[Page 348]348 WORLD UNITY MAGAZINE

have their special virtues. An Indian has said: ‘‘Notwithstani.-, the vague claims of spirituality by the Asiatics they are cry. materialists, and there is more humanity, kindness, probity character, refinement of manner, social service, consideration ~ feeling for others, and simple living with high thinking Europe than can be found anywhere in Asia." It is not diffc: to assign the items of this catalog to the various branch which, I have tried to show, collectively make up spiritual: and to deduce from it that Europe is on the whole in advance Asia even in the spiritual life.

But while it is comparatively easy for Asia to infuse into he mystical and metaphysical outlook something of the materialisz of Europe which will increase her self-respect, earn her greate esteem, and improve the conditions of her physical life, it is so easy for Europe to check her ever-growing materialism. It» far easier to give up praying than to give up smoking.

There are signs that to thinking men the complete victory © materialism in Europe is a danger to Western civilization, as. they are looking for means to counteract it. Suggestions are mac: that we mav find the remedy in the East, and the East may ha» this much to teach us, that there are many things in life wor? having besides wealth and bodily comfort. But the East ca teach us little more. She has exalted the mystical side of ln unduly and the result is too often misery and death and thi weakness from which flow its own peculiar vices. The idea to which we in the West ought to look forward is the balance: synthesis of all factors; not decrving materialism, nor overstress ing it, not confining our spiritual effort to a single branch whic: has become, perhaps, too much divorced from Western lite, w: should set ourselves to the redress of the balance which 1s overt weighted on the one side in the West, on the other in the Eas: It is a stupendous task, possibly an impossible one, but at leas we shall make no headway unless we clearly recognize what th: problem is and that its solution lies in the direction of a jus coordination.

�[Page 349]NEXT STEPS IN INTERNATIONAL ACTION by

Lucia Ames MEapD Author and Lecture

ince the revolutionary event of the ratification by the origi-

nal fifteen nations of the Briand-Kellogg Peace Pact and all

the smaller nations following suit, thousands of thoughtful students have been studying its implications and the cause

and cure of war. Secretary Stimson has showed Moscow and ‘hina that this pact was to be taken seriously. But the failure to ‘ccounize it at the London'Naval Parley shows that a great cam- paign of education on the Pact is now imperative for those who ~clieve that war between nations can be ended, not in some dis- rant future, but now, in this generation. Most people have con-

world peace as a far-off goal to be achieved when disputes about ‘ariifs, raw materials, markets, race prejudice and other causes t dispute have been eradicated. A thousand vears before we shall achieve complete world-brotherhood, the civilized world must ..ase those methods which are at present tending toward another world catastrophe and, if unchecked, will bring about the suicide t civilization. Hitherto, thought has been focussed on a change t human nature and developing world cooperation and voters have taken their immediate responsibility lightly, feeling that world peace can be only gradually accomplished.

International war is entirely within human control and inter- ‘ational war is in the same category as slavery, witch-craft and ‘cllow fever and requires no change of human nature but only hange of ideas. It is a product of false premises, confused thinking aot lack of organization. While revolts and revolution may still ccur within a nation, international war in the lifetime of the

349 �[Page 350]3§9 WORLD UNITY MAGAZINE

boys now spending their summers in military camps should » come as obsolete as slavery. One of the most common fallacies | the confounding of disputes with war. Disputes occur in all us —the family, city, state and nation; but few disputes end in blo. shed. In annual programs The League of Women Voters and ors organizations formerly have urged emphasis on economics in + study of the cause and cure of war. Their feeling was that tar wrong distribution of raw materials, overpopulations and kind matters were causes of war. Not so; as they are now coming: perceive. These are only causes of disputes. Disputes are not wa They would no more lead to war in a properly organized wo: than strikes, lockouts, competition of grocers in the same tov and bitterness between labor and capital lead to war withic. State.

The average person has assumed that unless economic pro lems are settled, war is probable. These problems may not » settled for ages to come; in some form they will reappear in eve generation, as will religious and racial disputes. If voters thie: that they must primarily concern themselves with the solun« of these stupendous problems before they can hope for world pea. in our day, their helpfulness in averting future war wall be nes. gible. There are endless causes and occasions of disputes, as dite ent possessions, races, religious and political differences ar. temperaments create them. The great fact to recognize is tha despite these, the world need not make matters infinitely wor by letting loose the titanic forces of science in asphyxiating cit: and turning civilization back to chaos.

The primary study should not be causes of disputes but © that adequate World Organization which can alone prevent a: other world war when disputes become pressing. It was adequa:. organization in 1787 that saved our thirteen colonies from ds ruption. They had tried the cooperation which everyone now urges for the world and commends for study. It is well to stud cooperation as it goes part way to a solution; but, taken alon it is no permanent solution for the world any more than it prove for our states which, after cooperating during the times that trie

�[Page 351]NEXT STEPS IN INTERNATIONAL ACTION 351

men s souls in the Revolution, fell apart shortly after that.’ It sas the statesmanship of Washington, Franklin, Madison and ‘heir colleagues in Independence Hall which provided in 1787 the essary political machinery which, when adopted by the states, ensured through the Constitution and the Supreme Court that no cite would ever go to war with another state. Our Supreme Court has settled about ninety interstate disputes, some of them of vital terest and honor, such as in Europe, before the League of Na- os came into being, would have led to war there and broken us oto tragments here. This new political machinery sidetracked vir and in inter-state affairs left man’s latent devilery dormant.

