World Unity/Volume 11/Issue 6/Text

[Page 361]

WORLD UNITY

INTERPRETING THE SPIRIT OF THE AGE

Horace Ho. ey, Editor

CONTENTS

Vol. XI March, 1933 No. 6 David Low Dodge | Frontispiece The Reign of Spirit Editorial David Low Dodge Edwin D. Mead The Engineer’s Contribution Edwin H. Krieg The Public Speaks at Geneva Russell M. Cooper The “Way” of Salvation—Continued Hugh McCurdy Woodward Inter-American Federation of Education Glen Levin Swiggett China’s Changing Culture Frank Rawlinson Poems for Peace David Starr Jordan Whither Bound Religion? Paul Russell Anderson World Federation Correspondence Round Table Index

Woriv Unity MAGAZINE is published by WorLD UNITY PUBLISHING CoRPORA- MON, 4 East 12th Street, New York City: Mary Rumsry Movius, president; Horacz Hoi: EY, vice-president and secretary; FLORENCE MORTON, treasurer. Published monthly, 25 cents a copy, $2.50 a year in the United States and in all other countries (postage included). THE Worip UNITY PUBLISHING CoRPORA- TION and its editor welcome correspondence on articles related to the aims and purposes of the magazine. Printed in U. S. A. Contents copyrighted 1933 by WorLD UNITY PUBLISHING CORPORATION. �[Page 362]

DAVID LOW DODGE Founder of the First Peace Society �[Page 363]THE REIGN OF SPIRIT

CAEN)

EDITORIAL A RECORD of the major international events which have oc-

curred since the signing of the Versailles Treaty, such as

one finds in “The Years of Tumult,” offers an overwhelm-

ing weight of evidence that anarchy and not order dom- inates society today.

That evidence which may be produced to the contrary—de- rived from certain localized situations, as for example, Soviet Rus- sia, Italy, Ireland and Spain—when thoroughly analyzed will, far from proving the existence of order, serve to confirm how deeply established the domination of anarchy has become. In each of such cases the order represents either a retreat from the fundamental issuc of world order or a type of social control which divides one citizenship from humanity or separates it from the sources of its own moral unity.

Society, as an administrative instrument intended to serve humanity, is no longer in contact with the greatest needs of man- kind. Society and humanity have become unrelated, alien one to the other, mutually contradictory, hostile. By social organization, humanity is hurled into savage war and ground bencath the iron wheels of economic necessity. By human fear, bitterness and te- sentment, social institutions are attacked as Bastilles to be de- stroyed of perverted to the uses of revolutions their founders would have abhorred. Democracy, the one type of society promis- ing to adjust most closely and continuously to human needs, can only oppose to dictators in one land the control of demagogues 'n another.

A humanity lacking organic intelligence and unified will, un- able to agree upon any future inclusive plan, its past repudiated,

363 �[Page 364]364 WORLD UNITY MAGAZINE

its present chaotic and its future unknown or misconceived, em- ploying the means of order to organize disorder—is humanity, too, dominated by the anarchy that governs society throughout the world?

Too much relative importance has been attributed to society by recent generations of mankind—too little consciousness has existed of the limitless possibilities of man as man. At this time of temporary schism between humanity and society it has at last become possible to perceive mankind as a dual being, society as merely the expression of one aspect of this being. Man’s being has its inner as well as its outer reality; society has functioned in terms of the outer reality alone.

A society not fed from the mysterious sources of the spirit becomes first, a restraint upon inner development, and eventually, a positive resistance to it. Man has become larger than his society: that is why society has suffered collapse. Troublous as these times are, anarchy can never reign in the world of man’s inner being. Thrones may totter and governments fall; churches may be aban- doned and industry fail—despite the terrible evidences of sutter- ing and the signs of chaos, the depths of the human soul are being charged with new power from the spirit, and when the time has come, humanity will find a truer society established, a world order, corresponding to the greater capacity of mankind.

History confirms this faith. While on the one hand the con- quering Caesars and Napoleons have seemed to grasp all visible dominion, their conquests have in reality been part of the destruc- tive era preceding the era of construction and inner renewal. It has been from the power of Jesus, Muhammad, or Moses to regenerate man’s inner life that the foundations of successive civilizations have been firmly laid. Anarchy dues not reign today. The spirit reigns—its invisible dominion dwells in the hearts of the pure, above race, class, nationality or creed, quickening in the East and West a conscious faith that brotherhood under the one God will replace the fury of tribes as the life of humanity upon earth.

H. H. �[Page 365]DAVID LOW DODGE Founder of the First Peace Society

by EpwIN D. MEAD

of having written the first pamphlets published in America directed expressly against the war system of nations, and of having founded the first peace society ever organized in America or in the world. His first pamphlet, The Mediator’s Kingdom not of this World was published in 1809. His second and more important pamphlet, War Inconsistent with the Religion of Jesus Christ, was prepared for the press in 1812. This was two veats before the publication of Noah Worcester’s Solemn Review of the Custom of War, which was issued in Boston on Christmas Day, 1814. Early in 1812 Mr. Dodge and his friends in New York deliberated on the expediency of forming a peace society; but on account of the excitement attending the war with Great Britain this was postponed until 1815. In August of that year the New York Peace Society, the first in the world, was organized, with Mr. Dodge as its president. This was four months before the organization of the Massachusetts Peace Society (December 26, 1815) under the leadership of Noah Worcester and William Ellery Channing, and nearly a year before the English Peace So- iety, the first in Europe, was formed (June 14, 1816) in London. The preéminent historical interest attaching to Mr. Dodge's pioneering work in the peace cause in this country would alone justify and indeed command the republication of his pamphlets at a time when the great ideas for which he so courageously and pro- phetically stood are at last winning the general recognition of humane and thoughtful men; and several years ago, when I was 365

T: David Low Dodge of New York belongs the high honor �[Page 366]366 WORLD UNITY MAGAZINE

the director of the World Peace Foundation, I brought them out in a little volume. It is not merely historical interest which war- rants a revival of attention to these almost forgotten papcrs. Their intrinsic power and worth are such as make their reading, especially that of the second essay, War Inconsistent with the Re- ligion of Jesus Christ, which stands first in the volume, edifying and inspiring to-day. Marked by few literary graces and cast in a theological mold which the critical thought of the present has in large measure outgrown, there is a force of thought, a moral earnestness, a perseveriny, 'ogic, a common sense, a hatred of inhumanity, a passion for justice, a penetration and a virtue in them, which commends them to the abiding and reverent regard of all who work for the peace and order of the world. Among such workers to-day are men of various political philosophies, and perhaps only a small minority are nonresistants of the extreme type of David Low Dodge; but to that minority, we cannot fail to remark, belongs one of the greatest and most influential of all the peace prophets of this time, Leo Tolstoi, as well as many leaders hardly less eminent; and there is no Peace movement at this hour more impressive or growing faster than that, already numbering millions, refusing to sanction war or participation in it for any purpose whatever. The movement is particularly strong in Eng: land. None can read these old essays wihout being impressed bx the fact that their arguments are essentially the same as those of the great Russian. There is little indeed of the Tolstoian thunder and lightning, the pathos, wrath, and rhetoric, the poetry and prophecy, in these old-fashioned pages; but the doctrine is the same as that of Bethink Yourselves! and Patriotism versus Chris- tianity. In his central thought and purpose, in his religious trust and reliance upon the Christian principle, the New York merchant was a Tolstoi a hundred years before his time.

David Low Dodge was born June 14, 1774, in that part of Pomfret, Connecticut, now called Brooklyn. This was the home of Israel Putnam; and David Dodge’s father, a farmer and car. penter, was Putnam's neighbor and friend,—may well have been �[Page 367]DAVID LOW DODGE 367

near him when in April, 1775, upon hearing of the battle of Lex- ington, he left his plow in the furrow and started to join the forces gathering at Cambridge. David Dodge's father, grandfather, and great-grandfather each bore the name of David Dodge. The great- grandfather was a Congregational minister, who was understood to have come from Wales,—a learned and wealthy man, who was tor a while settled in the vicinity of Cape Ann in Massachusetts. The grandfather, who also received a liberal education, probably in England, came into possession of his father’s estate, for that day a large one, and we are not informed whether he followed any profession or regular business. He was a man fully six feet tall, of great muscular power, and a lover of good horses on which he spent much time and money. He married Ann Low, from a wealthy Massachusetts family, and settled in Beverly, where their sons David and Samuel were born, and where the family fortunes became much embarrassed. About 1757 the family removed to Pomfret, Connecticut, and the boys, whose education at the hands of their mother had been but slight, were apprenticed, David to a carpenter and Samuel to a shoemaker. Their father, obtaining at this time a commission in the army invading Canada, met his death in a bateau which attempted to descend the falls of the Oswego and was dashed to pieces on the rocks with the loss of every soul on board.

David Low Dodge’s mother, when a girl, was Mary Stuart, and when she married his father, in 1768, was a widow bearing the name of Earl. The young husband hired a small farm, the wife by her industry and economy had furniture sufficient to begin housekeeping, and the little home was founded in which David Low Dodge's only sister Mary was born in 1770. Three vears later the father hired a more expensive place in the same town, where the boy was born in 1774. “During that year,” he “rites in his autobiography, “my father became serious, and com- menced family prayer. He was educated in the old semi-Arminian views of his mother and the halfway covenant. My mother was « rigid Calvinist of the Whitefield school. Neither of them ever �[Page 368]368 WORLD UNITY MAGAZINE

made a public profession of religion, but they were careful to observe external ordinances, catechize their children, and give re- ligious instruction. They were honest, industrious, temperate, kind-hearted people, universally respected and esteemed by all who were acquainted with them.”

Such was the atmosphere in which the boy grew up. “The American Revolution at this period was convulsing the whole country, drafting and enlisting soldiers. Wagons were needed for the army, and by the advice of the Putnams, the old general and his son Israel, who was about two years younger than my father, he was induced to engage in the manufacture of continental wagons. He hired a convenient place for carpenters and black- smiths, took several joutneymen into the family, and embarked all his earnings in the business.” The boy’s half-brothers, William and Jesse Earl, entered the army at the tender ages of fourteen and sixteen, endured battles, sickness, and every privation, and both died towards the close of the war, the event almost wrecking the nervous system of the mother, a woman of acute sensibility. Thus early were the horrors of war brought personally home to the boy. He remembered hearing the distant cannonading when New Lon- don was burned by the British, and the exclamation of the man beside him, “Blood is flowing to-day.” ‘News came the next morning that the forts were stormed, the garrisons put to the sword, New London burnt, and the British were marching upon Norwich, and would proceed up into the country. My mother wrung her hands, and asked my father if we had not better pack up some things to secrete them.”

The boy’s education was slight and fragmentary. The sum- mer he was six years old he attended the school of a venerable Irish maiden lady about sixty years of age, learning Watts’ Divine Songs, texts of Scripture, and the Shorter Catechism. From the age of seven to fourteen—the family now living on a farm in the neigh- boring town of Hampton—he attended the district school for two terms each winter, having no access to any other books than the primer, spelling book, arithmetic, and Bible. “I used often, when �[Page 369]DAVID LOW DODGE 369

not at work in the shop evenings, to retire to the old kitchen fire- place, put my lamp into the oven, and, sitting with my back against it, take my arithmetic, slate, and pencil, and try to cipher a little. | often think how I should have been delighted to have had one fifth part of the advantages enjoyed by most of my descendants.” Confined to the house for seven weeks a little later as the result of accidents, he turned hungrily to such books as he could secure —-Dilworth’s Arithmetic, Webstet’s Abridged Grammar, and Sal- mon’s Universal English Geography. “This opened a new and astonishing field for me for contemplation. I now obtained the first glimpse of the boundaries of land and water, of the lofty mountains, and of the mighty rivers which had cut their channels through the earth. I read and surveyed the maps and meditated upon them until I began to lecture to my young companions, and was considered quite learned in geography. Having an object in view, I began to thirst for knowledge, and succeeded in borrowing in succession The Travels of Cyrus, Xerxes’ Expedition into Greece, The History of Alexander the Great, and Hannibal's Invasion of RKume.” He ptoposed and brought about the formation of a so- cicty of young men in the town, for the improvement of minds and manners. There were fourteen young men, with an equal number of young women presently added, each furnishing a use- ful book as the beginning of a library. “We obtained some of the British classics, such as the Spectator, Guardian, etc., with a few histories; the subjects formed a foundation for conversation when we met together.”

Now the young man’s ambition turned from farming to school-teaching. He began with district schools, becoming a suc- cessful teacher from the start, prosecuting his own studies assidu- ously in every leisure hour, fired with a desire to improve the schools, which were everywhere as wretched as can well be imagined. For some months in 1795 he left teaching to join other young men in building a bridge at Tiverton, Rhode Island. Then he attended the academy at North Canterbury, Connecticut, under the charge of the eminent teacher, John Adams. ‘This was �[Page 370]370 WORLD UNITY MAGAZINE

the only opportunity I ever enjoyed of attending a good school, and this was abridged to fulfill my engagement to teach the town school in Mansfield.” In 1796 he opened a private school in Nor- wich, adding the next year a morning school for young ladics and an evening school for apprentices and clerks, all of which flourished. During this time he was profoundly interested in re- ligious matters, attending many revivals and becoming more and more concerned with moral and social problems. Now, too, he married, his wife being a daughter of Aaron Cleveland of Nor- wich, a strong character, afterwards a clergyman, “whose name you will find enrolled among the poets of Connecticut,” and who as early as 1775 published a poem on slavery, which, condemning slavery as wholly antichristian, attracted a good deal of notice. He was the first inan in Connecticut to arraign slavery publicly. Elected to the General Assembly from Norwich on that issue, he introduced a bill in behalf of emancipation.