torestalled and prevented the growth and development of ill-

«iil ending in uncontrollable outburst. All this is the more re- surkable when one realizes the excess of murders, lynchings, and scneral criminality of individuals within our states and reveals ve tact that war, whether between states or nations, is not the eroduct of bad human nature so much as of lack of adequate reanization. Effective organization of course means not merely saper contracts but the same adherence to them that we feel for ur own Constitution. What mankind most needs today is that political machinery <hich will prevent inevitable disputes from seething and ferment- ~untiltthey bring about an explosion that will wreck civiliza- Such effort as sidetracked war between Paraguay and Bo- ‘via, and not long ago, war between Bulgaria and Greece and, tore that, war between Italy and Greece, show the new order t things to which we are coming if the world is loyal to the Ncllowg Pace. Study of the League of Nations, of arbitration and security in not be classed with study of tariffs, population and economic matters as if they were in the same category and of equal impor- ‘ince. It is as important to study the causes of disputes between iabor and capital within our country, between races and sections hore as to study similar causes of disputes between nations. One ccs cruel injustice everywhere. There is quite as much between cho two extremes of privileged persons living on unearned incre- �[Page 352]3§2 WORLD UNITY MAGAZINE

ment and our log-cabin mountaineers who are illiterate, as then is between rich Pennsylvania and Abyssinia.

Problems of international justice and of economics will + main after international war is abolished. In this critical perio: of readjustment of ideas on world relationships which Presidec: Butler rightly says the Kellogg Pact makes ‘“‘evolutionary people who have precious leisure to study and help the rising tid. of sanity to attain adequate world organization would do well: concentrate on the next steps that we should take’ (1) Entrance. into the World Court with the Elihu Root formula, now accepte by the other signatories: (2) The ratification of the Pan-America: Arbitration treaties, a matter of profound importance; (3) Carefs study of the astounding bill presented by the War Department i the Senate and House May 13, 1929 bv which the President woul be given the war-authority of a tvrant. The War Departmer: asked for far-reaching preparation for war, the setting up of drat: boards, the imprisonment of conscientious objectors and it prac tically poured contempt upon our solemn pledge to seek onl: pacific means of settlement of every dispute of whatever nature origin. The American Legion, in a universal draft bill, worked to: essentially the same thing and its program planned to have i President who, whenever he thinks war is brewing, may withow act of Congress proclaim himself a dictator, in absolute contr. of all railroads, mines, factories, banks, all money, newspaper all churches, organizations and all other ‘‘services’ over whic? government control seems to him ‘‘necessary for the successte termination of such an emergency’; The Grundy-Snell conscrip tion bill passed the Senate without objection on June 2; strikin: out the words ‘without profit’ and ‘‘so as to empower the Presi. dent immediately to mobilize all the resources of the country This had previously passed the House in amended form eliminatin: the drafting of labor. It is not so bad as the original proposal bu: undermines the peace psychology credited by the Kellogg Pact (4) There should be a petition to Congress to follow the exampi: of various European countries and combine the War and Navy de partments under one head ‘‘The Departement of National De

�[Page 353]NEXT STEPS IN INTERNATIONAL ACTION 353

tease."’ (§) To double the appropriation for our State Department which at present is less than half the price of one new cruiser. This should then provide a section for special peace activities, iong-needed and sadly lacking. (6) As the permission granted the United States to equal Britain's naval tonnage does not require us to build up to parity, there should be wide-spread demand that we should aim merely at parity of security and not parity of ton- cage, that the safest nation in the world, having enormous super- assets for security, yet spending more than any other nation on armaments, should now call a halt to the excessive demands on the tax-payer. Millions are out of work and the country needs bread more than bullets. Any increase of armaments on our part would incite the other nations to follow suit as reliable informa- ion proves.

Ina world in which there are so many regions where the war- pirit is now seething, the leadership of this great, safe republic, which has never yet had any nation declare war against it, follow- ing the lines here indicated, might save the human race from un- cold disaster.

�[Page 354]YOUTH AND THE MODERN WORLD Edited by

IsaBELLA Van METER

Above and beyond all war and death is our deep yearning for the time when we shall be abla to work sdem sade wath the youth of the whole wovid.”’

During the crucial vears since the Europes: war, the vouth of the worid has been gathering » force as if for a supreme struggle with the miistant, destructive past. Repudiatine alike its inherw ance of institutions, customs and ideals, the generation now assuming manhood and womanho. in East and West is gradually creating the substance of a diferent way of lite, anew outlook, destin to form a new civilization. Viewed from the ranks of those molded by the past, this manifestatux of vouth has appeared one of the most tragic misguided, even sinister of social phenomena, sine its triumph must involve the overthrow of so much that mankind has done and heen. The statemer of vouth itself, so far as vouth has vet defined its own energies. experiences and directions, will te a different story. In this department World Unity Magazine will publish from time to time bre articles expressing the outlook of vouth, by vourth itself, on those vital issues which are recurtes

from age to age. Youth and World Peace

by Haroip F. Binc Organizing, Secvetars of The Bestish Federation of Youth

nat do we mean by ‘Peace’? What ts involved s work for “‘Peace’’? How many of us.who so loud) and fervently proclaim ourselves as supporters 0: the Peace Movement ever seriously ask ourselve these questions. Of course, if some one else put the questions tc us we should be very quick in making such a hackneved reply as ‘‘Peace means no more war, disarmament, arbitration, etc.,” o: ‘Peace means universal brotherhood and international co operation,’ according to whether we are among those whos minds are attracted by the detailed political means towards i goal or by the idealised conception of the goal‘ itself.—But 1! after having satisfied the superficial questioner, we went home an- sat down alone in our study to fathom the meaning of our answer.

probably we should often find there was not much in it to fathom. 354 �[Page 355]YOUTH AND WORLD PEACE 355

We post-war pacifists have been very ready in criticizing the nglicies and attitude of the pre-war advocates of peace. And quite nghtly too. For the most part, their attitude was sentimental and timorous and failed when War came; their policies were in- jective half-measures, urged without real conviction or scientific understanding of the far-reaching problems involved. For one ching, they had not had the lesson and experience of the World War with its illustration of the economic and other causes of ternational conflict, with its revelations of the sinister influence ot Machiavellian secret diplomacy and its evidence of the titanic character of the psychologic and emotional forces released by the call of the bugle and the rolling of the drums.

But has the post-war Peace Movement, in spite of all the aivantages of this great practical lesson, really got much nearer to the heart of the problem? Obviously, a system which has pre- vailed among mankind throughout the known period of history, and has become more powerful, more highly organized, more ‘estructive, and more closely linked up with the daily life of the reoples as civilisation has progressed, is not going to be disposed 1 by pious phrases or negative emotional reactions. It is not sug- vested that the post-war Peace Movement has been limited to these. A great deal of constructive thinking and practical work has been applied to the problem. The machinery of the League Nations, the International Labor Office and the Permanent (ourt of International Justice cannot be ignored. The adoption by a large section of the Peace Movement of the logical attitude of rtusal of all forms of war service, direct and indirect, is very signiticant. But in spite of these facts it is difficult to resist the hlicf that the attitude of the vast mass of members of the in- cumerable existing Peace Societies is mainly a sentimental one and that the Movement as a whole tends to concern itself with ssmptoms rather than with causes.

It is tenevears since the close of the greatest war in history. Those who lived through the period 1914-18 are not likely to torget the torture and despair of those four years of horror. The Peace Movement during the past ten years has been building on �[Page 356]356 WORLD UNITY MAGAZINE

the emotional reaction against war which the experience of th four years created in all men and women of goodwill. But is emotional reaction to a past experience, a reaction which bound to grow less intense as time separates us more and mor from the experience, a sufficiently firm basis on which to bux the structure of a new world order involving a fundamental different conception of human relations and a consequent technique in social, political and economic organization? Moreover, we must face the fact that the war-generation ; rapidly being replaced by one that has no direct experience of t great cofflict. In whatever sphere of work one is engaged, is continually finding oneself in discussion with young men women who have not, and cannot have, the emotional react: against war which is ingrained in the consciousness, (and also the sub-consciousness) of those of us who are a little older ¢ they. For these younger people ‘‘Peace’’ is an empty abstract: because it does not represent in their minds the contrast to al that orgy of horror and destruction which our imagination 1 mediately summons up on the mention of the word “war.” then, the Peace Movement is to have any future, evervthing depends upon the attitude towards it of this younger generatios This fact gives tremendous significance to the World Your? Peace Congress which was held at Eerde, near Omnen, Hollani in August, 1928. To it came some 4oo representatives of the voutt organizations of 31 countries. It was a Congress which was pre pared and organized entirely by vouth, the responsibility for « being in the hands of an international vouth committee to whit The British Federation of Youth acted as Executive and Inter national Secretariat. It was not in any sense a pacifist congress nor did the delegates come mainly from youth peace organiz tions. Just as the delegates represented all’continents, all races all religions and all social classes, so also did they represent th most diverse political and philosophical opinions. Among th representatives of nationalist. communist, socialist, democratic League-of-Nations, anarchist and other vie. points, among tk advocates of wars of sanctions and an international police torc

�[Page 357]YOUTH AND WORLD PEACE 3§7

ot wars of defence, of national uprisings of the colored peoples against Western Imperialism, of a world-wide class war against international Capitalism, the advocates of absolute non-violence ‘ound themselves in a minority. But this diversity in the ele- nents which made up the Congress, while it often created dif fi- culties in procedure, gave it a realism which no merely pacifist gathering could have possessed. It truly reflected the conflicting elements and opinions in the world of reality; it voiced the aspirations and opinions of those many different sections of hu- manitvy which ate seeking to make themselves heard and to impress their ideas upon the post-war world. It demonstrated with incisive clarity the meaninglessness of any superficial and theoretical unity.

We are not here concerned with the details of the Congress itself, either on its official side in Commissions and Plenary Ses- wons, or on that unofficial side in which, in social gathering, ramble and camp-fire circle, new friendships were formed and a spirit of human unity, deeper than political and religious differ- ences, was developed. We must however mention the variety of subjects included in the program for it is indicative of the com- prehensive view which modern youth takes of the problem of Peace. There were six Commissions dealing respectively with the Economic, Political, Educational, Religious and Moral aspects of Peace, with the Race Problem and the Minorities Question, while in Plenary Sessions were considered practical wavs of international cooperation of youth for peace and inter- national youth organisation.

Looking back on the Congress from a distance of several months, one is able to perceive the main tendencies of thought ot the world’s vouth, on the subject of Peace which it reVealed.

In the first place, it was felt that Peace cannot be achieved sv a small minority of pacifists; it can come only as the result of the active cooperation of the vast mass of the people, but such cooperation will be possible only when the real character of the ‘sues at stake are more fully understood than at present.