With health somewhat impaired and with family cares in- creasing, David Dodge now turned from teaching to trade. First it was as a clerk in Norwich, then as a partner in a general store, then as head of various dry good establishments in Hartford and other Connecticut towns, always and everywhere successful. In 1805 Messrs. S. and H. Higginson of Boston, cousins of his wife, a firm of high standing and large capital, made him a proposition to enter into a copartnership with a view to establishing an ex- tensive importing and jobbing store in the city of New York; and he accepted the proposition, going to New York the next year to take charge of the concern in that city. Thus began the history in New York of a family which has filled one of the most illus: trious places in the great metropolis now for generations in com- merce, in social progress, in politics, education and religion. He took a store in Pearl Street, and the year afterwards the family took possession of the house connected with the store, still reserving the house in Hartford as a retreat in case of yellow fever in New York. From this time until his death, April 23, 1852, New York was, with occasional interruptions, his home and the center of his �[Page 371]DAVID LOW DODGE 371

varied and ever enlarging activities. Just before the outbreak of the war with England his partners became bankrupt through losses in extensive shipping of American produce to Europe. ‘Bonaparte sprung his trap upon more than a million dollars of their prop- erty.” Mr. Dodge now established cotton factories in Connecticut, and later commenced anew the dry goods business in New York, his home for years alternating between New York and the Nor- wich neighborhood; and for the nine years following 1835 he oc- cupied a large farm in Plainfield, New Jersey.

Active as was his business life, and faithful his devotion to his large business affairs,—and he came to rank with the most prominent mercantile men of his day,—his mind was always in- tent upon social and religious subjects. “During the years of 1808 to 1811 our business became extensive and demanded much thought and attention; yet I think my affections were on the subject of religion.” Revivals of religion, the interests of his church in Norwich or New York, the improvement of the lives of his fac- tory operatives, the organization in New York of the Christian l'riendly Society for the Promotion of Morals and Religion,—such were the objects which commanded him. Throughout his long residence in New York he was a prominent worker in the Pres- byterian church, for many years an elder in the church. He took a leading part in organizing the New York Bible Society and the New York Tract Society, was much engaged in the early missionary movements in New York, and in promoting the education of young men for the ministry. He was a lover of knowledge, a great reader, and one who thought and wrote as he read. Deeply interested in history, ancient and modern, his chief interest was in theological discussion. He was familiar with the chief theological controver- sics of the day, and upon many of them he committed his views to writing. His knowledge of the Bible was remarkable; he read it through critically in course forty-two times. He held firmly the Calvinistic system of doctrine, and he addressed to his children a series of letters, characterized by great ability and logical force, �[Page 372]372 WORLD UNITY MAGAZINE

in defense of the faith, and constituting together a comperidious system of theology.

Several of these letters are included in the memorial volume published for the family in 1854 under the editorial supervision of Rev. Matson M. Smith. This volume contains, besides the two essays on war here ‘referred to, and various verses and letters, the interesting autobiography which he prepared, at the request of his children, a few years before his death, and a supplementary bio- graphical sketch by his pastor, Rev. Asa D. Smith. In the mass of manuscripts which he left behind was an essay upon ‘The Relation of the Church to the World,” and one upon “Retributive Judgment and Capital Punishment,’—to which he was sharply opposed. He was opposed indeed to so much in human governments as now con- stituted,—‘‘whose ultimate reliance,” he said, “is the sword,” and whose laws he felt to be so often contrary to the laws of Christ to which he gave his sole allegiance,—that he would neither vote nor hold office. Strict and inflexible as he was in his views of political and religious duty, he was one of the most genial and delightful of men, a Christian in whom there was no guile, fond of the young, affectionate, courteous, “iven to hospitality,” “careful habitually to make even the conventionalities of life a fitting accompaniment and expression of the inward principle of kindness.” A face as strong as it is gentle, and as gentle as it is strong, is that which looks at us in the beautiful portrait preserved in the family treasures, and a copy of which forms the frontispiece of the volume published by the World Peace Foundation.*

(To be Concluded)

• Reproduced in the present issue of World Unity.

�[Page 373]THE ENGINEER'S CONTRIBUTION TO WORLD UNITY by

EpWIN H. KRrikG Engineering Department, Electric Bond and Share Company

N THE last chapter of his ‘Outline of History,” H. G. Wells

says “The great united republic of the United States would Le: been impossible before the printing press and the rail-

way. The telegraph and telephone, the airplane, the con- tinual progress of land and sea transit, are now insisting upon a still larger political organization.” This partially gives the back- ground against this scene of engineering amity and unity will be viewed. Always it should be kept in mind that potent forces released by scientists and engineers are continually at work—pro- gressing step by step regardless of, although often hampered tem- porarily by, our various politico-social organizations.

Unknowingly, scientists and engineers who have advanced science and its application have caused many of the major economic ills of today, as they gave little thought to the concomitant results of their productions. While making possible the modern city with its buildings, transportation and communication systems, water supply and waste disposal—these men were unable to take over the direc- tion and management of their creations and did not foresee the cftects they would have on social and economic structures.

Thus, each new application of science ultimately ushers in new and major political, social, and economic problems the solution of which have been left to tyros who use tradition, precedent, poli- tical expediency—anything at all except proved fact. Then there arose people saying that these unwanted children of the engineers’ machines that were left on our doorsteps should be killed. Un-

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fortunately, the scientists and engineers are so engrossed in be- getting new children, that they have and are, giving them to the politicians to rear. But having these children, nuisances though they are, is at least stimulating. Stuart Chase, in his “Mexico,” paints an idealistic picture of life without machines. He does not live there now. Neither did he go there (and back) without the assistance of the creations of scientists and engineers. If you have any friends well acquainted with the comparatively unmechanizcd countries, such as the rural parts of China, their firsthand informa- tion of living conditions there might easily convince you that per- haps they are not enjoying carrying water in buckets as much as we enjoy turning on a faucet.

Because our politics are still largely emotional, they cannot yet be rationally controlled. Engineering, based largely on fact and logic, seems more easily to transcend provincialism and racial emotion, and engineers apparently do not mind helping other nations develop. Witness the veritable hegira of our engineers into Russia to help build power plants, dams, tractor factories, stccl- works, and what not; and they have gone into other countries be- sides, but, perhaps, with fewer press notices. They have built power plants and communication systems in Mexico and South America. English engineers have concentrated their work in India and other portions of their Empire. German engineers did notable work on the Shannon River Hydro-Electric Project in Ireland.

When considering the links that bind the interests and welfare of various peoples, much emphasis is placed on foreign loans, na- tional agreements, commerce and communication systems. They are important. Ask our Congress. Although the electric power and light industry link in the chain is perhaps not so obvious, it is not the weak link. It is electric power that is behind the radio, tele- phone, telegraph and cable systems. Mechanical engineers devel- oped the power plants on airplanes, autos, railroads and steamships. This magazine would not be possible without their developments in paper manufacturing and printing. By substituting mechanical power for man-power, men were released from every industry— �[Page 375]THE ENGINEER'S CONTRIBUTION 375

not merely creating unemployment, but releasing them from physi- cal work so that they might the better use weir intelligence. As an cxample of how humanity has been freed from the age-old burden of oppressive physical labor, it is estimated that the power used today is the equal to a man-power of three times the population of the world.

In rapid succession we are seeing new evidences of the com- mercial expression of the scientists and engineers’ contribution— the radio, telephone, telegraph and cable systems in the field of thought transmission; the airplane, railroad and steamship in the field of personal transmission. But, in addition to these, an inter- national welding of scientists and engineers is continually pro- gressing. This article will be concerned more with the branches of engineering involved in the electric power and light industry. Other branches of engineering, no doubt, feel the same need for international cooperation.

Probably the first expression of international cooperation among scientists and engineers was the development of a technical press that appreciated this need. This was a gradual process be- ginning before the electric power and light industry. Not confined solely to commercial journals, it extended to the publication of the various engineering organizations such as the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, the Institution of Mechanical Engineers (Great Britain) and the Verein deutscher Ingenicure (Germany). Portions of the publications of these societies call attention to en- gineering progress in other countries.

Magazines began to appear that were devoted solely to ab- structs of technical literature of all countries, such as “Science Abstracts” (England). “Scientia” (Italy) is devoted to original scientific articles in Italian, French, German, English and Spanish. The avowed intention is to create ‘‘a scientific synthesis” with the idea of effecting a meeting of the world’s scientific minds, involv- ing a tendency to harmony. The National Electric Light Associa- tion (United States) has issued serial reports on “Foreign De- vclopments.” Current foreign developments are also reported in such magazines as “Power” and “Combustion.” �[Page 376]376 WORLD UNITY MAGAZINE

The agreements made between companies in various countrics are a purely commercial aspect of cooperation so that the best developments of one country can be used in another. These arrange: ments frequently involve licenses to use important patents. But commercial development is beyond scope of this paper, as is also the extension of holding companies into foreign fields, however important they may be.

To an engineer engaged in the electric power and light in- dustry, the meetings of the World Power Conference, the Inter- national Conference on Bituminous Coal, the International Electro- technical Commission and the International Steam-Table Confer- ence are of most interest. At the end of this article are given numer- ous examples of other international societies whose work is direct. ly concerned with branches of engineering that are more or !css allied to the electric power and light industry, but probably not quite so closely as the four mentioned above.

But, one may ask, do these Olympics of Knowledge mean any- thing? Have they any more influence on World Amity than Ford's Peace Ship? How can they, having motives other than World Amity ? Let us see.

The First World Conference expressed the purpose:

“To consider how the industrial and scientific sources of power may be adjusted nationally and internationally:

(a) By considering the potential resources of each country in hydro-electric power, oil, and minerals

(b) By comparing experiences

(c) By engineering conferences

(d) By consultation of power consumers and power-machinery manufacturers

(e) By conferences on technical education

(f) By financial and economic discussions

(g) By conferences looking toward the establishment of a per- manent World Bureau for the collection ot data and the exchange of industrial and scientific information.”

It would thus appear that at least the scope is international and �[Page 377]THE ENGINBER'S CONTRIBUTION 377

that an attempt is being made to have the lion lie with (and not eat) the lamb.

Are these World Power Conferences limited to a few people whose influence would be negligible? In answer to this, let the attendance be examined:

Conference Nations Participants First, at London, 1924 48 800 Sectional Meeting at Basle, 1926 38 800 Sectional Meeting at Tokyo, 1928 43 4,495 Meeting at Berlin, 1930 49 3,900

At the first Conference, Mr. O. C. Merrill, spokesman for the American Delegation, received much applause when, in response to the welcoming speech of the Prince of Wales, he said that mu- tual understanding was badly needed in the world and that con- tacts between people would bring about that understanding more than contacts between governments.

The World Power Conference was sclected as one example of ‘large international gatherings of scientists and engineers. The In- ternational Conference on Bituminous Coal, held at Pittsburgh, Pa., usually attracts about 2,000 participants from some 22 countries.

These conferences are devoted to the problems of:

General Economics

Competition of coal with other sources of heat and power generation

Powdered coal

Low and high-temperature carbonization

Gas production

Mining and geology of coal

The International Steam-Table Conference is an example of a comparatively small group of physicists and engineers (26 from 6 countries) in contradistinction to the large meetings of the World Power Conference. That Conference first met together in London, July, 1929. The second meeting was at Berlin in 1930. As the name indicates, the purpose is to formulate an international table of the properties of steam to displace the various national tables �[Page 378]378 WORLD UNITY MAGAZINE

that heretofore were used. At this conference, various portions of the research work were divided among the several countrics to avoid unnecessary duplication. Particular importance attaches to this cooperation, as a large proportion of the work done by me- chanical engineers is based on the properties of steam. Previously, it was difficult to come to an understanding because of the various bases used.

The Internaiiouel Electrotechnical Commission first met in ‘London in 1906 to handle and direct technical electrical engincer- ing matters having an international aspect. Its membership repre- sents 28 countries. A part of their work is the formulation of Inter- national Rules and Regulations for Acceptance Tests of Steam Turbines.

The following societies should also be mentioned as they arc associated with engineers. They are listed without comment, being less known to the writer than the aforementioned organizations:

International Acetylene Association (Held 32nd mecting,

Chicago, 1931) International Association for Testing Materials (First in Amsterdam, 1927) International Commission on Illumination International Commission on Large Dams International Conference on Large High-Tension Electric Systems

International Congress of Applied Mechanics (First at Delft, 1924; Second at Zurich, 1926; Third at Stockholm, 1930. Deals with hydromechanics, aerodynamics, elasticity, plas- ticity, strength of materials, elastic stability and vibration. Attendance in 1930— 400, countries—30, papers—150)

International Congress of Electricity

International Congress of the History of Science and Tech-

nology

International Congress of Mines, Metallurgy and Applied

Geology International Congress of Scientific Management (Fourth at �[Page 379]THE ENGINEER'S CONTRIBUTION 379

Paris, 1923)

International Foundry Congress

International Fuel Association

International Gas Conference

International Geological Congress

International Management Institute

International Railway Congress

International Reinforced Concrete Congress (First at Liege,

1930 san ateest Standards Association (First at New York, 1926. Standardizing bodies of 18 countries are members)

International Research Council

International Technical Consulting Committee on Radio Com-

munications

International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (Pub-

lishes Annual Tables of Constants and Numerical Data. Publishes periodically, International Critical Tables of Nu- merical Data of Physics, Chemistry and Technology. )

Union Internationale des Producteurs et Distributeurs d’ Ener-

gie Electrique. (At Rome meeting, 1926, there were 360 participants from 13 countries)

If any one doubts the influence and international meaning of these conferences, an examination of the Proceedings, say of the World Power Conference or The International Conference on Bi- tuminous Coal, would be most enlightening. This is not because stress was placed on “When Good Fellows Get Together,” but be- cause the participants get together to work to tell the other fellow their ideas, their successes, their failures. They do not get together to further World Amity, but because they believe knowledge should be universal.

As to possible future technological advances—may mankind be spared them if possible until sociological science, and mankind, has developed to the point where we can properly administer and use the possessions we have. By this is not meant a moratorium on mechanical advancement, but the application of technological prin- �[Page 380]380 WORLD UNITY MAGAZINE

ciples to social science so that one of every nine persons employed in the United States will not be a public office holder supported by the other eight. Neither should a halt be called on the type of engineering that enabled the electric generating stations of the United States to save 325 million tons of coal or over one billion dollars during the 12 years from 1920 through 1931. Today it only takes 48 per cent of the amount of fuel used in 1919 to gen- erate a kilowatt-hour.*

It is unfortunate that space will not permit an outline of all the organizations whose existence is creating a substantial basis for international cooperation. However, this paper has shown a few of the positive contributions that have been made and are being made by a great number of scientists and engineers who have found the necessity of international cooperation and who have learned that it is better to battle against nature than against mankind.

• Figures taken from Report of U.S. Geological Survey.

The fifth article in a Symposium on THE SUBSTANCE OF WORLD COOPERATION —the contribution of the scientist and engineer to international unity and peace. �[Page 381]THE PUBLIC SPEAKS AT GENEVA by

RussELL M. Cooper Author of “The American Peace Movement"

HE eyes of the world once more are centered upon Geneva } where the forces of militant nationalism and of cooperative internationalism are arraying themselves for a crucial and decisive struggle. The Thirteenth Assembly of the League of Nations has recently adjourned, displaying a splendid record of constructive work in the field of international cooperation but leaving almost untouched the three problems most threatening the security of the world—namely, disarmament, the Manchurian question and the economic depression. | These latter problems were deliberately avoided because they soon were to be studied in special meetings calied for those specific purposes. Around the middle of November, the Council meets to discuss the Lytton Report, and soon thereafter the Assembly meets again in extraordinary session likewise to consider the possible alternatives in settling the Far Eastern crisis. The danger that Japan may flout the peaceful ministrations of the League and with- draw, breaking down both the prestige and moral effectiveness of that organization, is so great that men everywhere will watch the developments with keenest interest and anxiety. In the near future, also, there occurs at Geneva the re-convening of the General Com- mission of the Disarmament Conference, as well as the sessions of the preparatory committees for the World Economic Conference. Geneva has become, therefore, not only a sounding-board for the moral idealism of mankind, but it furnishes the arena in which many of the gravest issues of the day are being fought out. It is accordingly of the greatest importance that men and women every-

where who are devoted to the principles of peace and international 381 �[Page 382]382 WORLD UNITY MAGAZINE

cooperation should bring every possible legitimate pressure upon their representatives at Geneva to insure a firm adhesion to these ideals. There is no question but that such moral backing has a great effect. For the most part the average man has neither time nor interest for studying the innumerable technical problems fac- ing these commissions, but he can insist upon their being resolved in accordance with the high aims for which the conference was convened.

But to this average man of the American city or village or farm, separated from Geneva by many thousands of miles and probably knowing not one person in that far-off town, a very prac- tical problem presents itself. By what possible channel can he make his desires known? How can he, a humble laborer or merchant or professor, actually influence the thought and decisions of those men who are shaping the destinies of the nations? And again, he may ask, what is the value even of becoming informed and aroused about these questions if there is no means of expressing one’s opinions when they are once formulated? Such questions are com- mon and certainly legitimate. Fortunately, they have an answer.

It is unnecessary here to discuss the vast framework of peacc organizations which has arisen in America since the war. Through the churches, the schools, the women’s organizations, and innumcr- able small clubs and study groups, an opportunity is provided for discussing international problems. Through these same groups, stimulated and guided by the many national peace societies, indi- viduals may join in petitions and resolutions expressing their crys- tallized sentiments. The uses of the ballot-box and of letters and telegrams to one’s representatives at Washington are well-known and effective.

By a process of normal expansion these avenues of expression have been lengthened so that they need no longer be national in scope and directed solely toward Washington. Direct contact now can be made with Geneva. During the past year there has been such rapid progress in coordinating the peace forces on the scene at Geneva with the similar agencies at work in America that there �[Page 383]THE PUBLIC SPEAKS 383

can be, and is, a steady flow of communication and assistance from one group to the other. This development marks a great step for- ward in the technique and organization of peace propaganda.

Concurrent with the development last year of the Inter-organi- zational Council on Disarmament in New York City to coordinate the efforts of peace organizations for disarmament, there arose in Geneva a similar group known as the American Intet-organization Council. This latter organization came into being on February 13, 1932 when Michael Francis Doyle, Chairman of the American Committee at Geneva, called together twenty-six Americans, who were there working in connection with the Disarmament Confer- ence, to discuss matters of common policy. The meeting proved so fruitful both in the exchange of views and in the opportunity for inter-organizational cooperation afforded, that it was decided to hold meetings every two weeks thereafter. As the work of the Con- ference progressed and the scope of the Council’s work widened, it was agreed to hold weekly instead of bi-weekly meetings.

This Council, at each meeting, called in some well-informed person to speak on a phase of the Conference or related subject. Mrs. Laura Puffer Morgan of the National Council for Prevention of War acted as chairman. Dr. Mary E. Woolley, sitting on the Budgetary Commission, talked on the work of that body. Colonel Strong, American Technical Adviser, spoke on the Hoover pro- posals. Erwin Canham, Correspondent for the Christian Science Monitor at the Lausanne Conference, discussed the results of those meetings. In addition to these and many other speakers, Mr. Mal- com Davis, Director of the Geneva Research Center, gave to the Council the benefit of his unusual knowledge of Far Eastern affairs in weekly summaries of the Sino-Japanese dispute.

As a result of these discussions, the Geneva Council was en- abled to determine what measures of organizational effort were next needed in order to stimulate governmental policy. By main- taining cable communication with the Council in New York it would advise whether pressure should be brought upon the ofh- cials at Washington or whether appeals should be made directly �[Page 384]384 WORLD UNITY MAGAZINE

to Geneva. It suggested the issues which were most acute at the moment and upon which the societies in America should concen: trate their activity. After each meeting mimeographed résumés of the reports given before the Council were mailed to representa- tives of American organizations—both at Geneva and in the States —it being understood that the information contained in these résumés would be communicated by these representatives to the members of their respective organizations. These latter groups, though of course maintaining liberty of policy and action, were prompted to follow these recommendations very closely and accordingly directed their constituent members throughout the length and breadth of the land. Thus did the observations of these leaders at Geneva quickly find expression in the smallest circles of the most remote districts.

This relationship, moreover, was reciprocal. The organiza- tions in America were quick to catch public sentiment at home. size up the situation at Washington, and to cable this expression to the Geneva Council which was in close touch with the Amer- ican delegation at the Conference. Petitions and resolutions were frequently sent to these Geneva representatives for personal de- livery instead of being sent directly to the Conference officials by mail. Thus did the Council serve as a link between the American delegation at Geneva and organized public opinion in America— acting both as interpreter and as exhorter. On several occasions the members of the American delegation as well as the Conference Chairman, Mr. Henderson, expressed to the Inter-organizational Council their appreciation of these efforts and the value which they placed upon them. They declared that they simply could not ad- journ the Conference without significant armament reductions in the face of this overwhelming expression of public opinion.

While the membership of the American group naturally fluc- tuated as workers came to Geneva and left, the average attendance at the meetings remained at about thirty. Organizations that were at one tim: or another represented include the following: The American Committee, The League of Nations Association of the �[Page 385]THE PUBLIC SPEAKS’ ~ 385

United States, The National Council for Prevention of War, The Catholic Association of International Peace, The Carnegie Endow- ment for International Peace, The International Friends Service, The Women’s International League for Peace and Freedom, The World’s Y.W.C.A.—American Staff, The World’s Y.M.C.A.— American Staff, The International Missionary Council—American Staff, The World Alliance for International Friendship through the Churches, The World Student Christian Federation—Ameri- can Staff, The National Council of Catholic W/omen, The Federal Council of Churches of Christ in America, The Council on Foreign Relations, The American Friends Service Committee, The Geneva Research Center, The Student's International Union, and eleven otganizations comprising the National Committee on the Cause and Cure of War.

The plan of cooperation of tne American organizations in Geneva proved so useful that groups of other nationalities fol- lowed its model in creating similar inter-organizational councils for their countries. Likewise, the international organizations of students, of women, atid of Christians have each formed loose confederations in order to consult together and cooperate in their common task. This has been especially true in dealing with the problem of disarmament, where sentiment is so unanimous and the need for concerced action so urgent.

And thus there was made possible the spontaneous develop- ment of that final step in unified effort—the formal cooperation of these confederations. When the Disarmament Conference met last February sixth to receive the millions of petitions and resolu- tions from all over tne world, seven of these groups united to aid in the presentation and to make the occasion one of the greatest popular demonstrations in the history of international relations. The seven groups participating included the American Inter- organization Council, described above; the British Inter-organiza- tion Council modelled along the same lines; the Disarmament Committee of the International Federation of League of Nations Societies; the C.1.A.M.A.C. (Confédération International des As- �[Page 386]386 WORLD UNITY MAGAZINE

sociations de Mutilés de Guerre et des Anciens Combatants) ; and the respective Disarmament Committees of the Christian Inter- national Organizations, the Women’s International Organizations, and the Student International Organizations.

These seven groups comprise practically all the peace socicties at Geneva and unite in one voice constituencies of many scores of millions of people. To date, this formal cooperation has been di- rected only toward the disarmament problem, and the body is usually referred to as the International Consultative Group on Disarmament. It is, as the name implies, purely consultative and advisory. There is no attempt to complicate the peace machinery by setting up separate administrative functions and no group is bound by the decisions of the whole. Rather, it serves to coordinate activity, to clarify problems, and to minimize any duplication or conflict which might arise among the constituent organizations.

When it appeared last spring as though the Disarmament Conference might adjourn without any definite accomplishment or even commitment, this International Consultative Group went be- fore the Conference and in the name of their vast conscituencies pled for some tangible results. The delegations were clearly im- pressed, and though it is dangerous to trace causal relationships, it is noteworthy that the Conference did embody in a formal resolu- tion all the results until then achieved before adjourning for the summer. The masses were thus spared a bitter disappointment and were left with the hope that the Conference might yet achieve some very substantial reductions this winter.

In an all-day meeting held recently, the peace leaders at Geneva discussed the next steps to be taken for disarmament, es- pecially in the light of Germany’s demand for equal status. There seems to be general agreement that the time is about past for send- ing petitions to Geneva. Rather it is necessary that pressure be brought upon the national governments at Washington, London, Paris and Berlin. The delegates are deeply impressed with the importance of their task, but in many cases are held back by their governments at home. �[Page 387]THE PUBLIC SPEAKS 387

The American organizations also are directing their efforts toward the problem of controlling the private manufacture and traffic in arms and toward strengthening the government’s resolve to consult in times of crisis. It is felt that if America’s commitment for consultation can be followed by an agreement upon specific methods for bringing it about, France may well consider this a genuine contribution to her security and thus may cooperate more enthusiastically in the disarmament negotiations. These are days, however, when governments proceed cautiously and only in so far as they feel popular support behind them. The task of the peace organizations is therefore of extreme importance.

For the most part, the relationship between the international groups and the officials of the League and of the various govern- ments is interpretative and advisory, but in some instances there is 2 definite organic connection. Several members of the Secretariat participate actively on committees and advisory boards of the pri- vate associations. For example, the Y.M.C.A. cooperates with members of the Secretariat in planning international camps and study programs. Other groups interested in social or economic reform avail themselves of the unusual experience which the per- sonnel of the Secretariat affords. The League of Nations Associa- tion, although private, is considered as the chief interpreter of the League to the public at large, and as such it is in close contact with the heads of the various sections. The contacts therefore are of far more than a propagandistic nature, though the latter function is more dramatic and indeed very important.

During the recent session of the Assembly, the feminine dele- gates made a strong appeal for closer cooperation between women and the work of the League. It was pointed out that women are vitally interested in a great many League activities such as peace and disarmament, the traffic in women and children, public health and mental hygiene, intellectual cooperation, slavery, the cinema, and the nationality of women. Yet it was contended that women were not afforded an adequate opportunity to help direct the work in these areas. Under Article 7 of the Covenant, “‘all positions �[Page 388]388 WORLD UNITY MAGAZINE

under or in connection with the League, including the Secretariat, shall be open equally to men and women.” Yet, it was charged that in practice the men were given a dominating réle, and that much valuable feminine experience and idealism accordingly was lost.

The consideration of this question was most interesting, not only because of the principles intrinsically involved, but also be- cause it illustrates the method used by the League in handling elusive and intricate problems. At the instance of the Spanish dele- gation, the Twelfth Assembly in 1931 passed a resolution requcst- ing the Council “to examine the possibility of women cooperating more fully in the work of the League.” Accordingly, a letter was sent to various important international and national women’s or- ganizations asking for suggestions as to how effect could best be given to the Assembly's desire. The collaboration contemplated was Clearly of an unofficial character.

When the replies were received, however, it was evident that the women’s organizations were insisting upon organic and official cooperation and not mere unofficial association. They rejected that kind of relationship “which would leave women in the subordinate position to be made use of for carrying out policies decided by others.” Several concrete proposals were made by the organiza- tions. These were analyzed and vigorously supported by several women delegates in the Sixth (Political) Committee of the Assem- bly last October.