Secondly, it was very strongly held that Peace will not and

�[Page 358]358 WORLD UNITY MAGAZINE

cannot be achieved by direct seeking after it. Peace is not some. thing of itself; it is the harmonious condition of social and inte national relations which will result from the establishment, national and international political, economic and other cond. tions based upon justice, freedom and the full recognition of ind. vidual worth. War results from economic injustice, imperu exploitation, facial oppression, selfish political ideals, faix principles of education, etc. Effort must therefore be directed ty the removal of these and the creation of their opposites. W this has been done, Peace will automatically have been brough about. _ Thirdly, there was very evident at the Congress, a stronglr revolutionary attitude to modern civilization. There were cet- tainly delegates who conceived that all that was necessary wer certain slight modifications or adaptations of present-day society and organization. But much more evident was the view tha modern western civilization is fundamentally unsound, that « needs to be completely uprooted and replaced by an organization of society based on radically different principles, and that withou these changes, in which youth must cooperate with the organise: working class, permanent peace will be impossible. Not all o those who took this attitude advocate that the necessary change should be brought about by violent methods; there were manr protagonists of complete non-violence who were equally uncom: promising in their attitude towards modern civilization. Fourthly, there was a determination to ignore and abolish many artificial barriers and false distinctions which have playe: an important, and often undesirable, part in the past. Racia superiority and national antagonisms were discarded; persons were estimated at their individual worth; principles were the basis of distinction. National alignments were recognized only where they happened to coincide more or less with differences of method or principle. Thus, for example, the German Delega- tion found itself often in opposition to a considerable section o: the delegates of the Allied countries of the World War, in its different attitude towards the League and related problems.

�[Page 359]YOUTH AND WORLD PEACE 359

Finally, there was great dissatisfaction with the conference- thod as such, and with the parliamentary form of procedure which many of the delegates (probably the majority) had been ustomed. It was felt to be antiquated, cumbersome and in- quate. The formulation of resolutions and voting thereon was tto be an unsatisfactory way of seeking results or of determin- gaction. It was of course clearly realised that the old-fashioned thod of taking votes and giving the vote of the majority as decision of the Congress is untruthful and futile, and therefore m each Commission were issued Majority and Minority Re-

prts, and only unanimous decisions were issued as decisions of le Congress. But even this is insufficient, for in any complex pman problem, a group of thinking men and women from ferent countries and different social! and economic backgrounds all have among them not two opinions but many. Some Com- ussions tried to mect this difficulty by dividing their reports to several sections representing the main currents of thought nong their members but even this was unsatisfying, for if this ere carried out thoroughly, a Commission would be but a bu- au for registering a series of predetermined theories or sets of cas. Agreement, in itself, is not necessarily a desirable thing. enerally it will prove to be superticial,—the verbal acceptance an empty and artificial formula, concealing the underlying ality of essential differences. The understanding of these dif- rences and the weaving of them together into a harmonious ttern in which they interlock and strengthen one another is far greater importance—is, in fact, the only kind of coordina- oy» worth while. At the World Congress, Youth realized the nkruptcy of the old methods of procedure and found itself partly asciously, but for the most part unconsciously, struggling after new technique—a technique which it has not vet fully dis- verted but which it realizes must be found and mastered before an accomplish the task which lies before it. �[Page 360]FOR A BROADER RELIGIOUS OUTLOOK BOOK REVIEW

HE present fact of nationalism, of racial and class pre

dice, goes back ultimately to an origin in sectarian relig: instruction. Churches and Sunday Schools darkened window through which so many adults view the worl

Once having accepted the principle of division between ‘‘Ch tian’ and ‘‘pagan,’’ the human mind could not controvert application of the same principle to sects within Christianity; yielding to this doctrine, the later formation of political sta and class differences was psychologically inevitable. Dr. Walter Walsh, leader of the Free Religions Movement : scribed in World Unity a few months ago, is striving for a broa religious outlook on the part of youth, so that eventually instinct of competition will be cut at the root. The only enduris basis for international cooperation and progress is religious ani In ‘‘Twenty Dialogues on Universal Religion’’* Dr. W

has produced out of his long experience a handbook for the pa or teacher desiring to relate the child to religion as an inclusia rather than exclusive human experience. The volume is admirabi fitted to serve this essential task. Its successive chapters deal, 1 easy dialogue, with the origin and meaning of religion, the = ligion of primitive peoples, and thence with the great historia religious systems. Presenting Christianity as one of many, % author does not render the student less but more able to live: successful spiritual life in a predominantly Christian enviro: ment. The future belongs to the fortunate children nurtured ©

this pure bread and wine of faith. H. H.

• Twenty Dialogues on Universal Religion, by Walter Walsh. London. Williams and Norgate.

360 �[Page 361]CLASSIFIED READING LIST OF BOOKS ON WORLD UNITY AND INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION -

PHILOSOPHY

The following recent books reveal the trend of modern philosophic thinking and also the underlying unity both in the problems considered and the mental processes followed:

The Story of Philosophy, by Will Durant. Simon & Schuster.

The Making of the Modern Mind, by J. H. Randall, Jr. Houghton Mifflin. amparative Philosophy, by Paul Masson-Oursel. Harcourt. The Sczences and Philosophy, by J. 8. Haldane. Doubleday Doran. Phrlorophy, bv Bertrand Russell. W. W. Norton.

The Reconstruction of Philosophy, bv John Dewev. Holt.

Ti Public and Its Problems, by John Dewev. Holt.