It was urged that in countries where women took an official part in League activity, there was an increased interest and sym- pathy among women in the work of that organization. Many be- lieved that the League should encourage governments to use fem- inine experts in purely national as well as international endeavors, but this was opposed on the ground that it was too presumptuous an invasion of the purely domestic sphere. It was suggested that a panel of Women’s Organizations should be kept open at the Secretariat and that a register of competent women available for international service should be compiled and made readily avail- �[Page 389]THE PUBLIC SPRAKS 389

able for the League and any governments wishing to select com- mittee personnels.

The outcome of all these proposals was a resolution submitted by the Sixth Committee and passed unanimously at a plenary ses- sion of the last Assembly. The resolution reads as follows:

“The Assembly,

“Expresses its warm appreciation of the work done by women in support of the League of Nations, and welcomes wholeheartedly the efforts made to increase their collaboration;

“Notes that the Women’s Organizations consulted are unani- mous in declaring that equal status between men and women is a prerequisite of effective collaboration of women in the work of the League and that their collaboration can be most effectively exercised through the competent official organs of the League and of the Governments;

“Reminds all the States Members of the League of Article Seven of the Covenant, which has in view the possibility

“a) for the Governments of the States Members to appoint

competent women to Assembly Delegations, to Confer- ences and on Governmental committees of the League;

“b) for the Council to appoint competent women on techni-

cal League Committees, as assessors and experts;

“c) for the Secretary-General to include competent women

in the higher posts of the Secretariat.”

The ways by which popular sentiment may be crystallized and effectively incorporated into the work at Geneva are accordingly seen to be various and valuable. They are both official and un- official, direct and circuitous. To the degree that the channels of expression are becoming more efficient, however, there increases the importance that the popular will thus voiced should be intelli- gent and informed. Peace organizations must press forward in both aspects of their dual function—to stimulate the governments and to educate the people. These organizations will necessarily play an essential réle in building the new international order. �[Page 390]THE COMMON MESSAGE OF THE WORLD'S GREAT TEACHERS

by

HucGH McCurpy WoopwarpD Department of Philosophy of Education, Brigham Young University

THE “Way” OF SALVATION (Continued)

HE venerable philosopher of China, Lao Tze, in his book, ] “The Tao Teh King,” covers the fine spiritual, moral and ethical principles outlined in the famous sermon on the Mount of Jesus. While he antedates the Western Master by six hundred years, he seems to have caught the same vision of the great varities of life. It is impossible to read his philosophy without realizing that his life must have been made to harmonize with his wonderful teachings. His philosophy pictures man at his best as a perfect representation of the great universal intelligence, Tao, God or Mother Nature. Man by becoming one with Tao becomes immortal. His book, “The Tao Teh King” represents the “way” of this enlightenment or development. “The wise man indif- ferent of himself, is the greatest among men, and taking no care of himself he is nevertheless preserved. By being the most unself- ish he is the most secure of all. To bring forth and preserve, to act without hope of reward, and to expend without waste, this 1s the supreme virtue. Therefore does the wise man provide for the soul and not for the senses. He ignores the one and takes the other with both hands. Being of Tao he enuures forever; for though his body perish, yet he suffers no hurt.”

His sense of real and ‘asting values is among the most profound in all history. Across the ages his words still ring true where he says: ‘“‘Astride of one’s fellows one cannot progress. By displayi..g 390 �[Page 391]THE WORLD'S GREAT TEACHERS 397

one’s self one does not shine. By self-approbation one is not es- teemed. In self-praise there is no merit. He who exalts himself does not stand high. Such things are to Tao what refuse and ex- creta are to the body.”

As with the other great masters, he makes self-mastery or self-control man’s first duty. “He is wise who knows others. He who knows himself is enlightened. He is strong who conquers others. He who conquers himself is mighty.”

-As will be pointed out in the chapter on the Golden Rule, these men rise above all signs of bitterness or resentment. Lao Tze says: “I would return good for good, I would also return good for evil, I would meet trust with trust, I would meet suspicion with confidence. The wise man lives in the world with modest re- straint, and his good heart goes out in sympathy to all men. The people give him their confidence and he regards them as his children.”

On virtue Lao Tze says: “The superior virtue is not recognized as such, and it is therefore the very essence of virtue. The inferior virtue has the distinction of virtue, and therefore it lacks the es- sence. The superior virtue is spontaneous, and makes no claim to merit. The inferior virtue is designing, and lays claim to recogni- tion.” By simulating the real virtue, the inferior attracts attention to itself; the similarity is noticed and proclaimed as real. But the real virtue acts without thought—it is unobtusive and so attracts no attention. Again Lao Tze says: ‘To produce without possessing; to work without expecting; to enlarge without usurping; this is the sublime virtue!”

Further light is thrown on his moral teachings by the following statement from “The Tao Teh King.”

“He who accounts all things easy will have many difficulties. Therefore the Sage takes great account of small things, and so never has any difficulty.”

“By continual use of the gates of Heaven, it is possible to preserve them from rust.”

“There is no greater sin than indulging desire. There is no �[Page 392]392 WORLD UNITY MAGAZINE

gteater pain than discontent. There is nothing more disastrous than the dread of gain. Hence the satisfaction of coritentment is an everlasting competence.”

“He who sees that his highest attainments are a!ways incom- plete may go on working indefinitely.”

“He is wise who knows others. He who knows himself is en- lightened. He is strong who conquers others. He who conquers himself is mighty. He is rich who is well satisfied.” “Than self- restraint there is nothing better.”

“The good cornmander is not imperious. The good fighter is not wrathful. The greatest conqueror does not wage war. The best master governs by condescension.”

“To know one’s ignorance is the best part of knowledge. To be ignorant of such knowledge is a disease.”

“,... The wise man acts without expectation of reward, and completes his task without claiming merit.”

“The wise man does not lay up treasure. The more he ex- pends on others, the more he gains for himself. The more he gives to others, the more he has for his own.”

Lao Tze held fast to three things which he called precious: gentleness, economy, and humility. With his gentleness he could be daring, with his economy, he could be generous; and with hu- mility he could be great in service, as a “Vessel of honor.” When economy is abandoned, men lose themselves in excess; when humil- ity is relinquished, and men strive for precedence, they gain nothing and lose much. “Gentleness,” says Lao Tze, “is ever victorious in attack and secure in defense.”

The loftiness of Lao Tze’s teachings, their all-inclusiveness admit of no charges of incompetency. He will probably ever re- main one of the world’s greatest philosophers and religious leaders, and his Taoism with its deep spiritual nature will continue to be a guide to the world.

No one of the great teachers gives more detailed instruction for man’s conduct than Confucius. His “Doctrine of the Mean,” coupled with his other high ethical principles constitute a plan of �[Page 393]THE WORLD'S GREAT TEACHERS 393

growth and development difficult to improve.

A few statements taken at random from the Confucian litera- ture, will be sufficient to illustrate the depth of his wisdom and the completeness of his plan of life.

“Make conscientiousness and sincerity your grand object. Have no friends not equal to yourself. If you have done wrong, be not ashamed to make amends.”

“The Odes are three hundred in number, but their purport may be summed up in a word: Have no depraved thoughts.”

“Observe a man’s actions; scrutinize his motives; take note of the things that give him pleasure. How then can he hide from you what he really is?”

“Acquire new knowledge whilst thinking over the old, and you may become a teacher of others.”

“Study without thought is vain; thought without study is perilous.”

“Absorbtion in the study of the supernatural is most harmful.”

“Yu, shall I tell you what true knowledge is? When you know, to know that you know, and when you do not know, to know that you do not know—that is true knowledge.”

“To shirk your duty when you see it before you, shows want of moral courage.”

“Some one inquired as to the meaning of the great sacrifice. The Master said: ‘I do not know. He who knew its meaning would tind it as easy to govern the empire as to look upon this (pointing to his palm).’ ”

“When you see a good man, think of emulating him; when vou see a bad man, examine your own heart.”

“Few are those who err on the side of self-restraint.”

“Virtue cannot live in solitude: neighbors are sure to grow up around it.”

“The Master said: ‘Alas! I have never met a man who could sce his own faults and arraign himself. at the bar of his own conscience’.”

“You may speak of higher subjects to those who rise above. �[Page 394]394 WORLD UNITY MAGAZINE

the average level of mankind, but not to those who fall below it.”

“With coarse food to eat, water to drink, and the bended arm as a pillow, happiness may still exist. Wealth and rank unright. eously obtained seem to me as unsubstantial as floating clouds.”

“Without due self-restraint, courtesy becomes oppressive, prudence degenerates into timidity, valour into violence, and can- dor into rudeness.”

“If a man is proud and avaricious, though his other qualities may embrace all that was fine in the character of Chou Kung, they are not worth taking into account.”

‘“Hot-headedness without honesty; ignorance without igenu- ousness; simplicity without sincerity:—such characters I do not understand.”

“Pursue the study of virtue as though you could never reach your goal, and were afraid of losing the ground already gained.”

“A great army may be robbed of its leader, but nothing can rob one poor man of his will.”

“It is harder to be poor without murmuring, than to be rich without arrogance.”

“The man of olden times who studied virtue had only their own improvement in view; those who study it now have an eye to the applause of others.”

“Refusal to instruct one who is competent to learn entails the waste of a man. Instruction of one who is incompetent to learn entails waste of words. The wise man is he who wastes neither men nor words.”

“He who requires much from himself and little from others will be secure from hatred.”

“When a man is generally detested, or when he is generally beloved, closer examination is necessary.”

“It is the man that is able to develop his virtue, not virtue that develops the man.”

“The real fault is to have faults and not try to amend them.”

“Where there is education, there is no distinction of class.”

“Only two classes of men never change: the wisest of the wise �[Page 395]THE WORLD'S GREAT TEACHERS 395

and the dullest of the dull.”

“The noble man is like the archer; if he misses his mark, he turns around and looks for the fault within himself.”

“The Master made four things the subject of his teaching: a knowledge of literature and the arts, conduct, conscientiousness and truthfulness,”

“The Master fished with a line but not with a net. When he went out with bow and arrow, he only shot at birds on the wing.”

The noble Eightfold Path of Buddhism is so nearly like the plan of soul enlightment in early Hinduism that a description of one will suffice for both. There are two extremes which the man who would gain his greatest self-realization must not follow. On the one hand the habitual practice or indulgence in those things which pertain to passions and appetites and especially sensuality. This was thought of as a low and Pagan way of seeking satisfaction “unworthy, unprofitable, and fit only for the worldly minded.” The other extreme which should be avoided is “the habitual prac- tice of asceticism or self-mortification, which is painful, unworthy, and unprofitable.” This middle path will be discussed more in detail in the chapter on “Temperance” or “The Golden Mean.”

The life maxims of Buddha are among the finest in literature. Many of the following are from a collection by Francis T. Miller:

“What is goodness? First and foremost the agreement of the will with conscience.”

“The man who foolishly does me wrong, I will return him the protection of my ungrudging love.”

“This is the doctrine of all the Buddhas. There is no happiness except in righteousness.”

“From this day forth, although much be said against me, I will not feel spiteful, angry, enraged, or morose, nor manifest an- ger and hatred.

“May I obtain wealth. . . and may the wealth obtained by me be for the benefit of others.

“The faults of others are easily seen—one’s own faults are difficult to see.” �[Page 396]396 WORLD UNITY MAGAZINE

‘‘May I never do, or cause to be done, nor contemplate the do- ing of even the most trivial sin.”

“Happy is he who is virtuous.”

“The fool who is angered, and thinks to triumph by the use of abusive language, is always vanquished by him whose words are patient.”

“Give to him that asketh, even if it be but little.”

“Ask not of a person’s descent—ask of his conduct.”

“Though a man conquer a thousand men in battle, a greater conqueror is he that conquers himself.”

“I cannot have pleasure while another grieves and I have power to help him.”

“Why should we cling to this perishable body? In the eyes of the wise the only thing it is good for is to benefit one’s fellow creatures.”

‘The fool who knows his foolishness is wise at least so far, but the fool who thinks himself wise, he is a fool indeed.”

“With pure thoughts and fullness of love I will do toward others what I do for myself.”

“Conquer your foe by force and you increase his enmity; con- quer by love and you reap no after sorrow.”

“Briefly I will tell you the marks of a friend. When doing wrong to warn; when doing well to exhort to perseverance; when in difficulty or danger to assist, relieve and deliver. Such a nian is, indeed, a true and illustrious friend.”

‘The fool thinks himself alone and commits sin, but I know of no lonely place at all. Of a bad action myself is a witness far more sharp-sighted.”

“He who cannot feel joy to see merit in others is stained with the darkness of sin.”

“When you hear gossip repeat it not. . . injure no one by your bitter conversation. Offensive language is harsh even to the brutes.”

“To feed a single good man is infinitely greater in point of �[Page 397]THE WORLD'S GREAT TEACHERS 397

merit, than attending to questions about heaven and earth, spirits and demons, such as occupy ordinary men.”

“He who is tender to all that lives is protected by heaven and loved by men.” |

“Those who have sin at heart, but are sweet of speech, are like a pitcher smeared with nectar, but full of poison.”

“Morality brings happiness. At night one’s rest is peaceful and on waking one is still happy.”

“Wherein does religion consist? In committing the least pos- sible harm, in doing abundance of good, in the practice of pity, love, truth and likewise purity of life.”

“He who has done what is right is free from fear.”

“May I never even in a dream be guilty of theft, adultery, life slaughter, drunkenness or untruthfulness.”

“If you speak to a woman do it with pureness of heart. Say to yourself, ‘Placed in this sinful world, let me be as spotless as the lily, unspoiled by the mire in which it grows.’ Is she old? Regard her as your mother. Is she honorable? as your sister. Is she of small account? as your younger sister. Is she a child? Then treat her with reverence and politeness.”

“To a righteous man death must bring gladness. For no fear of mishap exists for him who is devoted to a holy life.”

“Better the sovereignity over the earth. . . better than lord- ship over all worlds is the recompense of the first step in holiness. Better that you die battling with temper than you live defeated.”

Zoroaster too outlines a definite way or path by which man might reach the good life. Between two great forces, one con- tending for the good, the other for evil—one constructive, integ- rating and creative; the other destructive and disintegrating—man must make his choice. If he chooses the good way he goes in the direction of life and light and self-realization. If he chooses the cvil way he becomes enslaved to the destructive forces. Zoroaster’s good way leads through good and pure thoughts—right law—noble government—holy character and health to immortality. �[Page 398]398 WORLD UNITY MAGAZINE

“By his ‘right choice,’ his good deeds, good words and good thoughts, man is fighting for the victory of Ormz7d. By the prac- tice of virtue man places himself on the side of Mazdah. By sin he makes himself a prey to evil spirits.”

“Commit no slander; so that infamy and wickedness may not happen unto thee—for it said that slander is more grievous than witchcraft.”

“Form no covetous desire, so that the demon of greediness may not deceive thee, and the treasure of the world may not be tasteless to thee.”. . .

“Indulge in no wrathfulness, for a man when he indulges in wrath becomes then forgetful of his duty and good works. . . and sin and crime of every kind occur unto his mind, and until the sub- siding of the wrath he is said to be just like Ahriman (the devil) .”

“Suffer no anxiety, for he who is a sufferer of anxiety becomes regardless of enjoyment of the world and the spirit, and contrac- tion happens to his body and soul.”

“Thou shouldst be diligent and moderate, and eat of thine own regular industry, and provide thy share. . . and thus the prac- tice of this in thy occupation is the greatest good work.”

“To act a successful part as a unit in the great plan of the universe, one must be no weakling. Nature abhors and is ruthless towards those who would not try to help themselves.”

Zoroastrianism with its personal, helpful, ethical Deity, had a universal vision for religion. It emphasized strongly the antagonism between good and evil and declared man to be an individual with personal choice and responsibility. Denouncing asceticism and in- difference, it emphasized a religious life socially valuable. Its car- dinal principle is cooperation with God for common good. It em- braced an ethical ideal of final judgment, a hope of the ultimate triumph of moral goodness and the idea of an immortal individual enjoying the blessings of harmony and cooperation with the pur- poses, mind and will of God. �[Page 399]THE INTER-AMERICAN FEDERATION OF EDUCATION by

GLEN LEVIN SWIGGETT

Chairman of the Organisation Committee

HY do individuals and nations, with normal develop- W = naturally seek wider and wider contacts? And

why, in disillusion and disappointment, do they re-

peatedly turn in upon themselves and shun these very contacts to which they aspire in moments of expansion? Education in the social sciences will give us the answer to these questions. Until, therefore, there is a far wider spread of social information about human relationships and reactions we must expect set-backs in our international programs of mutual understanding and accords.

Through lack of social understanding we have blundered greatly in our recent international efforts for friendly accord. Sel- dom have international meetings been inspired by greater national selfishness. Progressive internationalism, however, is based upon nationalistic concepts. They are only apparently mutually exclu- sive or self-contradictory. Programs of world betterment may therefore safely begin at home or within more restricted contig- uous and regional areas. Frankly, wisdom counsels regional pro- grams for the present in most of our inter-related political, eco- nomic and social work. It is in this belief that an Inter-American Federation of Education has been proposed and is being organized.

National cooperating committees from seventeen of the twen- ty-one republics of the Western Hemisphere are helping to or- ganize this Federation. Adherence of the remaining four coun- tries has been promised. The members of these committees are

399 �[Page 400]490 WORLD UNITY MAGAZINE

well-known educators and represent progressive education associa- tions in their countries. The ministecs of education have shown, naturally, a keen interest in the Federation. They constitute an ex-officio Advisory Council to assist the organization committee. The latter is made up of one person from each of the following countries: Uruguay, Brazil, Venezuela, Guatemala, Mexico, the Dominican Republic and the United States. Committee headquar- ters are in Washington at the National Education Association which proposed the Federation and sponsors its present activities. The United States cooperating committee consists of the executive committee of the National Education Association, the director gen- eral of the Pan American Union, the commissioner of education of the United States, the commissioner of education of Porto Rico and the chairman of the organization committee of the Federation.

The growth of the Inter-American Federation of Education will be slow if it remains true to its present purposes. It believes that dependable Inter-American accord can only come from a cor- dial continental popular desire for Inter-American understanding. The latter is impossible until through education there can be estab- lished in these twenty-one democracies permanent bases for friend- ly action. Fifty years of fairly continuous efforts for Pan American accord should convince us of the difficulty in establishing effective Inter-American agreements, many of which are social, by govern- mental means alone. Confirming this opinion the director general of the Pan American Union stated at the first conference of the Federation that “An unofficial organization can undoubtedly do much to draw the educators of America together.”

Successful cooperation among these republics demands that the ground first be prepared for common action; otherwise, resolu- tions proceeding from continental conferences will continue mean- ingless and without ratification. Inter-American accord must wait upon the building of a real public opinion; and the latter upon the education of our peoples by programs and methods that are con- tinental in aim and purpose. Expanding and deepening oppot- tunities for education will lessen illiteracy, improve the franchise and strengthen the sense of need among all Inter-American nations �[Page 401]INTER-AMERICAN FEDERATION 401

for friendly cooperation in the understanding that mutual advan- tages are individual advantages. Continental political agreements, even based on economic interdependence, cannot be assured of any great measure of permanence unless they rest upon a social urge or need coming from a well-informed public opinion.

Another reason for the slow growth of the Inter-American Federation idea or project lies in the fact that few Latin-American countries have one outstanding, nationally representative, education association. Many of these countries have several similar associa- tions. In time these associations may merge into a great organiza- tion that will represent and speak for the teachers, one for each country, as may truly be said of the National Education Association of the United States. The Inter-American Federation was conceived in the hope that sometime it may become a federation of these edu- cation associations. And it has already aided the development of the one national education association idea in the Latin-American countries. A former minister of Ecuador among others, for ex- ample, recommended to his country the formation of a national education association to cooperate with the Federation. The Brazil- ian Education Association, encouraged by the Federation proposal, has greatly expanded its work.

The First Preliminary Conference of the Inter-American Feder- ation of Education was held in Atlanta, Georgia, in the summer of 1929 duting the annual meeting of the National Education Asso- ciation uf the United States. Ten countries were represented at the conference. A purely educational program was offered, and solely with the Federation purpose in mind. The conference considered only helpful ways and means for promoting in these countries vo- cational and character training, without which the practical under- standing of Inter-American fellowship and friendly accord is im- possible. A Second Preliminary Conference, continuing more or less the set-up and subjects of the Atlanta conference will be held in a Latin-American country at the close of this current year.

one oe modern movement presented by WORLD UNITY in its department “The World e ve if. �[Page 402]CHINA’S CHANGING CULTURE by

FRANK RAWLINSON Editor, The Chinese Recorder, Shanghai

Ill, The Specific Relation of Christianity to Some

Transitional Cultural Problems (Continued)

(f) Christianity and Moral Problems.

HER is no general and persistent movement against China's

] moral problems with the exception of narcotics, though it

would be equally true to say that none of them have been

entirely ignored. Christian organizations have no plans on

a national scale anent any of them with one exception. For some

reason the narcotic problem looms up as China’s outstanding moral

evil. It has received longer and more persistent attention than any other.

Against obscene literature there are laws in both the older and modern legal codes. These are only sporadically enforced, however. There is some agitation against alcoholic beverages: the W.C.T.U. being active in this regard. Such beverages have never been a social indulgence on a large scale in China. Tea-shops take the place in China of saloons in the West. Alcoholic beverages have always been used mainly on ceremonial and festive occasions. They are fairly generally so used now even among Christians, though some Christians groups oppose such use. Drunkenness is not a very apparent vice among the Chinese; social standards are against it. Open attacks, led by Christian forces, were made in Canton and Foochow some years since on gambling. The campaign in Canton materially suppressed the evil for a time. Prostitution and girl-slavery were also successfully opposed in Canton. In 1919 the foreign rate-payers in Shanghai, as the result of long and per

402 �[Page 403]CHINA'S CHANGING CULTURE 403

sistent—mainly missionary—effort, passed a resolution ordering that all brothels, then very numerous, be registered and that twenty per cent of the licenses be withdrawn each year for five years, until all were automatically closed. This plan brought a real diminution in the public and more blatant aspects of this vice for a time. But it was impossible to get final official (foreign) action against two of the large foreign brothels, which had never closed though they had lost their licenses in due course. Public and official pressure has now somewhat subsided with. the result that four years after the expiration of the allotted term of five years the situation is rapidly becoming as bad as before. Generally speaking little is being done about prostitution in China at present.

Since about 1906 a persistent and growing campaign has been conducted against narcotics, principally opium. The first stage of this started as the result of a petition signed by 1,333 missionaries and addressed to the then governor of the River Provinces. The result was an order on the part of the Chinese Government to sup- press the opium traffic within ten years. In 1917 this had been practically achieved. But as a result of the growth of militarism, dissipation of governmental power and the rapid rise in the smug- gling in of narcotics from foreign countries, the situation is about as bad now as it ever was. In Shensi, for instance, opium is rigort- ously suppressed. Yet morphine, mainly in the shape of pills, and some heroin, both smuggled in, are credited with the making of one million addicts. Most of the drugs thus smuggled into China are made in Germany and distributed by Japanese. Even so the Peking Government refused to relegalize the opium traffic some vears since. The laws bearing on the traffic are quite severe. To get them enforced against smugglers and avaricious and financially harassed militarists is the chief problem. We are now entering upon the second reform stage. For some years there was an active International Anti-Opium Association in Peking. The National Christian Council also had, and still has, an Anti-Narcotic Com- mission, But the main work against opium is now done by the Chinese Anti-Opium Association, a purely Chinese organization, �[Page 404]404 WORLD UNITY MAGAZINE

towards the formation of which the National Christian Council did much and to which for a time it allocated half the time of one of its Chinese secretaries. This association has considerable Chris. tian and non-Christian support. It is supported by forty constituent bodies of which one-fourth are Christian organizations. These Christian organizations are the most active. In 1926 a thousand widely-scattered churches took part in an anti-opium week under the auspices of this Association. A similar campaign in Shanghai &as participated in and supported enthusiastically by all kinds of local Chinese organizations, Christian and otherwise. In 1926, 256 anti-opium branches in different centers were organized; 200 of these were the result of Christian effort. This special and wide- spread support of the campaign against opium is due to the fact that efforts in this direction have been going on for twenty years and are thus to some extent rooted in the Chinese moral conscious- ness. Perhaps the lack of similar campaigns against other social evils is due not so much to a lack of conviction as to a lack of knowledge thereof and the inadequacy of existing leadership.

IV. SOME OTHER TRANSITIONAL CULTURAL CHANGES (a) Political.

The steps leading up to China’s present political situation have already been briefly traced. To analyze this situation is extremely difficult: some aspects may, however, be noted. That China has changed her political mind is evident enough. The Nationalist Movement of 1926-7, which won for the followers of Sun Yat Sen nominal control over most of China’s territory, was the logical result of the earlier efforts and movements. It is due to the struggle which arose out of Yuan Shi K’ai’s failure to adhere to his espousal of the principles of the revolutionary party. This struggle is still on. Two things about it are evident. First, there has been some decrease in the number of contending military factions which fol- lowed in the wake of Yuan Shi K’ai. Second, while the Nationalist Movement has created disillusionment anent itself by reason of failure to achieve its ideals and its submergence, to some extent, �[Page 405]CHINA'S CHANGING CULTURE 405

in the toils of graft and a weak unity it has yet succeeded in cre- ating an almost nation-wide desire that its main principles be made effective in China’s domestic political life. The rapid and wide- spread popular interest in this movement and struggle was due largely to the increases in the facilities of communication—the press, railroads and mail service—during the last thirty years. There has been real growth in the popular desire for a more demo- cratic form of government. Neither of the present chief contend- ing groups aims to set up again the monarchical regime. Demo- cratic nationalism is China’s dominant mood at present. In general the people of China desire the triumph of Sun’s principles even though the “Three Peoples’ Principles,” his text-book, is under considerable criticism by Chinese by reason of the illogicality of some of its arguments and ideas. China has definitely moved away from the old autocratic centralized. government to one more papu- lar in character and support. Sooner or later Nationalistic ideals will win out. China has broken with her traditional forms of gov- ernment. This is a cultural change of deep significance.

It might be said that there are in the Nationalist Movement the beginnings of two parties, the Kuomintang, which in the main follows Sun’s lead, and the Communists, the result in part, cer- tainly not exclusively, of Russian influence. At present the Kuomin- tang party, even though its principles are undergoing some modifi- cation, is in the lead. The Communists, very few of whom have any clear idea of real Communistic principles, have been ruthlessly suppressed. In the main they were looked on as a proletarian at- tempt to seize the reins of government. This group, however, is far from dead. Fear of its possible future activities is quite preva- lent. To attain the position of a party, however, it will certainly have to modify its methods as these are viewed with repulsion by the masses and most of the leaders. Nevertheless the Kuomintang and the Communists are the two outstanding aspects of China’s present political consciousness.

Several political weaknesses stand out clearly in this situation. The Kuomintangites seek to improve China’s social order along �[Page 406]406 WORLD UNITY MAGAZINE

modern lines; the Communists say they wish to change it entirely; the actual aims of neither are clear. Nowhere is there any ma- chinery for an ordered expression of public opinion. The Nation- alists suffer from a lack of men experienced in modern govern- mental activities and a general weakness of governmenta! machin. ery. They are at present dominated by the idea that party dictator- ship is essential until the Nationalistic Government has eliminated those opposing its aims. This does not facilitate constructive ef- fort. At present China is weak in constructive political effort.