Experience and Nature, by John Dewey. W. W. Norton.

The Quest for Certainty, by John Dewey. Minton Balch Co.

Th Philosophy of Jobn Dewey, ed. by Joseph Ratner. Holt.

sence and the Modern World, by A. N. Whitehead. Macmillan. Process and Reality, bv A. N. Whitehead. Macmillan.

Feacon and Religson, bv George Santayana. Scribners.

Reaim of Matter, bv George Santavana. Scribners.

Kealim of Essence, by George Santayana. Scribners.

‘tind and the World Order, by Clarence I. Lewis. Scribners.

Prtace to Morals, by Walter Lippmann. Macmillan.

The Modern Temper, bv J. W. Krutch. Harcourt.

The Story of Ortental Phsloscphy, bv L. A. Beck. Cosmopolitan.

The Hestory of Indtan Philosophy, by Radha Krishnan. Macmillan. Prilosophy and the Social Problem, by Will Durant. Macmillan.

The New Spirit, bv Havelock Ellis. Houghton Mifflin.

creative Unity, by Rabindranath Tagore. Macmillan.

The World ot the Making, by Hermann Kevserling. Harcourt. Contemporary American Philosophy, ed. Adams and Montague. Macmillan. Contemporary British Philosophy, ed. bv J. H. Muirhead. Macmillan.

SCIENCE

THE PHYSICAL SCIENCES :

from Myth to Reason, bv Woodbridge Rilev. Appleton.

\esence and Crvtligation, ed. by F. 8. Marvin. Oxford Univ. Press.

The New Universe, by Baker Brownell. Van Nostrand.

The Nature of the World and of Man, by members of the Faculty of the University of Chicago. University of Chicago Press.

‘sence and the Modern World, bv A. N. Whitehead. Macmillan.

i vploring the Universe, by Henshaw Ward. Bobbs Merrill.

! :olution for John Doe, by Henshaw Ward. Bobbs Merrill.

361 �[Page 362]362 WORLD UNITY MAGAZINE

The Stream of Life, by Huxlev and Caldwell. Harpers

Heredity and Fnervonment, by Grant Conklin. Princeton Univ. Press The Darectron of Haman Evolution, by Grant Conklin. Princeton Univ. Pres Seance Remaking the World, bv E. E. Slosson. Garden City Press. Scrence, the False Messiah, bv C. E. Avres. Bobbs Merrill.

The Nature of the Phystcal World, by S. Eddington. Macmillan. Scrence and the Unseen World, by A. 8. Eddington. Macmillan.

The Unirverce Around U's, by Sir James Jeans. Macmillan.

The New World of Physical Discovery, bv Floyd Darrow. Bobbs Merrili Lie Sceontsfic World View, bv William K. Wallace. Macmillan. Crucebles, bv Barnard Jaffe. Simon and Schuster.

Creation by Evolution, ed. bv Frances Mason, Macmillan.

Our Knowledce of the External World, by Bertrand Russell. Norton

May Nerghbor the Universe, bv L. P. Jacks. Putnam.

THE SOCIAL SCIENCES

Introductory

Introduction to the Study of Soceety, bv F. N. Hankins. Macmillan.

Lvom the Physscal to the Soctal Scrences, bv J. Ruett. John Hopkins Univ. Pr

The Soctal Scrences m ther Interrelation, bv Ogburn and Goldenwetser. Hought Mifflin.

The New Hestory and the Soctal Studies, bv Harry E. Barnes. Century.

Hastory and Prospects of the Soceal Scrences, by Harry E. Barnes. Knopt

The Basss of Soctal Relations, bv D. G. Brinton. Putnam.

The History of Cavtlization, series ed. bv C. K. Ogden. Knopf.

Man and Crvslrzation, bv John Storck. Harcourt.

Marn's Quest for Soctal Guidance, bv H. W. Odum. Holt.

The Physscal Bases of Socsety, bv Carl Kelsey. Appleton.

Recent Developments m the Social Scrences, bv E. C. Haves. Lippincott.

The Biologvcal Basts of Human Nature, bv HS Jennings. Norton.

Man's Socsal Destiny om the Light of Sceence, bv C. A. Ellwood. Cokesbury Pr

The Hrstory of Cresltzation, bv Lynn Thorndike. F. A. Crofts.

Socral Lan and the Spiritual World, bv Rufus M. Jones. Doran.

Premitive Peoples

Primitive Socrety, bv Robert H. Lowie. Bont & Liverigit Farly Crvilization, bv A. A. Goldenweiser. Knopf.

Man and Culture, bv Clark Wissler. Crowell.

Burldene of Cultures, bv Roland B. Dixon. Scriboers.

Psychology

The New Psrcholog, bv A. G. Tanslev. Dodd Mead.

Dynamic Psychology, bv R. S. Woodworth. Columbia University Press. Svxctal Psycholag, bv FN. Allport. Houghton Mifflin.