China has three outstanding political problems. First, the in- ternal problem of unification which heads up in the question of a constitution. The present constitution is not being followed and is more in the nature of a standard of reference than a formal guide for China's domestic political life. The difficulty of solving this problem of unification is increased by the still inadequate sys- tem of communications and illiteracy. Second, autonomy. This is both internal and external. Internally it involves the relation of the hsiens to the provincial governments and that of the provinces to the central government. The provinces of Fukien and Szechuan are, for instance, divided into a number of political sections vary- ing with the particular government of the province. This problem has its roots in the old regime under which provinces or vicc- royalties had a large measure of autonomy. The same thing is to some extent true of the former relation of the political divisions in a province to its government. Externally it involves China's status internationally and heads up in the question of tariff con- trol. Third, China desires to make her treaty position bilateral rather than unilateral, as it still is in the main. She desires inter- national political equality.

In this connection reference must be made to China’s attitude and tendency towards modern militarism. On the one hand there is widespread popular resentment against it. On the other hand there is a decided tendency towards using it. In general Confucius, Mencius and Mo Tzu advocated reliance upon moral influences and opposed the use of military force. Yet all in varying degrees �[Page 407]CHINA'S CHANGING CULTURE 407

admitted the use of military force for defensive and protectiy> purposes. Militarism does exist in China. China’s modern armies are western in method and equipment. They have had much prac- tical training in recent years. Though some modern Chinese are opposed to militarism per se, in general very little real thinking has been done thereon. There is a considerable body of opinion that militarism is necessary for China if she is to cope with western powers on their own ground. Marshal Feng Yu Hsiang, who is known as both a Christian and a militarist enjoys considerable popularity even among Christians. The incongruity of this fact is little realized. Perhaps if given a free choice China would vote against militarism. Yet it tends to become firmly rooted in China’s lite in spite of that attitude. Even poison gas, the last mark of civilized warfare, is being utilized by China’s armies. Westernized militarism is one aspect, therefore, of this transitional situation. Its ultimate fate and use are too obscure for one to venture on a prognostication.

(Te be continued) �[Page 408]POEMS BY DAVID STARR JORDAN*

IN THE WILDERNESS Phi Beta Kappa Poem (May, 1913)

I stand as in a dream within a wood,

A forest crass, men call ‘The Wilderness,”

Of ill-grown oak trees and stunt, scanty pines, With sumacs dun and huddling sassafras, ' Enmeshed with brambles rude and tangling vines,— Its mossy brooksides blue with violets,

Its red soil ever redder with men’s hurt.

Men named this forest once “the Poisoned Woods,” And it was poisoned by the wrath of man,

‘Twas trebly poisoned by the flames of Hell

That burned through every corner of the wood.

Out from the forest, as in nightmare dream,

Out from its straggling trees and struggling vines, Out from its red soil, redder with men’s hurt, From ravaged banksides blue with violets,

From withering venom of its flames of Hell,

I see a sad procession creeping down,

Full seven miles of maimed and broken men,

Full seven miles of ghastly shapes of men, Pouring like vomit from the Wilderness;

Out from the pious shades of Sa!2m Church,

Out from the Catherine Furnace on the hill, From sparse farmhouses saturate with dread, Field hospitals of gruesome awfulness,

Where women, war-crazed, neither knew nor recked Of their own children if alive or dead,

®From Jordan's “To Barbara, and Other Verses,” copyright 1929 by World Book Co., Publishers, Yonkers-on-Hudsoa, New York.

408 �[Page 409]IN THE WILDERNESS

From Sunlight’s enfilade where Sedgwick fell, The Bloody Angle, by McCool’s sweet spring, From the old wayside inn whose awful name Men spoke in bated whispers—Chancellorsville! In its green paddock, leading toward the ford Of Rappahannock and of Rapidan,

Amidst the peach trees’ rosy blossoming,

About the whitewashed shanties of the slaves, The ground was piled thrice deep with wrecks of men Living and dying—things which once were men, The Blue—the Red—commingled with the Gray! The blazing inn an awesome funeral pyre.

Men tell us how the angry sun went down

A bloodshot disk upon a shrinking sky;

And then uprose the great white Maytime moon, Flooding the forest with her patient light

Till Horror paled in dumb forgetfulness.

Shall we not ask in contrite humbleness: Can we give praise to Lord of Heaven, or Hell, For aught men did here in the wilderness?

li Down in yon somber hollow Jackson fell, His red hand raised in worship, to the last Austere, devoted, of his Duty sure, For States make Duty of the wrath of man, Imputing Righteousness to deeds abhorred. “The soldier has no Duty save to die.” And is this Duty, that he thus should die? Are nations built on bones of mangled men? Have bonds of union no cement save blood? “Obedience to the Law before all Time!” But then is such obedience supreme, Brought to fulfillment through red-handed rage? �[Page 410]410

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“The brave makes Danger, Opportunity.”

Is there no danger save from cannonades?

Is there no hardier, craftier foe than this

Whose strength is measured by a saber-thrust?

The path to Justice between man and man

Must lead through strife, but not through pools of blood, The clash of will, but not the crush of men.

“But War’s fierce furnace melts the chains of slaves; Its march obliterates old vested wrongs;

Foul Bastiles crumble at its trumpet call,

And tyrants grasp at serried hosts of men.

War's candent fire-bath purifies the state,

War's furnace-heat the bond of union welds.

Shall not war bring the great Enfranchisement,

The freedom from all shackles of the Past?”

He reaps dire harvest who sows dragon’s teeth! When Law is silent, anarch murder rules;

Law is humanity's consummate flower,

And Love is the fulfillment of the Law;

Its blind and brutal denial, that is War.

The Laws of War! In war, there is no law. Where war is not, there and there only—Law. Where armies quarter, thorns and thistles grow. New wrongs spring ever in the wake of war, From their hot ashes mount up fresh Bastiles; The Sutler camps on the Avenger's trail;

The Mailed Fist is but a burglar’s tool;

Gross cities swell with loot of great campaigns, The Vulture gorges where the Eagle strikes.

And each fresh slaughter dwarfs the breed of men— The Unreturning ever were the Brave!

Nothing enduring yet in wrath was wrought; No noble deed in hatred; in all time The Master Builder works in soberness; �[Page 411]IN THE WILDERNESS

A world which reeked with wars, and reeks again. The Prince of Peace in patience re-creates.

Oh, take away the frippery of war,

Its zest for glory, its mouth-filling lies,

Its rippling colors and resounding drums,

Its chargers, bannerets, and bugle calls,

Its heady wine of music and acclaim

That makes a slaughter seem a holiday!

Oh, take away the sanction of the State,

That haloes murder with a holy light,

That makes our common hate seem Wrath Divine, And thunderous shoutings as the voice of God.

I I do remember in the far-off years Through the long twilight of the August nighis (The nights of half a century ago), I waited for my brother whom I loved— I waited for my brother, and he came,— Came but in dreams and never came again, For he was with the Sisterhood of Fate— Man is; Man is not; Man shall never be.

IV How like a chasm yawns our history! Still figures pour out from the Poisoned Wood; I seem to see them on their fated way, I seem to see them creep from death to death, Full seven miles of crushed and wasted men, Full seven miles of tattered shreds of men, Some dazed with blood not knowing what they do, Rising to fall, and falling not to rise. Whither they go—What matter? They must go! If there be ghosts, they hover o'er this road; If they be ghosts, they fill this Poisoned Wood! �[Page 412]412

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Perchance no spirits wander of the slain,

For these are sleeping in the woodland glade, The Blue for aye unsevered from the Gray. Under that Flag where Hatred dies away

They rest as men may rest whose work is done, The Horror lost in blest forgetfulness.

For they are with the Sisterhood of Fate— Man is; Man is not; Man shall never be.

Yet there be ghosts here, ghosts that haunt for aye! Rising forever from the Poisoned Wood.

The Slain Unnumbered; those who, still unborn, Through wistful ages never to be born,

Never may answer to their country’s call;

The long, sad roll that lengthens with the years, The sweet life wasted, widening with the years; Those who have lived not, never yet can live; Their father slumber in the Wilderness,

While these are with the Sisterhood of Fate— Man is; Man is not; Man shall never be.

Shall God not ful another universe With Life we waste in wicked wantonness?

UNARMED AND UNAFRAID

O thou blest land, America! I look adown thy countryside, And in the dawning glow of Peace, I see thy landscape glorified.

Thy forests loftier rear their crests, Thine eager rivers swifter flow,

While from thy hills of Hope and Faith, Thy cleansing winds of Freedom blow.

The Future beckons; may it be The land where every dream comes true, �[Page 413]IN THE WILDERNESS 413

The land in which each humblest child Shall live as free as I or you;

The favored land of noble youth, The land where hatred dies away, The land where each may know the truth; The chosen land of Liberty!

Erect, unarmed and unafraid, Thy children of the ages stand,

With Peace, her sheltering pinions spread, North, South, East, West, above our land.

O speed the day when blood of man

No more shall drench the weary sod, All joined in sacred brotherhood,

And every child a son of God—

When Peace with velvet-sandaled feet

Shall tread the Earth from shore to shore, And peoples in the bond of love

Shall lust for conquest nevermore.

O FREEDOM, I HAD DREAMED

O Freedom, I had dreamed that thou wert dying, Thy banner Lincoln, once, and Franklin bore

As Milton, Pym, and Hampden had before;

Low in the dust I seemed to see it lying,

And they who bore its sacred staff were trying From its fair folds to frame a sutler’s tent,

And thou unconscious while its web they rent.

These poems have been reprinted by World Unity Memorial to David Starr Jordan. �[Page 414]WHITHER BOUND RELIGION? A SYMPOSIUM

Collected and Edited by

Pau RussELL ANDERSON Columbia University

V

PROFESSOR STUART C. Dopp, Pu.D. Associate Professor of Sociology, American University of Beirut

(): of the newer approaches to the study of religion is that

of the social scientist. The social sciences were a product

of the Enlightenment, perhaps the most permanent con-

tribution which the eighteenth century has made to human thought. There are two underlying forces which form the back- ground out of which the social sciences grew.

The first of these is the belief in an orderly process of nature and natural phenomena which the eighteenth century inherited from the seventeenth. The Age of Reason believed in a reign of cosmic law. The most common axiom of the century was the order and organization of nature. The physical sciences had first shown this to be true of nature. Then, as a perfectly natural development, the reign of law was applied to human nature and human institu- tions. Hobbes, Locke, Hume, and Hartley had, through their sen- sationalism and association psychology, established that all that men are comes from experience and that all differences and in- equalities come from man’s environment. To Montesquieu went the task of developing a social physics. To Adam Smith went the task of applying natural law to economic relationships. The social sciences became the basis for human relationships.

Parallel with the development of the reign of law went a belief in change, growth, and progress. With the publication of his Origin of Species in 1859, Charles Darwin applied the idea of evolution to the field of biology and made man himself a product 414 �[Page 415]WHITHER BJUND RELIGION? 415

of the theory that had been applied to social institutions many vears before. The idea of evolution itself has often mistakenly been attributed to Darwin; actually, as Henry F. Osborn pointed out forty years ago, the basic roots of the concept can be traced back to the very beginnings of human thought in the Greek Age. But for our purposes here it is sufficient to note that the idea had taken form by the middle of the eighteenth century. To Buffon, progress was a great process of universal scope. To Lessing, revela- tion was progressive and never-ending. To Herder, all human civilization is eternally changing and growing. The Hegelians later on accepted this position and thus a long line of historians sprang up to trace the laws and stages of social development.

It was as a combination of these two forces that the science of human behavior finally came to be known as sociology through Auguste Comte. The name itself did not have much meaning until the time of Spencer, despite its constant use by J. S. Mill, but the study was gaining momentum all the time. Comte applied the evolutionary concept of an orderly development to western civili- zation. Spencer extended the concept to other types of civilization as well.

Sociology has continued to grow and develop until today there are numerous schools of sociology distinguished by their connec- tion with various social currents of the day, historical, evolutionary, biological, and psychological. But in its origin and very nature, there can be no sociology without belief in the application of the principle of change and growth to the institutions of society in the desire to enlarge human freedom and to manipulate social forces in the interest of mankind.

While he associates himself with no particular school of so- ciology, Professor Dodd does look upon religion, as most sociolo- gists do, as a great social force, a force not determined by natural law or supernatural decree, but a great human motivating force changing and changeable, just as life itself is ever on the march. He cares little for nominal designation but looks at the underlying human purposes which religion serves. �[Page 416]416 WORLD UNITY MAGAZINE

“The old order changeth, yielding place to new And God fulfills himself in many ways.’ “Yet I doubt not through the ages one increasing purpose runs.”

“Not merely little shifts here and there but drastic changes such that our beliefs in God, in Christ, in the prophets, in the Church, in forms of worship, in ideals of living, all these as we conceive of them now may completely disappear and be replaced by forms which either we cannot imagine at present or else do not seem ‘religious’ at all. To the ancient Egyptian with his visible temples, processions, and rites the Quaker meditating seems de- void of anything he would call ‘religious.’. Just so to us the forms through which religion is expressed by the: man of the future may seem completely lacking in anything we would call ‘religious. He may not even have such a word. To venture a specific and probably feeble example, he may be so absorbed in living that the spirit of his living, his religion, may never be consciously isolated in his mind; his religion then would be the unconscious influence growing out of his utter absorption in the processes of living with his fellowmen. He may have completely overcome our habit of thinking of religion as a ‘thing’ which in thought at least we can handle separately from living.

“But rather than forecast what seems likely to me to be one specific change, I want to describe two principles of change, or two characteristics of these changes, that seem to me to be such funda: mental tendencies in evolution as to endure far into the future.