Gestalt Prycholog, bv Wolfgang Kohler. Liveright. �[Page 363]CLASSIFIED READING LIST

wd >) wae

ycfelog, bv Everett Dean Martin. Norton. wsorum, bv Johan B. Watson. Norton. yc relogy from the Standpoint of a Pebatsorist, by john B. Watson. Norton. . Nature of Intelligence, by LoL. Thurstone. Harcourt. ns Th ink, bv John Dewev. Heath. Poycholog of Reasoning, bv EF. Rignano. Harcourt. te dnt of Thought, bv Graham Wallas. Harcourt. De tt of Tharking, bv Ernest Dimner. Simon and Schuster. smetion on the Basis of Civilization, bv J. H. Denison. Scribners. ‘wnat Nature and Conduct, by John Dewev. Hoit. erwencint Human Behavior, bv Harry A. Overstreet. Norton. us and Whys of Human Behavror, by G. Dorsey. Harpers. ay We Masbehave, by 8. D. Schmalhausen. Macaulev. Si arsor of Crowds, by E. D. Martin. Harpers. le Motives of Men, by George A. Coe. Scribners. var Minds and Our Motives, bv P. D. Hugon. Putnam. bie Moth of the Individual, by Charles A. Wood. John Day. The e ative Intelligence and Modern Life, bv Francis John McConnell. Univ.of Jlorado Press.

inthropolagy

tntirepoles, and Modern Life, bv Franz Boaz. Norton.

bie Racial Bassas of Civtlization, bv F. H. Hankins. Knopf.

have and History, bv E. Pittard. Knopt.

Racet, Nations ane Clasce, bv H. A. Miller. Lippiacoce.

ace Prepudice, by Jean Finot. Dutton.

hace Attitudes in Children, bv B. Lasker. Holt.

‘fat the Negro Thinks, by Robert R. Moton. Doubleday Doran. hack America, by Scott Nearing. Vanguare Press.

lie New Negro, ed. bv Alain Locke. Bont.

aman Migration and the Future, bv J. W. Gregory. Lippincoce. vase and Carsligation, by Friedrich Hertz.

bconomacs

oto of Foonomics, bv Othimar Spann. Nortoa.

lie Trend of Lecnomis, bv R. G. Tugwell. Knopf.

eon ir at Leonomuc Thought, by Paul T. Homan. Harpers.

. litical Myths and Economic Realitees, by Francis Delaisi. Viking Press. nomics and Ethics, by J. A. Hobson. Heath.

Gur Leonomu Morality, by Harry Ward. Macmillan.

tnerica Conquers Britain, by Ludwell Denny. Knopf.

imerica Locks Abroud, by Paul M. Mazur. Viking Press.

Pols fecal Scsence ‘te Scuenee and Method of Politucs, hy G_ E.G. Catlin Knope. vtearay, Discopline, Peace, bv WOR. Thaver. Koopt. �[Page 364]364 WORLD UNITY MAGAZINE

The New State, bv MP. Follett. Longmans Green Political Ideals, bv Bertrand Russell. Century The Passing of Politics, bv WOK Wallace. Macmillan

Contemp@rary Civilezation

Are We Cavslized’ bv Robert H) Lowite. Harcourt

Catilszation, Its Cause and Cure, by Edward Carpenter Scribners

The Great Socsety, bv Graham Wallas. Harcourt.

Mohat ss Cerslezation? A Svmposium. Dutheld

Caralization or Cavsligations, bv Goddard and Stearns. Boni & Liveriyht Our Changing Cirviligation, bv John H. Randall, Jr. Stokes

Whither Mankind? ed. by Charles A. Beard. Longmans Green.

Toward Civilization, ed. by Charles A. Beard) Longmans Green.

Recent Gains in American Civilization, ed. bv Kirby Page. Harcourt

The Prospects of Industrial Crriltgation, bv Bertrand and Dora Russell. Century The Salvaging of Cartlizgation, bv H.G. Wells) Macmillan

Ti chbine, bv Henshaw Ward. Bobbs Merrill.

Men and Machines, bv Stuart Chase. Macmillan

Our Business Crvsligation, bv James T. Adams. Bont.

The Drift of Crvaligation, A Symposium. Simon and Schuster.

hat 1s European Civilization? bv W. Haas. Oxford Univ. Press

Living in the Twentieth Century, bv HE. Barnes) Bobbs Merrill

Art and Crislization, ed bv FOS. Marvin and Chutton-Brock Oxford Univ Pres Where 1s Covsliquation Gomme bv Scott Nearing. Vanguard Press

Western Citaligation, bv Charles A. Beard) Longmans Green

America Comes of Ace, bv Andre Siegtned Harcourt.

Catelization, bv Clive Bell) Harcourt

Introduction to Contemporary Civilization, bv Walter Libby. Knopt.

The Decline of the West, bv Oswald Spengler. Knopt

Scrence and the New Carilezation, bv Robert Millikan) Scribners

The Old Saracen the New Cirvtlezation, bv Ravmond Fosdick. Doubleday Dor Dependent America, bv Wm. C Redtield: Houghton Mittho

The Acqussitive Soceety, bv ROH. Townes

The Unsty of Western Caraligation, bv FS) Marvin Oxtord Univ. Press (Community, bv Ro Mo Maciver Macmillan.

World Politics on Modern Caslzation, bv HE Barnes: Knopt.

i\ �[Page 365]

ROUND TABLE

By Way of the East, by Alice A. Bailey, and Materialism and spirituality, by Stanley Rice, continue and extend the effort of World Unity to present the East to the West. A book containing Mrs. Bailey's ideas will, we understand, be published this autumn. 4s soon as the publication date is decided, a notice of it will be sublished in this department.

ee ae

A word about the authors in this issue of World Unity. Alice 4 Bailey, prominent student of Theosophy, conducts classes and <ctures pn spiritual subjects in New York City. Fred Merrifield is eanister of All Souls Liberal Church, Chicago, in addition to his xaching work in the Department of Comparative Religion, Uni- versity of Chicago. He spent several years in Japan previous to the War. Lucia Ames Mead, author and lecturer on international sub- ects, published a “Primer of the Peace Movement’ as early as yor and worked effectively for the formation of a League of Nations. Harold F. Bing, school teacher in England, has been Organizing Secretary of the British Federation of Youth.

cd * *

The September number, concluding volume six, will contain The Modern Moslem’s Problem, by John Wright Buckham of racic School of Religion; The Quran, by Moalana Yakub Hasan, ceprinted from The Indian Review, Calcutta; The Conference Plan t College Education, by Ham#lron Holt, President of Rollins Col- ege, and International Arbitration: A Guide to Peace, by Ernest ludutg, Hungarian Delegate to the Versailles Peace Conference.

365 �[Page 366]A WORLD COMMUNITY

By JoHN HERMAN RANDALL

HIS work ts a sine gaat reo: for every person atrempting at all serious

to understand the problems and also opportunities of the new e

It has great usefulness as a text for college classes, or as reading for cours! in modern history, sociology, religion or international relations.

Editorial writers, teachers. lecturers and ministers, as well as m and women identified wath offices of public trust or responsible mow ments of a progressive character, will find “A World Community” abs. lutely invaluable. The scope of the book is clearly indicated in om followings Summary of Contents: —

The New Means of Communication The New Economic Organization

The New Knowledge

The Emerging Ideal of World Unity Nationalism

Feonomic Imperialism

War and Competitive Armaments lenorance and Old Habits of Thinking The Movement toward Internationalism The Movement toward World Economic Cooperanen A Religion tor a World Community

Since its publication in February, 1930, "A World Community '. received powerful endorsement. |

“Dr. Randall writes with the knowledve of the scientist and the visew of the propher.”—Frank H. Hankins, Smith Colleve. “Tt discusses om of the great problems of our ume, and does so in a most illuminaney fashion. —Manley O. Hudson, Harvard University. “A real contribute to international understanding and amity” —Harry Levi. Temple Israe. Boston. “His work has the posstbility of greater educational influen than anything of the kind that has been written’’—-A. C. Senske s Paul News.

“A World Community” is published in the World Unity Library sponsored by this magazine. A copy will he sent postpaid for $2.00, The book and annual sub- scription to WoRLD UNtry MAGAZINE, $5.00.

WORLD UNITY MAGAZINE 4 East tore STREET New Yor a �[Page 367]ATIONALISM AND INTERNATIONALISM

By, Heraert ADAMS GIBBONS

N THIS book, Dr. Gibbons has infused his historical scholarship with

a lifetime of personal experience and participation in international tars. The result is a study accurate enough for the classroom and inter- ping enough for the average reader.

Nationalism and Internationalism” traces the evolution of political Perce from its first expression in the movement toward modern nationalism, prough the nineteench century, to its present expression in internationalism Ls the true outcome of national ideals.

In the course of this balanced survey we sce emerging a more human ood dramatic conception of the influences making for war and peace. The val analysis includes consideration of the Young Plan. The Summary Contents follows: —

Nationalism Betore 1789

Nationalism Versus Internationalism from 1789 to 1815 Nationalism and Internationalism from 1815 to 1870 Nationalist Movements from 1870 to 19i4

Nationalism During the World War and the Peace Conference International Cooperation Duting the World War

With the knowledge and insight gained from this book, the meaning ‘international events reported in the daily press can be thoroughly ap- ereaated. A Professor of Sociology writes: “He manages to link the various Movements together so as to make not only a very interesting story eat a very illuminating one.” From a scholarly Rabbi: “Nationalism and lorernationalism tells most interestingly a story with which all of us con- ened with world well-being should be familiar.”

“Nationalism and Internationalism” is published in the World Unity Library sponsored by this magazine. A copy of the book will be sent postpaid for $1.50. The book and annual subscription to Worip Unity Mac- AZINE, $4.75.

WORLD UNITY MAGAZINE

+ hAST 121TH STREET NEw YORK 36> �[Page 368]

The Asiatic “Review

The “unchanging Fast’ 1s fast becoming the changing East. Changes are taking place which ate not only a great consequence to Asia, but are in fact helping to mold the future in every corner of the earth.

The articles in the Aisste Reteen ate written by trained observers, with long experience of the problems thev discuss, and accustomed to present their facts in an unbiassed manner Their names ate an index of experts on the subjects which thev treat

How to Obtain The Asiatic Review Published Quarterly Fortv-third Year

Five shillings One pound

Per Issue Per Year

Special sections devoted to The Inner East, The Asian Circle, The Ease India Associa- tron, The Netherlands Indies, The French Colonies, ete. bast and West, Led

, Victoria Street

London, S Wor, Eng

Please send The Assats. Retrew for one vear I enclose one pound sterling _or equivalent

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An Ever-Growing Library of Internationalism

Bound Volumes of WORLD UNITY

Volume One

October 1927—March 1928

436 pages. Serial articles: Science and Religion, Kirtley F. Mather, Ip teraction of Europe and Asia, WR Shepherd; Sacred Scriptures of Hin duism, Alfred W. Martin: Ideal of World Unity, John Herman Randal! etc.

Volume Two

April 1926—September 1928

432 pages. Serial articles: Progress by Telic Guidance, Mary Hull Sacred Scriptures of Buddhism, Al. fred W. Martin; International Poi: tics and World Peace. Perkins; The New Humanity, Miv Siegrist, etc.