“One principle of change will be its increasing diversity. Tha: means that all things religious will not merely change to something different than at present, but thgt they will change to more things than at present, more varied fqtms, more complex combination: Sects will continue to split into subsects here and there, forms of worship to give rise to new and more forms of worship, writings on religious themes to multiply, and beliefs as to the supremely val- uable in life to multiply, until they are as numerous as the world’s population—and they will not stop there, for an individual will have changing beliefs at different times in his life. To take just one �[Page 417]WHITHER BOUND RELIGION! 417

example, the channels through which religious ideas and feelings are communicated, compare the past with the present diversity. In Puritan New England the church services on Sunday, prayer meet- ings, reading a few books, family prayers, these were the main channels. Today I know of highly spiritual individuals who de- pend in part on these but also upon such channels as radio music, setmons, magazine articles, (even newspaper ‘colyums’ and car- toons for cheering inspiration in little daily vexations), books of a hundred sorts from mystical testimony to scientific experimenta- tion, certain movies, concerts, oratorios, chorals, pageants, certain dramas, a score of diverse types of meetings around the church from Bible classes to Scouts, from missionary guilds to Father and Son dinners, from Sunday Schools to dances, etc., occasional con- ferences, all sorts of life experiences from camping with nature to a Labor Union meeting. To these present day channels through which some individuals get the religious inspiration that means most to them the future will add a still greater variety.

“A second principle of change will be integration. At the same time as all religious phenomena are diversifying there will be a counter tendency for groups of them to integrate and organize larger unities. Sects while remaining sects will federate or form intersectarian bodies for particular functions such as missionary work, peace promotion, and fighting domestic social evils. All softs of moveinents and groups which crosscut former groups and bring their members together in a new synthesis will spring up (such as the Fellowship for Reconciliation, Fellowship for a Chris- tian Social Order, etc.). Sects will unite not so much on creed or through merging institutional organization as through cooperating toward common purposes. Among the ideals emphasized by differ- ent religions a few will become completely universal—perhaps such ideals as health, the Golden Rule, the value of personality, brotherhood, toleration, etc.

“The net result of these two principles of change in evolution —ever-increasing differentiation and integration—means that re- ligious phenomena will become ever more complex. Individuals �[Page 418]418 WORLD UNITY MAGAZINE

will achieve simpler religious lives here and there but the variety over the whole earth and all the inter-relationships will increase in complexity.

“Throughout these changes it seems that the most enduring core of religious phenomena will be a psychological need in man which expresses itself now in religious ways and will always need some form of expression. He will always need a system of values which unifies his experience and the universe, whether he calls such a unifying concept ‘God’ or not. He will always live purposefully seeking a more completely satisfying life, whether he calls such a quest ‘religious’ or not. He will always need some symbols and forms to communicate his ideals whether he calls them ‘holy’ and

‘worship’ or not.” (To be continued) �[Page 419]WORLD FEDERATION CORRESPONDENCE*

Car A. Ross

Author of “World Citizenship”

I have given some thought to your letter of the 8th, and the more I think of it, the more basic your plan appears.

There is no government, no public official, no peace organi- zation or other association whatever on whom any duty rests to initiate the World Federation (there should be but one). Neither is there any one with any authority to suggest or recommend such a revolutionary movement. It would appear to me that the initia- tive must be in the nature of a revolution, bloodless and peaceable, let us hope, by some voluntary group of citizens, international in scope and membership. The object and aim of this group should be specific, not to debate World Federation, but to inaugurate it.

This group might be denounced by certain politicians of limited vision, surely it would receive no open support from any public official till the movement assumed such proportions and magnitude as to be considered a political asset during a political campaign, a day, should it ever arrive or be approached, that would spell a marked advance cf the movement. In other words tt must be a peoples’ movement from first to last, but it could present strategic compensations as you will see by reading The Federalist, No. XXXVIIL.

To my mind the one definite objective should be a world con- vention of accredited delegates to draft the constitution for the World Federated Empire or Union, to be submitted for acceptance or ratification. While this ultimate objective should never be out

that proposal, and was i publication of additional corres ence last month. An snalysis of the entire discussion r. Newfang will be published in April.—Edisor.

419 �[Page 420]42.0 WORLD UNITY MAGAZINE

of sight, a preliminary objective should be distinctly stated, like the first “Five Year Plan.” It seems to me that this preliminary objective should be the selection of an international committee to bring about the primary objective. In turn, the work of organizing to select the main organizing committee should be in charge of certain persons named, say five persons, with the provision that as soon as 5,000 or 10,000 paid memberships were received these designated persons should nominate 100 delegates to the perma- nent organization committee from whom 25 of some such number should be elected by ballot of the membership, also World Unity magazine should be made the official organ for the publication of all announcements of the committee of five and of the progress of the work and proceedings of the committee. Your magazine, it would seem to me, could well afford to advertise for memberships and combine a year’s subscription and membership in the offer. It would seem appropriate, also, that one of the Commitiee of five should be from your organization.

With some such specific plan an approach to groups like the A.A.U.W. would be easier. Doubtless other provisions should be included in organization plans, but these are the high lights that appeal to me. Unless the program has some such definite objective I fear it would be a mere flash in the pan, of little value to the magazine or anyone else, while if it is soundly organized it would have a chance of accomplishing something worth while.

BRUNO LASKER The Inquiry, New York City

In response to your request for an expression of opinion on the plan for a: World Federation, described in the December issue of World Unity, I venture the following comments:

First, there can hardly be a question among thinking men that some time the reality of the international integration of interests of many kinds must find expression in an international political structure—if for no other purpose at least for that of defending vital international interests against the constant encroachment of regional and national interests. Just as the national state was the �[Page 421]CORRESPONDENCE 421

natural consequence of the need for defense against a tyrannical exercise of local powers, so an international federation of some kind must eventually arise to protect the masses against the exercise of national powers in the interests of limited classes.

But it has taken many generations to create that sense of inter- dependence, that confidence in the integrity of others not bound to the community by ties of kinship or immediate neighborliness, without which a feeling of nationality and popular participation in its functioning cannot arise. Even now, provincialism, through- out the world, is often @ strong force; and where the real differences in the interests of regions or provinces joined together in a state are not sufficiently safeguarded by constitutional provisions, even like- ness of race, of language, and of historical experience do not suffice to make the national power altogether dominant.

Therefore, while we may recognize a Federated World as an ideal, we must also, as realists, recognize that this ideal has yet to pass through many stages of struggle, of partial adoption, of ex- periment and reaction, before it can become acceptable to humanity as an indisputable instrument of political security. Unfortunately, political ideas are so confused today that many outstanding advo- cates of greater international unity, nevertheless are also in the van of movements for the enhancement of state power and even the deification of the idea of nationality.

Moreover, it now looks as though the progress toward a larger cmbodiment of international unity is going to be even slower than it was necessary to anticipate in the days of the last war. Tragic, as it may seem to those who have seen the dawn of a new coopera- tive woiid order when the need for common international action to defeat the powers of destruction had become sufficiently evident to affect the thinking of large numbers of people, their hope is now deferred by the emergence of a new intermediate stage which is like- ly to postpone indefinitely the realization of that ideal. In the Far East, in the Near East, in Central Europe, and in the Western Hemisphere, trends are now visible toward the formation of super- states that are founded on common regional interests and in con- �[Page 422]422 WORLD UNITY MAGAZINE

flict with other regional interests in the world. Whether we speak of “unions,” of new “Monroe Doctrines,” or of formal treaties in recognition of specific common regional interests, the next gencra- tion will look upon a world of political bodies in different stages of formation that represent a middle stage between national and worid governments. Perhaps in that way only can humanity learn to act upon that larger stage where concerted action takes the place of localized and national action; perhaps a period of many generations is needed to re-educate us for the corresponding change of loyal- ties from smaller to larger units, as the state requited centuries to emancipate the citizen from purely local concerns.

And one further consideration must not be lost sight of. The political state itself is in process of change. In different ways throughout the world there is arising the felt need for a more com: plex machinery of human group and mass-action than is or can be embodied in a single organization of society with compulsory powers. Economic and cultural purposes have come to vie with protective political purposes for recognition as nuclei of organiza- tion of power. Hence the League of Nations is not likely for long to be the only effective counter-force to national deviation from common international goals, even among its member states. Whether eventually democracy will find a fuller expression for its vital processes in the creation of a threefold organization within each state, or whether economic and cultural purposes are destined more quickly to reach an international community of interest than other present concerns of the political state, cannot now be fore: seen. But at any rate, so much is clear that a hardening of the present concept of the state as a single all-inclusive organization of society equipped with mandatory powers in an international super-state might ere long become the most serious obstacle to real progress toward world unity.

While, therefore, I think that the idea put forth in your jour- nal is worth further exploration, I doubt whether the time is ripe to make such inquiry the object of a formally constituted committce

of the League or of any other legally constituted international body. �[Page 423]CORRESPONDENCE 423

ALICE WILSON World League of International Educational Associations

That organizing the world into a Federation of Nations, if it could be done in such a manner as to be acceptable to all nations —whatever their political attitudes, whatever their form of govern- ment, whatever their culture—would be the best way to secure peace in this world, is undoubtedly true. That at present it is some- what premature, due to unfavorable economic conditions and acute international problems is also true; and because of this, a change from a League of Nations to a Federation of Nations might prove a somewhat dangerous experiment.

Some of the best statesmen in Europe have been trying for the last few years to unite the European States economically, hoping that a political union might ensue from it; there was even a time when hopes ran high and when the goal seemed almost in sight. The difficulties were evidently too great to be overcome and today Europe apparently has gone back to the old method of balance of power,

That this phase of European politics is ephemeral no one doubts. Economic conditions may force Europe to unite. The whole world situation is continually changing; it is fraught with danger and no one knows how to avert the danger.

Before attempting any change in the existing methods of co- operation among nations:—the League of Nations, the World Court, etc.—all international, national, and social problems existing today—like so many sores poisoning the life of the world, sapping its energy, and menacing its very existence—should be solved, if it takes years to do. The best minds of the world should be set to the task of finding remedies for all those evils, to restore health to the crippled body of the world.

When youth and adults alike have been educated in the idea ot a world-nation; when they have learned to consider that their country is only a part of an ever closer knit world; when confi- dence and faith have replaced distrust and fear existing today be- tween nations, then and only then, let us try « Federation of Na- tions which will embody the principles evolved from centuries of experience, adjusted to the needs of an ever-changing world. �[Page 424]424 WORLD UNITY MAGAZINE JOHN NELSON Honorery Secretary, Canadian Institute of International Affairs

I read with much interest the two articles in the last issue of “World Unity”—that of Mr. Newfang’s on “World Federation,” and your own comment of endorsement in subsequent pages of the magazine. With the aspiration therein expressed, every normal man, I think, must be in full accord. With the practical difficulties, I believe every reflecting man must be cognizant.

My criticism, and it is really not a criticism but my reserva- tions, in regard to Mr. Newfang’s article is due to the fact that he is seeking a remedy through formal and official channels, expressed in documents and to be enforced by the official methods which have always hitherto prevailed. He bases his confidence in his remedy on a number of precedents, few, if any, of which, in my judgment, form a secure foundation upon which to base his findings.

The weakness which he finds in the League is that it is too loose a structure “to prevent a breach of intet.ational peace, especially when a first-class power adopts military measures to attain its ends.” He probably has in mind the recent and somewhat inconclusive test of the League’s authority in the Far Eastern crisis, but I think he there misinterprets the causes of the League’s ineffectiveness. Jerome Greene, in a speech last March somewhere in New York, put a much more accurate finger, it seems to me, upon the real reason for the temporary failure, at least, of the League to bring about a cessation of hostilities between China and Japan. The real reason seems to have been that neither China nor Japan are sover- eign states in the sense we understand it. China is obviously power- less to carry out any obligation which invoives the concurrence of the whole nation, largely because in neither a physical nor a con- stitutional sense has she attained the status of a nation, with the obligations and responsibilities thereby incurred. Most people recognized this, but I think fewer of us realized, until this unfor- tunate outbreak, that there is a similar ineffectiveness in the govern- ment of Japan, because of the persistence of the military tradition in the government—a tradition whereby in the field the authority �[Page 425]CORRESPONDENCE 425

of the military command becomes supreme, and supersedes and ignores that of the Foreign Office. The position of General Araki in the present government, the procedure by which he was selected, and the almost dictatorial powers which he possesses within the government, are difficult for those familiar only with Anglo-Saxon methods of government to understand, but it does explain, in part, why the government of Japan seemed to be wilful in its attitude toward the League, and why it seemed to flaunt not only the opin- ion of the League, but the sentiment of the Western world.

I had the privilege of having afternoon tea with the present premier, Admiral Saito, at his palace at Seoul, when he was gover- nor-general of Korea. The whole mental attitude of Admiral Saito and his record in Korea, together with the liberal tendencies he displayed in his social, club and other relationships in Tokyo, would have justified the hope that he, perhaps more than any other avail- able Japanese statesman, would have been hospitable to the sug- gestions of the League. There is really nothing to show that he was not hospitable to its suggestions, but he was powerless in the gtip of conditions which make Japan as much as China a non- sovereign state as far as government is concerned.

The weakness of the League—and it is a weakness for which a remedy does not readily suggest itself—is that it can become ef- fective only with such powers as can not only make but keep ob- ligations on behalf of their peoples. Unfortunately, there are large aggregations of population in Japan and China belonging to that class from which no such undertaking can be forthcoming, and that situation will continue to be a grave and seemingly insoluble problem with the League, as present constituted.