Volume Three

October 1928—March 1929

444 pages. Serial articles: Racial! Relationships and Internationa! Ha: mony, F. H. Hankins (Chap. 1 & 2), Science, Philosophy and Religion. E. A. Burtt (Chap. 1); Sacred Scrip. tures of Confucianism, Alfred W. Martin, etc.

Volume Four

April 1929—September 1920

432 pages. Serial articles: Racial Relationships and International Har- mony, F. H. Hankins (Chap. 3-5); Science, Philosophy and Religion. P. A. Burte (Chap. 2-8); Sacred Scriptures of Mohammedanism and Taoism, Alfred W. Martin, etc.

Volume Five October 1929—March 1930 432 paces. Serial articles A World Community, J. H. Randall Nationalism and Internationalism H. A. Gibbons; One Religion— Many Faiths, J. Tyssul Davis. etc

Each volume bound in blue buckram, gold stamped. $4.25

Werld Unity Publishing Corporation 4 Ease 12th S&. New York City

�[Page 369]AMES WHICH MEAN THE WORLD OUTLOOK IN SCIENCE, PHILOSOPHY, RELIGION AND INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS

Authors and Contributing Editors of World Unity Magazine

AMERICA

ty.ere Allen

PF Ansley SW. Atwood Robert W. Bagnall Alce A. Batley Gert A. Bencker tcnest M. Best i iwin Arthur Bure Harry Charlesworth Rudolph I. Coffee tohn J. Coss Iohn Dewey tierbert Adams Gibbons lames Gordon Gilkey Charlotte Perkins Gilman WN. Guthrie Prank H. Hankins A Fustace Haydon Carleton J. H. Hayes tiubert C. Herring liorace Holley Arhur E. Holt Hamilton Holt Manley O. Hudson Marty Hull Mordecai W. Johnson hutus M. Jones David Stare Jordan Viadimic Karapetoff Kenneth S. Latourette Harry Levi Alain Locke kobert Morss Lovett Touis L. Mann Altred W. Martin Kirtley F. Mather Lucia Ames Mead

Fred Merritield Herbert A. Miller Parker T. Moon Harry Allen Overstreet Archie M. Palmer Dexter Perkins John Herman Randall John Herman Randall, Jr. M. D. Redlich Cas] A. Ross Moises Saenz Nathaniel Schmide William R. Shepherd Mary Siegrist Abba Hillel Silver Isidor Singer George M. Stratton Norman Thomas Augustus O. Thomas Isabella Van Meter Frank Lloyd Wright EUROPE Norman Angell A. Mendelsohn Bartholdy L. F. de Beaufort Pierre Bovet J. Tyssul Davis Georges Duhamel Anna B. Eckstein Havelock Etlis Auguste Forel - V. Schultze Givernitz Hellmuth von Gerlach John W. Graham Marja Grundmann- Koscienska Will Hayes Ernest Judet

Hans Kohn Richard Lee Ernest Ludwig George de Lukics Sit James Marchant Victor Marguerite R. H. Markham F. S. Marvin Karin Michaclis Ida Muller Forrest Reid Paul Richard Charles Richet Th. Ruvssen Gilbert Thomas Rustum Vambéry Walter Walsh Hans Webberg M. P. Willcocks THE ORIENT Ne Poon Chew James H. Cousins Taraknath Das Bayard Dodges C. F. Gates Kahlil Gibran Yamato Ich:hashi S. L. Joshi P. W. Kuo Dhan Gopal Mukerji Yone Noguchi S. G. Pandit Frank Rawlinson Stanley Rice Nicholas Roerich A. J. Saunders David G. Stead J. Vijaya-Tunga �[Page 370]A PARTIAL LIST OF TITLES PUBLISHED IN WORLD UNITY

October, 1927—— April, 1930

Sevials

Science and Religion, by Kittley F. Mather.

Interaction of Europe and Asta, by William R. Shepherd. Sacved Scriptures of Five Religions, by Alfred W. Martin. Progress by Telic Guidance, by Marty Hull.

International Politics and World Peace, by Dexter Perkins. The New Humanity, an Anthology, edited by Mary Siegrist. Racial Relationships and International Harmony, by Frank H. Hankins. Science, Philosophy and Religion, by Edwin Arthur Burtt.

A World Community, by John Herman Randall.

One Religion—Many Faiths, by J. Tyssul Davis.

The Quest of World Peace, by Dexter Perkins.

Nationalism and Internationalism, by Herbert Adams Gibbons. My International Family, by Martha Taylor Brown.

Apostles of World Unity, by various authors.

Book Reviews, by John Herman Randall, Jr.

Youth and the Modern World, by various authors.

Leading Articles

The Ideal of World Unity, by John Herman Randall.

A Spiritual Basis for World Unity, by Dhan Gopal Mukerji.

Nature and the Law of Love, by Viadimir Karapetoff.

The Significance of the Scientific Spirit for Eastern Civilizations, by John J. Religious Unity, a Symposium, by various authors.

Building Up the International Mind, by H. A. Overstreet.

The Need of a Spiritual Element in Education, a Symposium, by various authc The One and the Many, by Abba Hillel Silver.

Why War and Revolution, by Herbert A. Miller.

World Citizenship, by Carl A. Ross.

Science and Religion, by Nathaniel Schmidt.

The Spiritual Crisis of the West, by Paul Richard.

India's Contribution to Religion, by S. G. Pandit.

Unity in the Pacific, by Kenneth Scort Latourette.

Shambhala, by Nicholas Roerich.

The Practical Program of Religion, by A. E. Haydon. �