Coming to the other citations of the possibilities of a confed- cration of states, Mr. Newfang quotes the experience of the United States, Germany, Switzerland, Australia, South Africa and Canada, as indications of what can be accomplished. I do not find these quotations convincing, because in every state which he quotes, I think, with the possible exception of Switzerland and South Africa, the federation accomplished was of peoples with the same cultures, �[Page 426]426 THE WORLD UNITY

the same tongues, and in the main, the same ethnic roots and back- ground. Switzerland is, of course, an outstanding exception, and one which interested me very much when I visited there a couple of years ago, because, as the writer very properly points out, it consists. of people of three languages, whose mother countries have been among the most pugnacious and, he might have added, the most powerful on the continent. I was interested, in talking to my hostess at Zurich, to learn that she knew of only one man who had gone to the war from her locality, and to find that while there are German Swiss and French Swiss and Italian Swiss, they are first and foremost Swiss when it comes to the interests of the Swiss Federation, because it is really not a nation at all, as we un- derstand it. It was most interesting to a Canadian, because it is in really marked contrast to our slow and somewhat painful attempt within Canada to weld two peoples together into an harmonious nation. The conclusion to which I came at that time was that the difference was principally in the educational systems employed in these two countries. In Switzerland they are taught not only three languages, but the old Romansh. The children learn all four lan- guages, are educated in one school, and are free from racial re- sentments. The outcome is a happy one. In the province of Quebec we segregate our children into two distinct types of schools—one French and Roman Catholic where the clerical and separatist idea is much in evidence, and the other English and Protestant. The children commence life and grow up side by side with a definite wall of separation between them, which is prolonged into their social and business associations in adult life. A world federation such as Mr. Newfang visualizes could only, in my judgment, hope for success if there were some common system of education and some common language adapted in childhood among the nationals of these countries, and that is too remote to bring his pro- ject into the realm of the practical within a generation or two.

I believe that the remedy is going to come in other ways. | believe that cooperation is being forced upon different countries by the stern exigencies of the present situation, and, as so often �[Page 427]CORRESPONDENCE 427

has happened, they are learning their lesson in a very trying school. But concurrent with that lesson of the futility of war, whether it be of ordnances, of tariffs, of boycotts, there are in operation some tremendous forces of goodwill, comradeship and practical friendship which hold out much greater hope for ultimate and abid- ing peace than leagues or treaties or pacts or parleys, or even feder- ations. Personally, I don’t think our remedy is going to come through that channel. They are, at best, devices which have been improvised by governments to bridge over the gap left between the enormous advances of physical science which have suddenly brought the world within the proportions of a neighborhood in a close and intimate and rather irksome relationship, and those spiritual forces which have lagged ‘and limped far in the rear. They are all good; they will all be helpful, but when the Red Fury breaks across the world I fear they will be futile, because they are official and superimposed and their relations are expressed in con- tractual and documentary terms rather than in the friendships which find expression between citizens of countries all round the world.

I have had a good bit to do, for instance, with the Rotary world, wh! . ‘+ a microcosm, in every country, of all its business activities. It one ideal—a purely unselfish one—of service and of comrade’ .p. It pursues that idea in 75 countries and in 3,500 clubs right around the world. It is working through Petits Commit- tees in Europe to bring about understanding between the peoples of these countries. It is concerned with creating a league of men rather than a league of nations—men of the same occupation; men with the same ideals; men pursuing the same altruistic objectives; men sufficiently influential, sufficiently purposeful and sufficiently benevolent to give their time and thought and efforts to making people, first of all, understand one another, and then, as a result, get on with one another. Somebody or something has got to teach us to live with one another. Leagues of nations cannot do it and science cannot do it. It has got to come from other sources and I believe the cure for our ills is not going to lie, as I have already said �[Page 428]428 WORLD UNITY MAGAZINE

in those formal and more or less official organizations, but in the instincts of men of goodwill all over the world to cut across the formalities of government and to establish real friendship with men of other lands.

EDGAR J. FISHER

Dean, Robert College, Stemboul

The extension of the federal principle among the States of the world is one of the best guarantees for cooperation and the substitution of reason for violence in the affairs of nations. Every new application of federalism in local areas is a step in the right direction. The present move toward Balkan Union is a case in point. If the Balkan Conferences can gradually build up sym- pathetic understanding among the six Balkan States, that will lead to confederation, and probably later Federation. Economic under- standings and regional agreements among the succession States of the old Austro-Hungarian Empire would precede common action, so essential to their welfare, on the part of these States. Balkan Union and Danubian Union, if produced by the States in these areas because of a realization of their own needs, and not because of foreign pressure, would make a real Federation of the European States more possible. This would greatly increase the disposition of the European States to the use of compulsory court jurisdiction, instead of to military violence, in the settlement of their disputes.

At the present time certain South American States are engaged in the senseless and useless attempt to settle territorial disputes by the outworn test of the sword. Such violence is futile and vain. To ask the following question is to answer it: ‘““What would the situation be if we had a federal United States of South America?” Such quarrels would be peacefully settled by compulsory court decisions as has been done for generations in the United States of North Amezica.

Every impetus that can be given to the extension of the federal principle, either through and by the League of Nations, or outside of the League, is, on the basis of the experience of modern history, a step toward lasting peace. �[Page 429]ROUND TABLE

Louise Boyle’s ‘The Medial Man” (published last month) has made a profound impression upon thoughtful students of the race question. We hope that World Unity readers will circulate this article among their friends. In our opinion it raises the race question to a plane of truth and insight where at last mutual re- sponsibility and mutual privilege are matched.

This month brings another installment of correspondence on the subject of Oscar Newfang’s proposal for World Federation. In the April number Mr. Newfang will comment on the corre- spondence. Without anticipating what Mr. Newfang may say, we suggest that many capable peace workers overlook one vital point, namely, that no one can assume an indefinite period in which to establish peace. In an age so dynamic as the world today, the time clement is the very essence of the social problem. Could one posi- tively reckon on five hundred, or even one hundred years of edu- cational and other preparatory effort, existing legal and moral re- sources might well suffice; but if the period of grace is only ten or twenty years, satisfaction with the present rate of progress is noth- ing less than the madness of those whom the gods would destroy.

The increasing social influence of voluntary organizations in the international field is well illustrated by two writers in the present issue—Edwin H. Krieg and Russell M. Cooper. Leagues apart today, there is an inevitable bond of union between scientists and engineers on the one hand, and workers for peace and inter- national cooperation on the other. Men like David Starr Jordan and Einstein reveal this bond of union in their own capacity to reconcile two planes of truth.

The time will come, we trust, when World Unity can do its part in calling a great Congress representing not merely the na- uons but also the races, types and professions of mankind.

429 �[Page 430]INDEX

Worip UNITY MAGAZINE Volume 11, October, 1932—March, 1933

Titles

Book Notes, by Smith Simpson and Hor- ace Holley, 208; by Smith Simpson and Joseph S. Roucek, 282; by Joseph S. Roucek, 35

CHINA AND JAPAN—WokrLp Crisis, by Grover Clark, 43

Cana, New NATIONAL SHRine or, il- lustration, 2

Cyina’s CHANGING CuLture, by Frank Rawlinson, 47, 113, 173, 236, 302, 402

Corrisvonvence, 200, 345, 419

DISARMAMENT, by Amy Woods, 325

Doncr, Davin Low, by Edwin D. Mead,

Donce, Davin Low, illustration, 362

Donce, Grack Hoapiey, by Helen Tho- burn, 22

Doucras’ New Economics, WAR AN», by Gorham Munson, 251

ENGINEER AND THE SOCTAL STRUCTURE, Tue, by C. E. Grunsky, 228

ENGINEER'S CONTRIBUTION TO Worip U- nity, by Edwin H. Krieg, 373

lreEpOM, THE Kincnom or, by Harold Mager, 178

GENEVA, THE Puatic Speaks at, by Russell M. Cooper, 381

Hawai: A SoLuTION oF THE RACE Pron- LEM, by Herbert A. Miller, 16

INDIAN RENAISSANCE AND Its SIGNirt- CANCE, THe, by Daljit Singh Sadharia,

Inpustrian Civintwzation, by Donald Richberg, 239

INTER-AMERICAN FEDERATION oF Epuca- tion, by Glen Levin Swiggett, 399

INTERNATIONAL GoopWILL, BroApcAst- tnG, by David G. Stead, 119

INTERNATIONALISM, THE DYNAMICS oF, by Philip Leonard Green, 83

ILLUSTRATIONS, 2, 146, 218, 290, 362 Jorpan, Davin Stark, illustration, 146 Lytton Rerort, Tuk, editorial, 75

430

Maitreya, by Nicholas Roerich, 53, 125 ee Arter, by Syngman Rhec.

ie Man, Tue, by Louise D. Boyle.

MINoritiks 1N Europe, Prortem or, by Joseph S. Roucek, 77

New Ivean, Tue, editorial, 147

ORIENT AND OcciDENT, by Hans Kohn, *

Poems For Peace, by David Starr Jor DAN,

RELIGION, THE CHALLENGE TO, editorial, 3

Reucton, Wither Bounp? by Pau! ai Anderson, 129, 191, 278, 340.

RECONCILIATION Trips, by Clarence V Howell, 63

Rounn Tasie, 67, 137, 211, 286, 355, 420

SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING Promoti Worip Unity, by James Theron Rood, 307

SCIENCE AND Procress, by T. Swann Harding, 94

SCIENTISTS AND Wortp Cooperation, !s Maynard Shipley, 166

Social REGENERATION, editorial, 291

Spirit Retons, Tue, editorial, 363

TEACHERS, THE MESSAGE OF THE Worth Great, by Hugh McCurdy Woodward, 11, 89, 187, 259, 315, 390

TURKEY, THE TRANSFORMATION oF, bs Walter Woodburn Hyde, 20

War, ASSAYERS OF, by Evelyn Newman.

War Dents anp Wortp Peace, by Smith Simpson, 318

War, Way? by D. D. Droba, 264

Wuite, WitttaM ALLEN, by David Hin shaw, 150

WomMeEN's INTERNATIONAL LeEaGuF, by Amy Woods, 105

Woops, Amy, illustration, 290 �[Page 431]WORLD UNITY MAGAZINB 431

\Vorip CooreRATION, Tite SUBSTANCE OF, A SYMPOSIUM, a various authors, 94, 166, 228, 307, 3

\WorRLD Picen, by Oscar Newfang, 163; correspondence on, 345, 9: World Unity Endorses Goal of, by Horace Holley,

Wortp ORDER, a Goa. or A New, by Shoghi Effendi, 74

Vortp OvuTLooK, editorial, 219

Wortp Usron of Goonwiit, A, illustra- tion, 218

Wortp Unity, Arosties or, 150, 221

Wortp Unity, A Step Towarp, by Charles Davis, 133

Wortp Unity MeMorIAL TO Davin STARR Jorpan, 200, 408

Worvtp We Lit In, 63, 399

Youth Answers For Rewicion, by Mar- ion Holley, 194

Authors

Anperson, Paut Russe, Whither Bound Religion? 129, 191, 278, 340, 414

Royte, Louise D., The Medial Man, 293

CLARK, GROVER, Chita and Japan—World Crisis, 4

Coover, Russet, M., The Public Speaks at Geneva, 381

liavis, Cuartes, A Step Toward World Unity, 133

Drona, D. D., Why War? 264

GREEN, Partie Leonarn, The Dynamics of Internationalism, 83

GruNSKY, C. E., The Engineer and the Social Structure, 228

Harpinc, T. Swann, Science and Pro- gress, 94

tee Davin, William Allen White, 5

Houtey, Horace, World Outlook, 219; sucial Regeneration, 291; The Spirit Reigns, 363; World Unity Endorses (,oal of Federated World, 203; Book Notes, 208; Round Table, 67, 137, 211, 2x6, 355, 429

Houtey, Marion, Youth Answers for Religion, 194

HoweLt, CLARENCE V., Trips, 63

Hi\or, WaivEr Woonsurn, The Trans- formation of Turkey, 20

PM Davip Starr, Poems for Peace,

)

Reconciliation

Koun, Hans, Orient and Occident, 5

KeeiG, Epwin H., The Engineer's Con- tribution to World Unity, 373

Macer, Harotp, The Kingdom of Free- dom, 178

ae Epwin D., David Low Dodge,

Mituer, Herpert A., Hawaii: A Solu- tion of the Race Problem, 16

Munson, GorHaM, War and Douglas’ New Economics, 251

NEWFANG, Oscar, World Federation, 163

NEWMAN, Evetyn, Assayers of War, 272, 334

RANDALL, Joun Herman, The Challenge to Religion, 3; The Lytton Report, 75; The New Ideal, 147

RAWLINSON, FRANK, China’s Changing Culture, 47, 113, 173, 236, 302, 402

—— Synoman, After Manchuria, 38,

RIcHBERG, Donan, Industrial Civiliza- tion, 239

Roericu, NicnHowas, Maitreya, 53, 123

Roop, JAMES THERON, Science and En- gineering Promote World Unity, 307

Roucek, Josern S., The Problem of Mi- norities in Europe, 77; Book Notes, 282, 351

SapHARIA, Daryjitm Sincr, The Indian Renaissance and Its Significance, 30

SHIPLEY, MAYNARD, Scientists and Inter- national Cooperation, 166

Snocui, Errenpt, The Goal of a New World Order, 74

Simpson, SmitH, Book Notes, 208, 282; War Debts and World Peace, 318

Steap, Davin G., Correspondence, 200; Broadcasting International Goodwill, 119

Swiccett, Gien Levin, Inter-American Federation of Education, 399

SE OeeRN Heten, Grace Hoadley Dodge,

Woops, Amy, Disarmament, 325; Wo- men’s International League for. Peace and Freedom, 105

Woonwarp, HucH McCurpy, The Mes-

sage of the World's Great Teachers, 11, 89, 187, 259, 315, 390 �[Page 432]ORDER BLANK

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